Basic English Grammar Book 2 - Mark's ESL

[Pages:154]Book

2

BASIC ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Book

2

Howard Sargeant

Three Watson Irvine, CA 92618-2767 Web site:

First published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore Copyright ?2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-203-2 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07

Note to the Student from the Publisher

Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people.

Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences.

All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem areas.

We wish you every success in your pursuit of English proficiency.

What you'll find in this book

1

Nouns

Common Nouns Proper Nouns Singular Nouns Plural Nouns Collective Nouns Masculine and Feminine Nouns The Possessive Form of Nouns

2

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns

3

Adjectives

Kinds of Adjectives The Order of Adjectives Adjective Endings Describing What Something Is Made of The Comparison of Adjectives Adjective Phrases

4

Determiners

The Articles Using Nouns without Articles Demonstrative Determiners Quantifying Determiners Interrogative Determiners Possessive Determiners Numbers Using Determiners Together

7?23 7 8

11 11 17 20 22

24?31 24 26 27 27 28 28

32?43 32 33 35 37 39 42

44?51 44 45 46 47 49 49 50 50

 5

Verbs and Tenses

Subject and Verb Agreement Transitive and Intransitive Verbs The Simple Present Tense am, is and are there is and there are The Present Progressive Tense The Simple Past Tense was and were Irregular Verbs The Past Progressive Tense have, has and had The Present Perfect Tense Irregular Past Participles The Future Tense do, does and did The Infinitive The Imperative Form of Verbs Gerunds

6

Auxiliary Verbs

can and could will and would shall and should ought to must may and might Verb Phrases

7

Adverbs and Adverb Phrases

Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Place Adverbs of Frequency Adverbs of Duration Adverbs of Emphasis

8

Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

Preposition or Adverb? Prepositions of Place Prepositions of Time Prepositions of Direction Prepositions with Special Uses Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or Nouns

52?87 52 55 58 59 60 63 65 66 67 70 71 73 73 77 80 83 84 85

88?94 88 89 89 90 90 90 91

95?100 95 96 96 97 97 98

101?108 101 102 102 103 103 105

 9

Conjunctions

and, but and or Conjunctions Linking Phrases Conjunctions with Lists Conjunctions That Join Sentences Other Words for and Other Words for but Other Words for or Conjunctions of Time Conjunctions of Place Conjunctions of Reason Conjunctions of Purpose

109?117 109 110 110 111 111 112 112 113 113 114 114

10

Sentences

Four Kinds of Sentence Sentences with Objects Verbs with Two Objects Verbs with No Object Simple Sentences Compound Sentences Conditional Sentences Positive and Negative Sentences Questions Question Tags

118?133 118 119 120 120 123 123 124 124 128 130

11

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech Indirect Speech Indirect Commands Indirect Questions

134?139 134 134 135 136

12

Punctuation

Punctuation Marks: period, comma, question mark, exclamation point, apostrophe, quotation marks, colon

Capital Letter

140?148

140 144

A List of Irregular Verbs

149?152

1 Nouns

There are two main types of nouns: common nouns and proper nouns.

Common Nouns

Words for people, places and things are called common nouns.

These common nouns are words for things.

ruler pen crayons pencil book dictionary courage

chair table sofa loyalty lamp carpet telephone

hammer saw axe drill ladder lawnmower spade

bicycle ship truck ferry train bus laziness

truth calculator television fridge cooker computer printer

These common nouns are words for animals. Notice that special names for

young animals are included.

animal

its young

animal

its young

dog cat cow horse sheep goat frog

puppy kitten calf foal lamb kid tadpole

fox

cub

elephant

calf

kangaroo

joey

bear

cub

lion

cub

tiger

cub

whale

calf

These common nouns are words for places.

bank hotel library museum mall theater hospital

airport gas station park farm zoo factory nursery

school university office mosque temple shop gym

post office police station restaurant supermarket stadium synagogue church

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