Speech & Hearing Science 320--Principles of Phonetics



Speech and Hearing Science D4420

Introduction to Speech Science

Summer Semester 2012

Updated 4/16/12

Chats: Mondays & Wednesdays, 6-7:30pm

Instructor: Christin Ray

Email: ray.401@osu.edu

Course Description: This is a course that provides information about speech science, voice science, speech production, speech acoustics, psychoacoustics, speech dynamics and speech kinematics. This course looks at the anatomy and physiology of speech production/articulation, the nature of the sound waves that are produced, and basic acoustic characteristics of speech sounds. Knowledge of these topic areas is a prerequisite to an understanding of normal and pathological processes of speech.

This course is a concentrative 7-week course (held in the 2nd session of SU quarter). We will “cover a lot of ground” in those 7 weeks. The best way to do well in this course is to read the assigned material before the chat, pay attention, and take notes.

The prerequisites for this course include both SpHrng 320—Introduction to Phonetics, and SpHrng 340—Bioacoustics (or their equivalents). It is extremely important that you know the material from the Phonetics course.

In this course you are expected to be familiar with (and be able to use) the International Phonetic Alphabet. Please familiarize yourself with the IPA’s (International Phonetic Association) website (). This provides information about the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Make no mistake, you will need to know the basic phonetic segments used in the English language.

The textbook for this course is:

Raphael, L., Borden, G., and Harris, K. (2007). Speech Science Primer (5th Ed). Williams & Wilkins Publishing.

There is a brand-new 6th edition (2011), but we will be using the 5th edition this summer (the 6th edition is almost exactly the same, but the chapters are in a different order).

In addition, there will be several websites and additional readings that you can reference to gain more information. All assigned (and recommended) readings will be available on Carmen as downloadable .pdf files.

Readings and Website assignments: There are a number of readings and website assignments made for each unit of this course. The assigned readings will be broken down into “Basic Readings” and “Advanced Readings.” The basic readings will be primarily the relevant chapters in the course textbook. The advanced readings include required articles and websites that we deem important for understanding the content of the course. You are responsible for all assigned readings, whether or not it is specifically covered in a lecture or chat.

Knowledge Outcomes: While taking this course, undergraduate students in the speech-language pathology programs:

1. will develop an understanding of the anatomical and physiological bases for and constraints on the production of human speech sounds (speech science);

2. will develop an understanding of the anatomical and physiological bases for and constraints on normal and disordered phonation (voice science);

3. will develop an elementary understanding of the source-filter theory of acoustic phonetics (acoustics);

4. will develop an elementary understanding of the acoustic characteristics of speech sounds.

Skills Developed: After taking this course, undergraduate students in the speech-language pathology programs:

1. will know how a given speech segment in English is produced (the anatomy and physiology can be described)

2. will know the acoustic characteristics of a given speech segment in English

3. will know the basic structures and processes in normal phonation in English.

Computer Requirements for the Course:

• You will need to have access to a computer to download materials on the course website and the various internet sites to which you will be directed

• You will be downloading some material from the Wikipedia site. We have found several of them to be useful sources of interactive information (and mostly written by real phoneticians). We have verified the information contained in all links that I have provided). When you are directed at a Wikipedia site, please take the time and follow the highlighted links (and take notes).

Carmen Site: There will be a Carmen site on which materials will be placed.

Grading:

Your final course grade will be based on the following components (please see the Course Schedule for the exam dates and times):

4 Quizzes (each is worth 25 points) 100 points

Final Exam (comprehensive) 100 points

Letter grades will be assigned based on the standard ranges as follows: 93-100% A, 90-92% A-, 87-89% B+, 83-86% B, 80-82% B-, 77-79% C+, 73-76% C, 70-72% C-, 67-79 D+, 63-66 D, < 63% E

A few notes and helpful hints:

This course is a 5-week distance learning course, but we will “cover a lot of ground” in those 5 weeks. The best way to do well in this course:

• Read the assigned material and ask questions during chat sessions if you really don’t follow what is being presented.

• Let me know if you are having difficulty with any of the material. Speech science and acoustic phonetics are very different way of looking at speech than most of you are accustomed to and it definitely takes getting used to.

• Remember, phonetic symbols are not alphabetic letters. Phonetic symbols represent speech sounds, letters technically do not – especially in English (do not confuse the two). Remember, that we expect you to understand simple phonetic transcriptions (which you should have learned in the prerequisite phonetics class)!

• Remember, no learned human activity that we know of improves without practice, that includes understanding anatomy, physiology, transcription, acoustics.

Academic Misconduct: The University's Code of Student Conduct defines academic misconduct as "[any] activity that tends to compromise the academic integrity of the University, or subvert the educational process." If I suspect that a student has committed academic misconduct in this course, I am obligated by University Rules to report my suspicions to the Committee on Academic Misconduct. If COAM determines that you have violated the University’s Code of Student Conduct (i.e., committed academic misconduct), the sanctions for the misconduct could include a failing grade in this course and suspension or dismissal from the University. If you have any questions about the above policy or what constitutes academic misconduct in this course, please contact me. Some examples of academic misconduct include (but are not limited to): plagiarism, knowingly providing or receiving information during an exam or assignment, and violating the course rules.

Students with Disabilities: THIS PUBLICATION/MATERIAL IS AVAILABLE IN ALTERNATIVE FORMATS UPON REQUEST. PLEASE CONTACT ME FOR THE NECESSARY ARRANGEMENTS. STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING THEIR NEEDS KNOWN TO THE INSTRUCTOR AS SOON AS THE QUARTER BEGINS, AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SEEKING AVAILABLE ASSISTANCE FROM THE OFFICE OF DISABILITY SERVICES 292-3307, PRIOR TO OR AT THE BEGINNING OF THE QUARTER.  I RELY ON THE OFFICE FOR DISABILITY SERVICES FOR ASSISTANCE IN VERIFYING THE NEED FOR ACCOMMODATIONS AND DEVELOPING ACCOMMODATION STRATEGIES.

Course Schedule

(This course outline will be updated on a weekly basis)

420D requires bi-weekly chat sessions on Mondays and Wednesdays from 6:00-7:30 pm.

4 quizzes are available online Friday at noon and due by Sunday at 11:59 pm.

|Week |Dates |Topics |Reading |Quizzes/Exam |

|1 |6/18 |Intro |Ch 1 |Quiz 1 (Chapters 1 and 2) |

| |6/20 |Pioneers of Speech Science |Ch 2 | |

|2 |6/25 |Acoustics |Ch 3 |None |

| |6/27 | | | |

|3 |7/2 |Neurology |Ch 4 |None |

| |No Chat 7/4 | | | |

|4 |7/9 |Respiration |Ch 4 |Quiz 2 (Chapters 3 and 4) |

| |7/11 |Phonation |Ch 5 | |

|5 |7/16 |Phonation (cont) |Ch 5 |Quiz 3 (Chapters 5 and 6) |

| |7/18 |Vowel Acoustics |Ch 6 | |

|6 |7/23 |Consonant Acoustics |Ch 7 |Quiz 4 (Chapters 7 and 8) |

| |7/25 |Feedback Mechanisms |Ch 8 | |

|7 |7/30 |Spectrogram Analysis |Ch 10 |Final Exam (Comprehensive) |

| |7/31-8/3 | |Carmen Examples |Will be available at noon on Tues |

| | | | |7/31 and due by noon on Fri 8/3 |

Course Outline (Detailed Readings and Internet Links)

In the following course outline, I have indicated the required readings and relevant website links each week.

Week 1 Speech, Language, & Thought and Pioneers in Speech Science

Required Readings: Raphael, Borden, & Harris: Chapters 1 & 2

Week 2 Acoustics

Required Readings: Raphael, Borden, & Harris: Chapter 3

Potential and Kinetic Energy

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Notes: please make sure you know the dB calculations from your 340 course and know how to do conversions between different measurement units.

Week 3 Neurology

Required Readings: Raphael, Borden, & Harris: Chapter 4

Week 4 Respiration, Phonation and Laryngeal Physiology

Required Readings: Raphael, Borden, & Harris: Chapters 4 & 5

-- shows several useful diagrams of the larynx; look at which provides a view down into the larynx and shows the vocal folds (the thyro-arytenoid muscle also known as the vocalis muscle), the vocal ligament, the arytenoid cartilages (paired, which sit atop the back of the crioid cartilage), and the thyroid cartilages. Note, the position of the arytenoid cartilage determines the positioning of the vocalis muscle (and determines the state of the glottis which determines the phonation type).

-- Types of phonation including modal voiced phonation, whisper phonation, creaky voice, breathy voice, harsh voice and falsetto voice).

-- a nice website that describes phonation, the basic anatomy of the larynx and the glottis in action.

-- Description of the phonation process.

-- how the larynx is examined.

slow-motion animation of vocal fold vibration during speech

Week 5 Articulation and Acoustics of Vowels

Required Readings: Raphael, Borden, & Harris: Chapter 6

Week 6 Articulation and Acoustics of Consonants and Feedback Mechanisms

Required Readings: Raphael, Borden, & Harris: Chapters 7 & 8

- very basic vowel symbols for English vowels (both monophthongs and diphthongs) produced by an American English speaker and a British English speaker. Please attention to the differences between the two dialects (in English, the biggest sound differences between two regional dialects are contained in vowel differences).

-- provides some sounds for unstressed vowels.

-- English vowels in stressed syllables, unstressed syllables, and reduced syllables. Download and listen.

-- demonstrates diphthongs and triphthongs of General American English and RP British English. You will need Flashplayer to see demonstrations. It is a little tricky to get used to using, but is interesting and insightful. It illustrates onglides and offglides very well.

includes both the “normal name” (e.g., lips) and Latin name (labia) and adjectival form (labial). All of these are important (e.g., laminal vs. apical), so be familiar with them.

-- this site starts with a midsaggital section of the vocal tract (down the middle of the head). It also has a short x-ray video, look at the movement of the tongue and jaw during production of the sentence “Try not to annoy her.”

-- an even clearer mpeg movie of someone saying “Why did Ken set the soggy net on top of his deck.” Look closely at how much the tongue is moving in this video. And then realize how little “detail” of this movement is described by phonetic transcription.

Week 7 Spectrogram Analysis

Required Readings: Raphael, Borden, & Harris: Chapter 10

See Sample Spectrograms on Carmen

FINAL EXAM

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