RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES Dr. Prabhat Pandey Dr. Meenu Mishra Pandey

? Bridge Center, 2015 BRIDGE CENTER Buzau, Al. Marghiloman 245 bis, 120082 Tel. 0728394546 e-mail: editor@ Romania, European Union

Printed in Romania First published, 2015

ISBN 978-606-93502-7-0

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Dr. Prabhat Pandey Dr. Meenu Mishra Pandey

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

Bridge Center 2015 3

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CONTENTS

Preface................................................................................................................6 Chapter 1 ? Research...............................................................................7 Chapter 2 - Research Process........................................................................13 Chapter 3 - Research Design.........................................................................18 Chapter 4 - Research Problem......................................................................23 Chapter 5 - Variables and Their Types.........................................................29 Chapter 6 - Formulation of Hypothesis.......................................................32 Chapter 7 ? Sampling.....................................................................................40 Chapter 8 - Tools of Data Collection............................................................57 Chapter 9 - Data Analysis.............................................................................70 Chapter 10 - Interpretation of Data.............................................................75 Chapter 11 - Research Methods...................................................................78 Chapter 12 - Descriptive or Survey Method...............................................84 Chapter 13 - Experimental Method.............................................................89 Chapter 14 - Research Proposal.................................................................101 Chapter 15 - Research Report.....................................................................110 Bibliography..................................................................................................116

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PREFACE

The authors felt during their several years of teaching experience that students fail to understand the books written on Research Methodology because generally they are written in technical language. Since this course is not taught before the Master's degree, the students are not familiar with its vocabulary, methodology and course contents.

The authors have made an attempt to write it in very nontechnical language. It has been attempted that students who try to understand the research methodology through self-learning may also find it easy. The chapters are written with that approach. Even those students who intend to attain high level of knowledge of the research methodology in social sciences will find this book very helpful in understanding the basic concepts before they read any book on research methodology.

This book is useful those students who offer the Research Methodology at Post Graduation and M.Phil. Level. This book is also very useful for Ph.D. Course Work examinations.

Dr. Prabhat Pandey Dr. Meenu Mishra Pandey

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