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|Big Ideas of Lesson 3, Unit 4 |

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|History is the study of the past. |

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|Historical eras and periods help to organize information, making it easier to understand and discuss. |

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|A timeline is a tool used to organize historical information. |

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|Study of the history of South America gives new meaning to the conditions found there today. |

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|Cultural diffusion and cultural diversity can be found throughout history. |

Word Cards

Word Cards from previous lessons needed for this lesson:

• cultural diffusion – Word Card #8 from Lesson 1

• cultural diversity – Word Card #9 from Lesson 2

|12. history |13. Inca |

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|the study of the past |South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the |

| |Spanish conquest |

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| |Example: The Inca Empire was the largest empire in South America before the |

|Example: When you study history you study about people and events of the |Spanish arrived. |

|past. | |

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| |(SS060403) |

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|(SS060403) | |

|14. timeline |15. conquistador |

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|a diagram that shows the order in which events happened |Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century |

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|Example: You can make a timeline of important events in your life. |Example: Pizarro was a conquistador who conquered the Incas of Peru. |

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|(SS060403) |(SS060403) |

History of South America

1. The First People

The first inhabitants of South America were probably descendants of Asians who crossed the Bering Strait in prehistoric times. It is generally believed that they reached South America between 12,000 and 14,000 years ago. Some archeological evidence suggests that settlement may have taken place even earlier. These prehistoric people were nomadic hunters. The development of agriculture probably first took place along the coast of Peru. Simple village life with some cultivation also developed in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins at an early date.

Agriculture and civilization advanced most rapidly in the valleys of the Andes. The most magnificent civilization was that of the Inca Empire, which arose in about the 13th century C.E. Beyond the Andes, most of the Indians were still at a primitive cultural level at the end of the 15th century.

Adapted from: History of South America. How Stuff Works. 19 May 2009 .

2. European Discovery and Conquest

The first European known to have reached South America was Christopher Columbus, in 1498, during his third voyage from Spain to the New World. Several years earlier, rivalry between Spain and Portugal to colonize new lands caused Pope Alexander VI to draw the Line of Demarcation, which excluded Spain from Africa and Portugal from the known areas of the New World. Spanish conquistadors soon followed Columbus to establish colonies and to search for silver and gold.

In the 1530s, Francisco Pizarro sailed south from Panama to conquer the Incas of Peru. From here, the Spaniards explored the surrounding territory. An expedition under Sebastián de Belalcázar moved north and subdued the Inca kingdom at Quito (now Ecuador). His forces then pushed into southwest Colombia. Expeditions were also sent south into Chile and east, across the Andes, into Brazil. During the expedition to Brazil, Francisco de Orellana made his way to the mouth of the Amazon River.

Conquest of the northern coastal region known as the Spanish Main was hindered by hostile Indians and foreboding jungles. A few coastal settlements were established in the early 1500s, but the interior was not penetrated until the 1530s. Spanish exploration in eastern South America was concentrated in the region of the Río de la Plata, discovered in 1516, and its tributary rivers.

Meanwhile, in 1500 the Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral had discovered that part of the continent (eastern Brazil) was on the Portuguese side of the Line of Demarcation, however, few attempts were made to explore the interior.,

Adapted from: History of South America. How Stuff Works. 19 May 2009 .

3. The Colonial Period

Spanish South America was ruled as the Spanish king's private property. From the 16th to the early 19th centuries, it was governed by a complex administrative system. Viceroys were the king's representatives and the highest authorities in the colonies. Three vice-royalties were set up—Peru, New Granada, and La Plata. They were divided into administrative districts presided over by captains general. An audiencia (court of appeal) exercised judicial authority over a specified area. Captains general and the presidents of audiencias often came to rival the viceroys in power.

The colonial period was marked by a rigidly stratified society. At the top of the system were the peninsulares, Spaniards born in Spain, followed by the creoles , persons of pure Spanish ancestry born in America. The peninsulares held all of the major offices. The creoles were followed by the mestizos, people of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry, and at the bottom were the native Indians and Africans.

In Portuguese South America, large land areas were granted by the king to nobles, who were responsible for colonization. Early settlement was limited to the coast. In the mid-16th century, Brazil was united under a single colonial administration. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the interior was penetrated by missionaries and by farmers seeking land. A rigid class system did not develop in Brazil.

Mining, agriculture, and ranching were the main occupations of the South American colonists. The Indians were forced to work as slaves in the mines and on the haciendas (plantations). Many of them died of overwork and of diseases introduced by Europeans. African slaves were therefore imported, especially along the northern and eastern coasts.

Roman Catholic missionaries were a powerful force in the colonial era. They established many missions among the Indians. The Jesuits were one of the most influential ordersand the La Plata basin was largely under their control for more than a century.

The English, French, and Dutch were interested in South American trade and established settlements in the northeast.

Adapted from: History of South America. How Stuff Works. 19 May 2009 .

4. Independence

Uprisings against the Spanish colonial governments became frequent toward the end of the 18th century. Most were led by creoles, who resented Spain's tight control over the economy and politics. By 1810, revolutionary movements were under way in most of Spanish South America. Complete independence was finally achieved in 1825, after a series of bloody wars. The two great leaders of the revolution were Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.

Brazil achieved independence from Portugal in 1822, almost without bloodshed. England, France, and Holland (the Netherlands) continued to hold their small colonies.

Simón Bolívar envisioned a confederation of all of Spanish South America. All efforts at uniting failed. Nine weak nations were carved out of the three Spanish viceroyalties. Many boundary disputes erupted among the new nations, with some leading to war.

The Argentine-Brazilian War (1825–28) was fought over Uruguay, which both countries claimed. Through British mediation, the war ended in recognition of Uruguay as an independent country.

The War of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1837–39) was caused by the political union of Peru and Bolivia. Chile felt threatened and declared war, which ended in the defeat of the confederation.

The War of the Triple Alliance (1865–70) was fought by Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay, which was threatening the political stability of the region. The war ended with the crushing defeat of Paraguay.

The War of the Pacific (1879–83), in which Peru and Bolivia were allied against Chile, was fought for control of the mineral-rich Atacama Desert. Peru and Bolivia were defeated, and Bolivia was deprived of an outlet to the Pacific Ocean. The Chaco War (1932–35) was fought by Bolivia and Paraguay over the long-disputed Chaco territory. Paraguay won most of the disputed area, but under the terms of the 1938 peace treaty Bolivia was provided with an outlet to the Atlantic Ocean.

Peruvian-Ecuadorian Border Disputes have occurred frequently. Ecuador lost some territory in 1942, following one serious dispute.

Adapted from: History of South America. How Stuff Works. 19 May 2009 .

5. Modern Developments

Political unrest was a problem in most South American countries throughout the 19th century and into the 20th. Revolutions were frequent, and the constant turmoil led to the rise of dictatorships. Social inequalities dating from the colonial period continued. Growing pressure from the laboring and middle classes for social and political reforms became widespread. Economic problems, especially inflation, were common in the period following World War II and added to the unrest.

South America's population increased rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s. Many rural laborers moved to the cities to search for jobs. Land reforms were undertaken in several countries. Large estates were broken up to provide more of the rural population with land. Economic difficulties and a heightened sense of nationalism led several countries to take control of foreign-owned industries. In the 1960s and 1970s Communist-led revolutionaries were active in a number of countries. Most nations were at one time or another under military rule. During the 1980s a number of countries replaced military rule with democratic rule. By the mid-1990s all had some form of democratically elected governments.

Economic problems—particularly those caused by the huge national debts owed to foreign banks and countries by many South American nations—continued into the 1990s. By the late 1990s, however, the economies of some countries, including Chile, and Argentina, had recovered and had experienced strong economic growth.

Adapted from: History of South America. How Stuff Works. 19 May 2009 .

The Columbian Exchange: Diversity and Diffusion

When Christopher Columbus and his three small ships arrived in the West Indies on an October day in 1492, they set in motion a chain of events that would profoundly change life in the Americas and elsewhere in the world. The great Aztec and Inca civilizations would soon perish, conquered by Spanish conquistadors, adventurers seeking gold and glory. The Native Americans had no weapons to match Spanish swords and cavalry. Between 80 and 95 percent of the Americans would die and be replaced by immigrants from Europe seeking new opportunities and by immigrants from Africa who arrived in chains. Gold and silver taken from the Americas would make Spanish and Portuguese kings rich and powerful.

Because Eurasia and America developed in isolation from one another for thousands of years, they had different plants and animals. After Columbus connected the two landmasses, an exchange of products began: the Columbian Exchange. At this time, Native American cultures included excellent farmers who raised corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, peanuts, coffee, and tobacco. New World corn and potatoes had a big impact on Chinese and European diets, leading to large population increases in both places.

The most important food America acquired from Europe was wheat, used for making bread, pasta, and the like. Soon oats, barley, grapes, rice, and sugarcane were being grown in America. Domesticated animals from Europe changed America in a big way. The plains Indians of North America, for example, built a lifestyle around horses, the Navajos around sheep, and cows came to outnumber people.

The import from Europe with the greatest impact, however, was disease. Most diseases come from human contact with animals, and Europeans had long lived closely with their horses, pigs, cows, and sheep -- animals that did not exist in America. Over centuries, Europeans developed some immunity to diseases like smallpox and measles. Americans had no such immunity. When these diseases arrived in America, indigenous (native) populations were largely wiped out, emptying much of the land for Europeans.

Adapted from: Student’s Friend. 19 May 2009 .

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Organizing

South American

History

Themes

• Change

• Continuity

Historical

Divisions

• First People

• European Exploration & Conquest

• Colonial Times

• Independence

• Modern Day

•

Timelines

• Eras

• Periods

• Influential People

• Important

Events

1998

2000

2005

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