Criminal Law in Queensland and - LexisNexis
Criminal Law in Queensland and
Western Australia
By
Eric Colvin and Justice John McKechnie
Part One Introductory Matters
The Structure of Criminal Law 3
Introduction 3
The Nature of Criminal Law and Criminal Responsibility 4
Constitutional and Territorial Issues 5
Two Traditions in Australian Criminal Law 6
The Griffith Code 8
Codes, Other Criminal Legislation and Common Law 8
Interpretation of Criminal Legislation and Codes 10
Classification of Offences 11
Persuasive and Evidentiary Burdens 13
The Burden of Proof 13
Beyond Reasonable Doubt 14
Reversals of the Burden of Proof 15
Evidentiary (or Evidential) Burdens 16
Presumptions 18
Goncalves v R 19
R v Punj 21
R v Hutchinson 23
Part Two Offences
Homicide 29
Lawful and Unlawful Homicide 29
Conceptions of Life and Death 30
Killing by Omission 31
General principles of criminal liability for omissions 31
The specific duties under the Codes 33
Causation of Death 34
R v Iby 37
Airedale National Health Service Trust v Bland 40
Krakouer v State of Western Australia 46
Murder and Manslaughter 52
The Homicide Offences 52
Forms of Murder 53
Murder and Intention 55
Murder and the Prosecution of an Unlawful Purpose 58
Forms of Manslaughter 59
Accident and Manslaughter by Intentional Violence 61
Manslaughter and Criminal Negligence 62
Ordinary and Reasonable Persons 64
Dangerous Driving Causing Death 65
R v Willmot (No 2) 66
R v Woollin 68
R v Winner 73
Turner v R 75
R v Gould and Barnes 78
R v Taiters 79
Jackson and Hodgetts v R 82
Callaghan v R 86
Assaults and Injuries 89
The Structure of Offences Against the Person 89
The Definition of Assault 91
The Fault Element of Assault 92
The Compound Assault Offences 93
Forms of Injury 95
Liability for Injury 96
Hall v Fonceca 99
R v Secretary 102
Horan v Ferguson 106
Lergesner v Carroll 111
R v BBD 115
Houghton v R 120
R v Reid 123
Sexual Violence and Fraud 132
The Structure of Offences of Sexual Violence 132
The Issue of Consent 136
Mistakes 138
Drago v R 140
R v Cuerrier 145
Case Stated by DPP (No 1 of 1993) 151
Wagenaar v R 154
Attorney-General’s Reference No 1 of 1977 157
R v Mrzljak 159
Aubertin v State of Western Australia 168
Property Offences 174
The Structure of Property Offences 174
Stealing 175
Forms of stealing 175
Requirement of ‘fraudulently’ 177
Stealing and transfers of property 179
Fraud 181
Robbery 184
Offences Respecting Premises 185
Receiving 187
Destruction and Damage 188
The offences 188
Requirement of ‘wilfully’ 189
Ilich v R 190
Mujunen v R 195
R v Angus 198
Peters v R 199
Bolitho v State of Western Australia 204
R v Lockwood; Ex parte Attorney-General 210
Drugs Offences 214
The Structure of Drugs Offences 214
Queensland offences 215
Western Australia offences 216
Commonwealth offences 217
Possession 218
The mental element in possession 219
Trafficking, Selling and Supplying, Importing 221
Mistakes of Fact 222
Mistakes of Law 224
Davies v State of Western Australia 225
State of Western Australia v R 227
Commonwealth Offences 239
Part Three Defences
The Role and Range of Defences 245
Introduction 245
Types of Exculpatory Defence 246
Justification and Excuse 246
Mental Impairment and Criminal Responsibility 248
Evidentiary and Persuasive Burdens 249
Lack of Will and Accident 250
Section 23 250
Lack of Will 251
Accident 254
R v Falconer 254
Murray v R 259
Mistake of Fact 270
Introduction 270
Mistakes and Subjective Mental Elements 270
Mistakes, Accidents and Negligence 271
Section 24 of the Codes 271
Mistake of Fact and Commonwealth Offences 274
McPherson v Cairn 275
G J Coles & Coy Ltd v Goldsworthy 277
Ignorance of Law 281
The General Principle 281
Non-Publication of Statutory Instruments 283
Claim of Right 284
The Exercise of Legal Powers 285
Judgment in the Application of General Standards 286
Ostrowski v Palmer 287
Molina v Zaknich 290
Sancoff v Holford 293
Self-Defence and Other Defensive Force 295
The Range of Defences 295
Defence of Persons 297
The requirement for an assault 297
Self-defence against an unprovoked assault 298
Self-defence against a provoked assault 300
Defence of Property 301
Mistakes 303
Excessive Force 305
Commonwealth Offences 306
Evidentiary and Persuasive Burdens 306
R v Prow 307
R v Gray 308
Lavallee v R 313
Osland v R 322
James v Sievwright 328
Provocation 335
Provocation and Criminal Responsibility 335
Provocation under the Codes 337
The objective test 338
Proportionality and degrees of loss of self-control 341
Conduct constituting provocation 342
Suddenness 343
Self-induced provocation 344
Involvement of third parties 344
Kaporonovski v R 346
Hart v R 348
Stingel v R 361
Green v R 370
Compulsion, Emergency and Medical Necessity 379
The General Problem of Necessity in Criminal Law 379
The Defence of Compulsion 380
Compulsion and criminal responsibility 380
Compulsion in Queensland 381
Compulsion in Western Australia 383
Commonwealth offences 384
The Defence of Emergency 385
The role of the defence 385
The issue of necessity 386
The issue of proportion 387
Commonwealth offences 389
The Defence of Medical Necessity 389
Mistakes 391
Persuasive and Evidentiary Burdens 392
R v Smith 392
R v Dudley and Stephens 396
Re A (Children) 399
K v T 402
Insanity, Automatism, Diminished Responsibility 404
Introduction 404
Insanity in Criminal Law 404
The role of the insanity defence 404
Fitness to stand trial 405
Persuasive and evidentiary burdens 407
The role of the Mental Health Court in Queensland 408
Defendants acquitted on grounds of unsoundness of mind in
Western Australia 409
The Insanity Defence 409
Elements of the insanity defence 409
Mental disease (Queensland) and impairment (Western Australia) 410
Incapacity 411
The arms of the insanity defence 412
Commonwealth offences 413
Automatism and Insanity 414
Automatism and criminal responsibility 414
Distinguishing sane and insane automatism 415
Diminished Responsibility in Queensland 416
R v Mursic 418
R v Falconer 419
R v Parks 430
R v Burgess 434
Intoxication 437
Intoxication and Criminal Responsibility 437
Evidentiary and Persuasive Burdens 438
Intoxication and Insanity 439
Intoxication and Specific Intent 440
The terms of the Code s 28(3) (Qld)/s 28 third para (WA) 440
Intention to cause a specific result 441
Social policy: O’Connor and Kusu 444
Commonwealth offences 444
R v O’Regan 445
R v Kusu 446
Part Four Participation in Offences
Inchoate Liability 453
Inchoate Liability in Criminal Law 453
Liability for Attempt 454
Definitions of Attempt 455
The Mental Element in an Attempt 456
Attempts and Preparatory Acts 458
The Relationship between Attempts and Completed Offences 459
Liability for Conspiracy 460
Elements of Conspiracy 461
Parties to a Conspiracy 463
The Relationship Between Conspiracies and Completed Offences 464
Impossibility 464
R De Silva 466
Peters v R 472
R v English 476
Secondary Liability 481
Parties to an Offence 481
Charges and Verdicts 482
Aiding 483
Counselling and Procuring 486
The Common Purpose Rule 487
The Non-Responsible Principal; the Lesser Principal;
the Greater Principal 488
Exempt Parties 489
Withdrawal 490
Beck v R 491
DPP (Northern Ireland) v Maxwell 498
Tabe v R 500
Stuart v R 507
Darkan v R 510
R v Menniti 520
Capacity to Commit Offences 527
Introduction 527
Children 527
Corporations 528
The scope of corporate liability 528
Liability for state offences 529
Liability for Commonwealth offences 531
Grain Sorghum Marketing Board v Supastok Pty Ltd 532
Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v
Securities Commission 535
Part Five Criminal Procedure
Principles of Criminal Procedure 541
Interests in the Criminal Justice Process 541
Sources of the Law of Criminal Procedure 542
Investigation of Offences 543
Police powers in Queensland 543
Police powers in Western Australia 545
Commonwealth police powers 545
Exclusion of wrongfully obtained evidence 545
The Trial Process 549
Foster v R 552
Jago v District Court of New South Wales 557
Entrapment and Controlled Operations 561
Reactive and Proactive Policing 561
Entrapment 562
Controlled Operations 566
The Queensland scheme 567
The Western Australia scheme 570
The Commonwealth scheme 571
Ridgeway v R 572
Search, Seizure, Surveillance and Identification 583
General Liberties and Special Powers 583
The Structure of Investigative Powers 585
Powers Exercisable Without Warrant 587
Demands for identification 588
Searches of persons and vehicles 589
Searches in Queensland 590
Searches in Western Australia 590
Search Warrants 591
Queensland: additional provisions 595
Western Australia: additional provisions 596
Surveillance Devices 597
Identification Procedures 598
George v Rockett 598
State of New South Wales v Corbett 606
Arrest, Bail and Investigative Procedures 613
Introduction 613
Meaning and Role of Arrest 614
Investigative arrest 616
Powers of Arrest 617
Arrest without warrant: police powers 617
Arrest without warrant: citizens’ powers 618
Arrest with warrant 619
Making an Arrest 619
Alternatives to Arrest 622
Bail 623
Custodial Searches 624
Taking ‘Identifying Particulars’ 625
Queensland 626
Western Australia 626
Forensic Procedures 627
Queensland 627
Western Australia 629
Dellit v Small; Ex parte Dellit 630
Norton v R (No 2) 631
O’Hara v Chief Constable of the RUC 638
Questioning and Confessions 643
The Right to Question and the Right to Silence 643
Problems with Confessional Evidence 644
Exclusion of Confessional Evidence 646
Unrecorded admissions 646
Involuntary confessions and admissions 647
‘Unfairness’ and ‘public policy’ 649
Standards for Questioning 652
Sources of standards 652
Information; cautions; access to friends, relatives and lawyers 653
Methods of questioning 659
Persons Requiring Special Protection 660
Statutory protections in Queensland and the Commonwealth 660
Statutory protections in Western Australia 663
Covert Recordings and Undercover Operatives 663
The Right to Silence and Equality Before the Law 666
R v Smith 667
Van Der Meer v R 671
R v Swaffield 675
Tolifau v R 685
Charges and Prosecutions 694
Initiation of Proceedings 694
Queensland 694
Western Australia 696
Form of Charges 696
Queensland 696
Western Australia 699
Selection of Charges 700
Prosecutorial Discretion and Judicial Review 700
Principles of judicial review 700
The decision not to prosecute 701
Improper purposes 702
Oppression 704
Plea Negotiation 705
R v Stevens 707
Barnes v R 711
Maxwell v R 715
Williams v Spautz 719
Walton v Gardiner 723
Committals and Trials 728
Jurisdiction of Courts; Juries 728
Juries 729
‘Dual’ or ‘either way’ offences 730
Committal Proceedings 731
Queensland 731
Western Australia 732
Proceedings Before Trial 733
Proceedings at Trial 734
Queensland 734
Western Australia 735
No Case to Answer 735
Disclosure 736
Queensland 737
Western Australia 738
The Right to a Fair Trial 739
Trial delay 739
Prosecutorial and judicial impartiality 739
Prejudicial publicity 740
Legal representation 741
Barton v R 743
Western Australia v Christie 748
Livermore v R 754
R v Glennon 762
R v Long; Ex parte A-G (Qld) 768
Dietrich v R 775
Verdicts 782
Alternative Verdicts 782
Queensland 782
Western Australia 783
Double Jeopardy 784
Principle against double jeopardy 784
Section 17 of the Codes 785
The rule against multiple punishments 787
Abuse of process 788
Tricklebank v R 789
R v Carroll 792
Appeals 801
Jurisdiction of Appeal Courts; Pardons 801
Entitlement to Appeal 803
Queensland 803
Western Australia 804
Powers of an Appeal Court 805
Orders quashing convictions on indictment 805
Ground 1 — Unreasonable or unsupportable verdict 805
Ground 2 — Error of law 807
Ground 3 — Miscarriage of justice 807
Other orders 808
New Arguments and Evidence 808
MFA v R 809
Nudd v R 814
Weiss v R 823
Mallard v R 829
Part Six Sentencing and Proceeds
Sentencing Principles 841
Introduction 841
Common Law Principles 843
Statutory Principles 846
Queensland 846
Western Australia 849
Commonwealth offences 851
Guilty Pleas 851
Queensland 851
Western Australia 852
Principles respecting guilty pleas 852
Sentencing Methodology 854
Precedents 854
Sentencing guidelines 855
‘Two-stage’ sentencing and ‘instinctive synthesis’ 856
Imprisonment and Parole 857
Queensland 857
Western Australia 858
R v Melano 859
Veen v R (No 2) 862
R v Nagy 868
Cameron v R 878
Markarian v R 888
Proceeds of Crime 905
Reparation for Victims 905
Confiscation of Proceeds 906
R v Ferrari 907
Permanent Trustee Co Ltd v The State of Western Australia 908
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