BASICS OF CATALOGING - Public Christian Library Model
BASICS OF CATALOGING
Cataloging
Library catalogs contain information about all materials owned by the library. The information that describes each item is referred to as a bibliographic record or catalog record. Cataloging is the process followed by librarians to create the bibliographic record. To perform catalog work means to systematically record details about a published item, such as, title, author, publisher, date, physical description, subject headings, edition, and call number. A set of standardized rules for cataloging and transcribing information about library materials governs the cataloging process. These rules are published in the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR2).
Specific cataloging aids can be found at Library Cataloging Aids compiled by Lynne LeGrow
Primary Source of Information
When cataloging resources it is important to use the following primary sources of information.
Books, booklets, pamphlets The title page is the primary source of information for book materials. The verso, which is the backside of the title page, is a valuable source of information including CIP (Cataloging in Publication) data. The cover, spine, and back of the item are all secondary sources. If there isn't a title page, use a secondary source.
Periodicals The cover is the primary source of information for periodicals. Use cover, caption, masthead, editorial page, colophon, or any other page in that order of preference.
Audio recordings The label on the item is the primary source, unless accompanying textual materials (a booklet or the container) furnish a collective title and give information about parts, and the labels do not.
Video recordings or motion pictures The title frames and credits provide the primary source of information. If there are no title frames, labels on a video cassette can be the primary source. If there is no other primary source, use accompanying material, the container, or other sources, in that order, to get the information.
Computer files The title screen(s) are the primary source. If there is no title screen, use other "internal" information such as the main menu or program statements. If the information is not available, or if it isn't practical to get it, use the following sources (in order of preference): the physical carrier (the diskette, for example) or its labels, accompanying documentation, or the container in which it came.
Classification
To assist library customers in locating materials within the library, catalogers assign call numbers which are printed on labels that are attached to individual materials. The two most commonly used classification systems are: the Dewey Decimal Classification system (DDC) and the Library of Congress Classification system (LCC). Most public libraries use the Dewey schedules. DDC is a numerical scheme, which divides all knowledge into ten general categories and further subdivides the major headings according to subject specificity. Most university and research libraries use the Library of Congress Classification System. LCC uses an alphabetical code in combination with a numbering scheme to define subject content.
The Dewey system has ten main classes, which are listed below.
• 000 Generalities
• 100 Philosophy and Psychology
• 200 Religion
• 300 Social Science
• 400 Language
• 500 Natural Science and Mathematics
• 600 Technology (Applied Sciences)
• 700 Arts
• 800 Literature
• 900 Geography and History
Each of the above classes each have ten divisions. These divisions are further divided--and then further divided. Each division becomes more specific. The more numbers, the more specific the subject. In this way, the Dewey classification system progresses from the general to the specific. For a detailed summary for each number see the Dewey Decimal Classification System The decimal place is used to make the number even more specific.
MARC - Cataloging for the Computer
A variety of computer software packages are available to produce catalog records. These computer programs help libraries develop online catalogs for local use, and, in addition to make their catalogs available to remote users via the World Wide Web.
In order for the computer to interpret the information found in a cataloging record, libraries follow a standard professional practice called MARC record cataloging. MARC is an acronym for Machine-Readable Cataloging Record. The official rules and documentation for cataloging in MARC format is compiled by the Library of Congress and published in the document: USMARC Format for Bibliographic Data.
Reference LOC MARC Standards for additional including formats and lists.
Subject Headings
Libraries assign subject headings to assist the public in finding materials on a particular subject when an author or title is not known. Libraries strive for consistency in subject heading use so that all items with the same subject will be listed together in the library catalog.
The most authoritative list consulted by librarians to determine appropriate headings and cross-references is the Library of Congress Subject Headings(LCSH). Some small libraries use the Sears List of Subject Headings to help identify proper subject terms. There are also subject heading lists to address special topics, such as children’s literature.
Reference LOC Subject Heading List for Christian Libraries link for a current list of subject headings that have been used thus far; additional headings can be added as the library collection is developed.
Bibliographic Resources
Organization and Development
Small Libraries: Organization and Operations 2 nd Ed., by Donald J. Sager, Highsmith Press Handbook Series, Highsmith Press, Fort Atkinson, WI 1996. ISBN 0-917846-79-6
The Librarian’s Manual, Ferne L. Weimer and Kenneth D. Gill, editors. Association of Christian Librarians and Commission for International Library Assistance (CILA)
(Can be ordered from ACL, PO Box 4, Cedarville, OH 45314)
Cataloging
Maxwell’s Handbook for AACR2R (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules), American Library Association, 1997. ISBN 0-8389-0704-0 (*)
More Easy MARC: Format Integration: A Simplified Guide to Creating Catalog Records for Library Automation Systems Incorporating Format Integration, Scott Piepenburg, F&W Associates, Castle Rock, Colorado. ISBN 0-9652126-0-2. (Can be ordered from LMC Source PO Box 266, Castle Rock, CO 80104 e-mail DavidL@)
Cataloging Correctly for Kids: An Introduction to the Tools, 4th Edition, edited by Sheila S. Intner, Joanna F. Fountain and Jane E. Gilchrist. Published by American Library Association, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8389-3359-0
AACR2 Rules for Videorecordings. Guide to AACR2 rules and LC interpretations for videorecordings. Maintained by Elizabeth A. Read, Queen's University Libraries at Kingston Canada.
AACR2: Descriptive Cataloguing for Monographs. A brief summary of the key points from AACR2 for monographs. Maintained by Elizabeth A. Read, Queen's University Libraries at Kingston Canada.
Classification
Abridged 13 Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index, edition 13, edited by Joan S. Mitchell, Forest Press, OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, Albany NY 1997.
ISBN 0-910608-60-1 (*)
Abridged 13 Workbook: For Small Libraries Using Dewey Decimal Classification Abridged Edition 13, Sydney W. Davis and Gregory R. New, Forest Press, OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, Albany NY 1997. ISBN 0-910608-61-X
Dewey Decimal Classification 200 Religion Class (reprinted from edition DDC 21), edited by Joan S. Mitchell, Forest Press, OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, Albany NY 1997.
ISBN 0-910608-59-8
Summaries DDC 21 Edition 21, Numbers You Can Count On. Introduction by Joan S. Mitchell
Forest Press, OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, Albany NY 1996
ISBN 0-910608-57-1
Can order all Dewey Classification system products from OCLC at
Subject Headings
Library of Congress Subject Headings 5-vol. set published annually by Library of Congress.
Cataloging Distribution Service (*)
Cataloging for Non-Book Materials
Cataloging of Audiovisual Materials and Other Special Materials : A Manual Based on AACR2, 4th Edition, by Nancy B. Olson. Published by Minnesota Scholarly Press, 1998.
Cataloging Internet Resources: A Manual and Practical Guide 2nd Edition, Nancy B. Olson, editor OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. (viii, 55 p.) ISBN 1-55653-236-9.
Cataloging Nonprint and Internet Resources : A How-To-Do-It Manual for Librarians by Mary Beth Weber. Published by Neal-Schuman Publishers, Number 113 of the "How-To-Do-It Manuals for Libraries" series, c2002. ISBN 1-55570-435-2
Serials Cataloging Handbook : An Illustrative Guide to the Use of AACR2R and LC Rule Interpretations, 2nd Edition, by Carol Liheng, Winnie S. Chan. Published by the American Library Association, 1998. ISBN 0-8389-0732-6
Processing and Book Repair
Book Protection and Repair Manual: Money-Saving Tips on How to Protect Your Valuable Library Books and Magazines, prepared by The Library Store
How-to Guide to Book Protection and Repair, prepared by KAPCO Library Products
Simplified Book Repair, revised edition, booklet prepared by Brodart, Williamsport, PA 1996
Brodart‘s Guide to Book Repair and Protection – complete video guide
Care and Repair: Book- Saving Techniques: A Guide to Basic Care and Repair booklet published by Highsmith Company, Fort Atkinson, WI,1990 ISBN 0-917846-03-6
(*) Indicates minimum resources needed.
Compiled by Jim and Laurie Barnes
Copyright © March 2006 Institute for Christian Resources
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More About Cataloging in Print (CIP)
Large publishers which handle lots of titles, lots of authors, and whose books are widely acquired by
libraries are eligible to participate in the CIP program. This includes all university presses and most,
if not all large commercial publishers. Approximately two-thirds of the new titles published each year
and available for purchase in retail outlets contain a CIP Data block. As for the number of new books
actually purchased each year 90% or higher contain a CIP Data block.
The CIP process starts when publishers send CIP data applications for each eligible title to the LC,
which assigns an LC Control Number. Catalogers do descriptive cataloging, assign subject headings,
and assign full LC and Dewey classification identifiers. This complete CIP data is sent back to the
publisher, which puts some or all of this cataloging data onto the verso of the title page. A MARC
record for the book is also sent to the large libraries, consortiums, and bibliographic vendors. Finally,
the publisher sends a copy of the book to the LC, which then adds some final metadata— the number
of pages and book's size—to the book's MARC record. After the records are updated and checked for
consistency and accuracy, the new MARC records are redistributed.
From Six Steps to LCC by Kendall Grant Clark, 2004.
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