The Free High School Science Texts: Textbooks for High ...
FHSST Authors
The Free High School Science Texts:
Textbooks for High School Students
Studying the Sciences
Physical Science
Grade 10
Version 0.5
September 9, 2010
ii
Copyright 2007 ¡°Free High School Science Texts¡±
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section entitled ¡°GNU Free Documentation License¡±.
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iii
FHSST Core Team
Mark Horner ; Samuel Halliday ; Sarah Blyth ; Rory Adams ; Spencer Wheaton
FHSST Editors
Jaynie Padayachee ; Joanne Boulle ; Diana Mulcahy ; Annette Nell ; Rene? Toerien ; Donovan
Whitfield
FHSST Contributors
Sarah Abel ; Dr. Rory Adams ; Andrea Africa ; Ben Anhalt ; Prashant Arora ; Raymond
Barbour ; Richard Baxter ; Tara Beckerling ; Tim van Beek ; Jennifer de Beyer ; Dr. Sarah
Blyth ; Sebastian Bodenstein ; Martin Bongers ; Stephan Brandt ; Craig Brown ; Graeme
Broster ; Deanne de Bude ; Richard Case ; Fanny Cherblanc ; Dr. Christine Chung ; Brett
Cocks ; Andrew Craig ; Tim Crombie ; Dan Crytser ; Dr. Anne Dabrowski ; Laura Daniels ;
Sean Dobbs ; Esmi Dreyer ; Matthew Duddy ; Fernando Durrell ; Dr. Dan Dwyer ; Frans van
Eeden ; Alex Ellis ; Tom Ellis ; Giovanni Franzoni ; Ingrid von Glehn ; Tamara von Glehn ;
Lindsay Glesener ; Kevin Godby ; Dr. Vanessa Godfrey ; Dr. Johan Gonzalez ; Hemant Gopal ;
Dr. Stephanie Gould ; Umeshree Govender ; Heather Gray ; Lynn Greeff ; Dr. Tom Gutierrez ;
Brooke Haag ; Kate Hadley ; Dr. Sam Halliday ; Asheena Hanuman ; Dr Melanie Dymond
Harper ; Dr. Nicholas Harrison ; Neil Hart ; Nicholas Hatcher ; Dr. William P. Heal ; Pierre
van Heerden ; Dr. Fritha Hennessy ; Millie Hilgart ; Chris Holdsworth ; Dr. Benne Holwerda ;
Dr. Mark Horner ; Mfandaidza Hove ; Robert Hovden ; Jennifer Hsieh ; Clare Johnson ; Luke
Jordan ; Tana Joseph ; Dr. Fabian Jutz ; Dr. Lutz Kampmann ; Paul Kim ; Dr. Jennifer Klay ;
Lara Kruger ; Sihle Kubheka ; Andrew Kubik ; Dr. Jannie Leach ; Dr. Marco van Leeuwen ;
Dr. Tom Leinster ; Dr. Anton Machacek ; Dr. Komal Maheshwari ; Kosma von Maltitz ;
Bryony Martin ; Nicole Masureik ; John Mathew ; Dr. Will Matthews ; JoEllen McBride ;
Nikolai Meures ; Riana Meyer ; Filippo Miatto ; Jenny Miller ; Abdul Mirza ; Mapholo Modise ;
Carla Moerdyk ; Asogan Moodaly ; Jothi Moodley ; David Myburgh ; Kamie Naidu ; Nolene
Naidu ; Bridget Nash ; Tyrone Negus ; Thomas O¡¯Donnell ; Dr. Markus Oldenburg ; Dr.
Jaynie Padayachee ; Dave Pawson ; Nicolette Pekeur ; Sirika Pillay ; Jacques Plaut ; Andrea
Prinsloo ; Joseph Raimondo ; Sanya Rajani ; Prof. Sergey Rakityansky ; Alastair Ramlakan ;
Dr. Matina J. Rassias ; Dr. Jocelyn Read ; Dr. Matthew Reece ; Razvan Remsing ; Laura
Richter ; Max Richter ; Sean Riddle ; Jonathan Reader ; Dr. David Roberts ; Evan Robinson ;
Raoul Rontsch ; Dr. Andrew Rose ; Katie Ross ; Jeanne-Marie? Roux ; Bianca Ruddy ; Katie
Russell ; Steven Sam ; Nathaniel Schwartz ; Duncan Scott ; Helen Seals ; Ian Sherratt ; Dr.
James Short ; Roger Sieloff ; Clare Slotow ; Bradley Smith ; Greg Solomon ; Dr. Andrew
Stacey ; Dr. Jim Stasheff ; Mike Stay ; Mike Stringer ; Tim Teatro ; Ben Thompson ; Shen
Tian ; Nicola du Toit ; Robert Torregrosa ; Jimmy Tseng ; Pieter Vergeer ; Helen Waugh ; Dr.
Dawn Webber ; Michelle Wen ; Neels van der Westhuizen ; Dr. Alexander Wetzler ; Dr.
Spencer Wheaton ; Vivian White ; Dr. Gerald Wigger ; Harry Wiggins ; Heather Williams ;
Wendy Williams ; Julie Wilson ; Timothy Wilson ; Andrew Wood ; Emma Wormauld ; Dr.
Sahal Yacoob ; Jean Youssef ; Ewald Zietsman
Contributors and editors have made a sincere effort to produce an accurate and useful resource.
Should you have suggestions, find mistakes or be prepared to donate material for inclusion,
please don¡¯t hesitate to contact us. We intend to work with all who are willing to help make
this a continuously evolving resource!
iv
Contents
1 Units
1
1.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2
Unit Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2.1
SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2.2
The Other Systems of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.3
Writing Units as Words or Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.4
Combinations of SI Base Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.5
Rounding, Scientific Notation and Significant Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.5.1
Rounding Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.5.2
Error Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.5.3
Scientific Notation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.5.4
Significant Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.6
Prefixes of Base Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.7
The Importance of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8
How to Change Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8.1
1.9
Two other useful conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
A sanity test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.11 End of Chapter Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
I
Chemistry
15
2 Classification of Matter - Grade 10
2.1
2.2
17
Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.1
Heterogeneous mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.2
Homogeneous mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.3
Separating mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.1
Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.2
Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3
Giving names and formulae to substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4
Metals, Semi-metals and Non-metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.1
Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
v
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