Introduction to Psychology 6e

Introduction to Psychology 6e

Adapted by Martha Lally and Suzanne Valentine-French

Introduction to Psychology 6th Edition

Adapted by: College of Lake County Faculty: Martha Lally and Suzanne Valentine-French

(Revised July 2021, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014)

This project was funded by a grant from the College of Lake County Foundation. Adapted College of Lake County text can be found at: Original text materials for Introduction to Psychology by Stangor 2011 (non-HCC version) at: Adapted by: Houston Community College Faculty: Carol Laman, Sandra Greenstone, Huong Ho, Jennifer Suarez, Sheila Weick, Kenneth Woodruff, Robert Morecook, Eileen Mello, Saundra Boyd, Ilija Gallego, Karen Saenz (Revised May, 2013). Houston Community College 2013 revision for Introduction to Psychology by Stangor, 2011 at:

Original Publication Under the following license:

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 unported license to view a copy of this license, visit or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 -- Introducing Psychology Chapter 2 -- Psychological Science Chapter 3 ? Brain and Behavior Chapter 4 ? Learning Chapter 5 ? Memory and Cognition Chapter 6 ? Intelligence and Language Chapter 7 ? Lifespan Development Chapter 8 ? Personality Chapter 9 ? Social Psychology Chapter 10 ? Mental Health Disorders Chapter 11 ? Treating Mental Health Disorders

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Contents

...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to Psychology ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1 Introducing Psychology ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Psychology as a Science .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 The Evolution of Psychology: Central Questions, History, and Contemporary Perspectives .............11 The Many Disciplines of Psychology ...............................................................................................................................26 Chapter 2 Psychological Science ............................................................................................................. 38 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method to Guide Their Research ...................................................................39 Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs ....................................................................48 Factors that Contribute to Credible Research ...........................................................................................................58 Chapter 3 Brain and Behavior................................................................................................................. 66 The Neuron Is the Building Block of the Nervous System.....................................................................................66 The Brain.....................................................................................................................................................................................74 Psychologists Study the Brain Using Many Different Methods ...........................................................................85 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System.......................................................................................................90 Sleeping and Dreaming.........................................................................................................................................................96 Chapter 4 Learning................................................................................................................................ 112 Classical Conditioning ........................................................................................................................................................ 113 Operant Conditioning........................................................................................................................................................ 120 Cognition and Conditioning ............................................................................................................................................. 128 Other Forms of Learning based on Cognition......................................................................................................... 129 Chapter 5 Memory and Cognition......................................................................................................... 141 Encoding and Storage: How Our Perceptions Become Memories.................................................................. 142 Retrieval ................................................................................................................................................................................... 154 The Biology of Memory...................................................................................................................................................... 157 Cues to Improving Memory ............................................................................................................................................. 160 Cognition and Cognitive Biases ..................................................................................................................................... 162 Problem-Solving Strategies ............................................................................................................................................. 172 Chapter 6 Intelligence and Language ................................................................................................... 180 Defining and Measuring Intelligence ........................................................................................................................... 180 Group Differences in Intelligence ................................................................................................................................. 191 The Development and Use of Language ..................................................................................................................... 198 Chapter 7 Lifespan Development ......................................................................................................... 217

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Conception andPrenatal Development...................................................................................................................... 218 Physical Development across the Lifespan ............................................................................................................. 223 Cognitive Development across the Lifespan ........................................................................................................... 228 Social Development acrossthe Lifespan ................................................................................................................... 241 Chapter 8 Personality............................................................................................................................ 264 Personality as Traits ........................................................................................................................................................... 264 Studying the Nature of Personality ............................................................................................................................. 270 Studying the Nurture of Personality ........................................................................................................................... 277 Personality Assessment...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................282 Chapter 9 Social Psychology ................................................................................................................. 299 Social Cognition..................................................................................................................................................................... 299 Social Influences ................................................................................................................................................................... 309 Social Relationships ............................................................................................................................................................ 325 Chapter 10 Defining Mental Health Disorders..................................................................................... 345 Defining a Mental Health Disorder............................................................................................................................... 346 Anxiety, OCD,andPTSD...................................................................................................................................................... 351 Depressive and Bipolar Disorders ................................................................................................................................ 358 Schizophrenia ........................................................................................................................................................................ 365 Personality Disorders ......................................................................................................................................................... 370 Disorders Originating in Childhood ............................................................................................................................ 375 Chapter 11 TreatingMental Health Disorders...................................................................................... 389 Psychotherapy ....................................................................................................................................................................... 390 Biomedical Therapy............................................................................................................................................................ 400 Social and Community Therapy .................................................................................................................................... 407 Eclectic Approach to Therapy and Seeking Treatment...................................................................................... 412

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