8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis
[Pages:22]8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Inside a Chloroplast
Inside a Chloroplast
In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts.
Plant
Chloroplast
Plant cells
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Inside a Chloroplast
Chloroplasts contain thylakoids--saclike photosynthetic membranes.
Single thylakoid
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Chloroplast
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Inside a Chloroplast
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. A singular stack is called a granum.
Granum
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Chloroplast
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Inside a Chloroplast
Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called photosystems, which are the light-collecting units of the chloroplast.
Photosystems
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Chloroplast
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Inside a Chloroplast
The reactions of photosystems include: the lightdependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, or Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma, which is the region outside the thylakoid membranes.
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Inside a Chloroplast
H2O Light
CO2
NADP+
ADP + P
Lightdependent reactions
CCalavlivnin Cyccylcele
Chloroplast
O2
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Sugars
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Electron Carriers
Electron Carriers
When electrons in chlorophyll absorb sunlight, the electrons gain a great deal of energy. Cells use electron carriers to transport these highenergy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Electron Carriers
One carrier molecule is NADP+. Electron carriers, such as NADP+, transport electrons. NADP+ accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H+). This converts the NADP+ into NADPH.
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Electron Carriers
The conversion of NADP+ into NADPH is one way some of the energy of sunlight can be trapped in chemical form. The NADPH carries high-energy electrons to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell. These high-energy electrons are used to help build a variety of molecules the cell needs, including carbohydrates like glucose.
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions
What happens in the light-dependent reactions?
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions
Light-Dependent Reactions
The light-dependent reactions require light. The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions
Photosynthesis begins when pigments in photosystem II absorb light, increasing their energy level.
Photosystem II
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions
These high-energy electrons are passed on to the electron transport chain.
Photosystem II
High-energy electron
Electron carriers
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8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Light-Dependent Reactions
Enzymes on the thylakoid membrane break water molecules into:
Photosystem II
2H2O
High-energy electron
Electron carriers
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