Microbiology Study Guide



Microbiology Study Guide – Exam #3 (Ch. 5, 7, 10, 13 & 17)This is a list of the types of things you should be able to describe or explain in your own words for each chapter. You are still responsible for the material covered in lecture and should know all of the key terms at the end of the notes for each chapter.Chapter 5 (Microbial Metabolism)the concept of metabolic pathways, also endergonic vs exergonic, catabolic vs anabolichow enzymes catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactionsfactors that affect enzyme activity (temperature, pH, salt concentration, substrate conc., etc.)enzyme regulation/inhibition (competitive, allosteric, feedback)characteristics of ATPoxidation/reduction, substrate-level vs oxidative phosphorylationthe basic process, purpose and various products of fermentationthe roles of electron carriers (NADH, FADH2), electron transport, H+ gradient in respirationdistinguish aerobic from anaerobic respirationEssay question:1. Describe the main events and products of each stage of aerobic respiration (Krebs, electron transport, chemiosmosis). For each stage, indicate how much ATP is made and how it is made..Chapter 7 (DNA Replication & Gene Expression)the processes of DNA replication (lagging and leading strands)the process of gene expression: transcription and translationdifferences between DNA and RNAthe nature of operons in prokaryotesthe nature of the genetic code use base pairing rule to transcribe a DNA sequenceuse genetic code to translate an RNA sequencethe various types of mutations and how they may affect gene expressionlevels of gene expression at which regulation can occurhow the lac operon in E. coli is regulated in response to lactose and glucosethe basic processes of bacterial recombination: conjugation, transformation & transductionEssay Question:1. Describe Frederick Griffith’s famous 1928 experiments with mice. What did he conclude about his results? Was he unable to identify the “transforming factor”?Chapter 10 (Antimicrobial Drugs)the concepts of spectrum of antimicrobial drugs and selective toxicitythe features of bacteria, viruses and fungi that are good targets for antimicrobial drugsdescribe the mechanisms of action of the various antimicrobial drugsbasis of antimicrobial sensitivity drug testsunderstand what targets drugs are appropriate for what types of pathogendiscuss safety concerns with antimicrobial drugs (anaphylaxis, dysbiosis, toxicity, resistance, drug interactions, etc.)describe antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance and how it may be acquired Essay question:1. Describe 5 different categories of antimicrobial drugs, their mechanisms of action, and provide one example of each.Chapter 13 (Viruses, Viroids & Prions)structure and variety of viral components (genetic material, capsid, envelope)how viruses differ from living cellshow viruses are classifiedthe basic stages of an animal virus “life” cyclehuman cancer and oncogenic viruses lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophageshow animal viruses penetrate, escape from host cellsdifferences in life cycles of types of DNA, RNA animal viruses and how they replicatethe nature of viroids and viroid-based illnessthe nature of prions and prion-based illnessEssay questions:1. Describe the life cycle of an animal virus. Discuss different known mechanisms for each stage.2. Describe the disease(s) caused by one of the human herpes viruses discussed in class. Discuss the pathogen, symptoms, epidemiology, treatment, prognosis, complications, and other important features of the disease.Chapter 17 (Applications of Immunology)describe how a vaccine induces immunitydescribe the different types of vaccinesdistinguish between immunoprecipitation, agglutination, and hemagglutinationand how they can be used to detect specific antibodies or antigens in clinical samplesdescribe the process of fluorescent antibody labeling involving secondary antibodiesdescribe the ELISA test and its limitationsdescribe a Western Blot and its applicationEssay question:1. Describe the major safety risks or concerns surrounding vaccination. ................
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