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5143500-33528000REVISION QUESTIONSTheme 1: Ethical ThoughtKnowledge and understanding of religion and beliefA.Divine Command Theory Meta-ethical theory - God as the origin and regulator of morality; right or wrong as objective truths based on God’s will/command, moral goodness is achieved by complying with divine command; divine command a requirement of God’s omnipotence; divine command as an objective metaphysical foundation for morality. Robert Adams’ ‘Modified Divine Command Theory’ (divine command based on God’s omnibenevolence). `Challenges: the Euthyphro dilemma (inspired by Plato); arbitrariness problem (divine command theory renders morality as purely arbitrary); pluralism objection (different religions claim different divine commands). B.Virtue Theory Ethical system based on defining the personal qualities that make a person moral; the focus on a person’s character rather than their specific actions; Aristotle’s moral virtues (based on the deficiency; the excess and the mean); Jesus’ teachings on virtues (the Beatitudes). Challenges: virtues are not a practical guide to moral behaviour; issue of cultural relativism (ideas on the good virtues are not universal); virtues can be used for immoral acts. C.Ethical Egoism Normative agent focused ethic based on self-interest as opposed to altruism; ethical theory that matches the moral agent's psychological state (psychological egoism); concentration on long term self-interests rather than short term interests; Max Stirner, self-interest as the root cause of every human action even if it appears altruistic; rejection of egoism for material gain; union of egoists. Challenges: destruction of a community ethos; social injustices could occur as individuals put their own interests first; a form of bigotry (why is one moral agent more important than any other?). Issues for analysis and evaluation will be drawn from any aspect of the contentabove, such as: Whether morality is what God commands. Whether being a good person is better than just doing good deeds. Whether virtue theory is useful when faced with a moral dilemma. The extent to which ethical egoism inevitably leads to moral evil. The extent to which all moral actions are motivated by self-interest. Whether one of the theories - divine command theory, virtue theory or ethical egoism is superior to the other theories 1374140-458470Ethical thought00Ethical thoughtWrite out a definition of and give examples where possible:Ethicsapplied ethicsmeta-ethicsmoralsnormative ethics.RelativistAbsolutistObjectiveSubjectiveTeleologicalConsequentialismDeontological-488950-571500Divine Command Theory00Divine Command TheoryExplain where morality comes from in the Divine Command Theory.How is moral goodness achieved?Explain the role of omnipotence in the DCT.Describe why Divine commands are an objective meta-physical foundation for morality.Explain JAT Robinson and Frankena’s views. (Write out their quotes to help you.)-164465-297815Robert Adams’ Modified Divine Command Theory00Robert Adams’ Modified Divine Command Theory4894580-68326000Describe the basis of Adam’s theory. (Clue: omnibenevolence)Write out the quote from William of Ockham in the booklet and explain it.What is the major issue of DCT? According to Adams why can morality not be arbitrary? 5431790-172720Strengths00Strengths273050-424180Challenges to the Divine Command Theory00Challenges to the Divine Command TheoryWhat is the main challenge to the DCT? (Think dilemma)What does Julian Baggini believe is a challenge?What is the problem of DCT when we look at different religions and morality?Compare Christian and the Old Testament laws.What may be an issue with DCT when looking at homosexuality orwomen’s rights?Explain why DCT not having flexibility is a key problem.-488315-27305Virtue Ethics00Virtue EthicsGive a definition for:AreteEudaimoniaExplain the basic idea of virtue ethics. (For example, how is it different to other ethics)List 3 of Aristotle’s 12 moral virtues.List 3 intellectual virtues.Why are these virtues not easily learnt, rather developed?What was Aristotle’s view on justice?Give a definition of:SophronEnkratesAkratesDescribe the doctrine of mean.Where, in the Bible, would we find Jesus’ teachings on the virtues? (Hint: The Sermon on the Mount.)List the 8 virtues from Jesus’ Sermon and link them to Aristotle’s virtues.625475-266700Challenges to Virtue Ethics00Challenges to Virtue Ethics506984045720Strengths 00Strengths Why might VE not appeal to feminists?Outline how VE may not be seen as a practical guide for moral behaviour.Explain the importance of cultural relativism.How might virtues be used to justify immoral acts?Is virtue ethics useful when facing a moral dilemma?2540-86994Ethical Egoism00Ethical EgoismGive a definition of:AltruismEthical egoismPsychological egoismExplain how ethical egoism is a normative agent focused ethical system based on self interest.Describe how ethical egoism is the opposite of altruism.Explain the difference between ethical egoism and psychological egoism.Why does Ethical egoism not mean everyone would always act selfishly?Explain the difference between long-term and short-term self-interests.Briefly describe who Max Stirner was.Outline Stirner’s ideas and influence on Ethical egoism.Summarise the 5 main points of Stirner’s idea.Explain Stirner’s idea that we have a false notion of liberty in our approach to thinking.Describe why Stirner didn’t like the idea of adopting beliefs systems and moral frameworks to develop the self.Explain how Stirner believed this through the analogy of giving to the poor/charity.Why is it incorrect to assume Stirner was amoral?What is the distinction between what is perceived as the self and owness?Explain why uniqueness is the future for Stirner.Why does our uniqueness need to be separate from excessive sensual appetites?What is the Union of egoists and what did they promote?5069840112395Strengths of Ethical EgoismStrengths of Ethical Egoism311157620Challenges to Ethical Egoism00Challenges to Ethical EgoismWhat is the most obvious challenge to Stirner’s work?Why could ethical egoism be seen to destroy community ethos?What is bigotry and how could ethical egoism promote it?Does ethical egoism lead to moral evil?53975-340995Issues for analysis and evaluation00Issues for analysis and evaluationMorality comes from God.Being a good person is better than doing good deeds.Ethical egoism would definitely lead to moral evil.Virtue Ethics is useful when faced with a moral dilemma.DCT/VE/EE is the best type of ethical theory.All moral actions are motivated by self interest ................
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