A STUDY ON BACTERIOLOGY OF THE EYE INFECTIONS IN MAN …
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A STUDY ON BACTERIOLOGY OF THE EYE INFECTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS IN KHARTOUM STATE
By
IMAN BIREIR MOHAMMED TOM (B.V.SC., 1996)
University of Khartoum
Supervisor Prof: SULEIMAN MOHAMMED EL SANOUSI
Thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Microbiology
Department of Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
University of Khartoum March, 2008
1
DEDICATION
TO MY FAMILY.... FATHER.... MOTHER.... BROTHERS.... AND SESTERS....
I DEDICATE THIS WORK
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUBJECT
DEDICATION
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
ARABIC ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1
The eye
1.1.1
Anatomy of the eye
1.1.2
Defense mechanisms of the eye
1.1.3
The tears
1.2
Eye infections
1.2
Major eye infections
1.2.1
Conjunctivitis
1.2.1.1 Bacterial conjunctivitis
1.2.1.1.1 Acute bacterial conjunctivitis
1.2.1.1.2 Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis
1.2.1.2 Chlamydial conjunctivitis
1.2.2
Keratitis (Corneal infection)
1.2.3
Keratoconjunctivitis
1.2.4
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBKC)
1.2.5
Eye lids infections
1.2.5.1 Blepharitis
1.2.5.2 Stye
1.2.5.3 Chalazion
1.2.6
Infections of the lacremal apparatus
3
PAGE
II X11 XI X XV XVI 1 3 3 3
4
4
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
9
10
11
12
12
13
13
13
1.2.6.1 Dacryocystis
13
1.2.6.2 Dacryoadenitis
14
1.2.6.3 Canaliculitis
14
1.2.7
Orbital infections
14
1.2.8
Endophthalmitis
15
1.2.9
Uvitis
15
1.2.6.1 Uvitis in horses
16
1.2.10 Retinitis
16
1.2.11 Skleral buckle infections
16
1.3
The normal flora of the eye
17
1.3.1
Human
17
1.3.2
Cattle
17
1.3.3
Goat
18
1.3.4
Camel
18
1.3.4
Poultry
18
1.3.4
Sheep
18
1.4
Microorganisms Associated with eye infections
19
1.4.1
Chlamydia spp
19
1.4.1.1 Chlamydia psittaci
19
1.4.1.2 Chlamydia trachomatis
20
1.4.2
Mycoplasma spp
20
1.5
Bacteria associated with eye infections
21
1.5.1
Gram-positive bacteria
21
1.5.1.1 Staphylococcus spp
21
1.5.1.2 Streptocuccus spp
27
1.5.1.3 Micrococcus spp
29
1.5.1.4 Corynebacterium spp
30
1.5.1.5 Actinomyces spp
32
4
1.5.1.6 Propionibacterium spp
32
1.5.1.6 Listeria spp
33
1.5.1.7 Aerococcus spp
34
1.5.1.8 Enterococcus spp
34
1.5.1.9 Bacillus spp
34
1.5.1.10 Mycobacterium spp
35
1.5.1.11 Other Gram-positive bacteria associated with eye 36
infections
1.5.2
Gram-negative bacteria
36
1.5.2.1 Neisseria spp
36
1.5.2.2 Branhamella spp
37
1.5.2.3 Bordetella spp
38
1.5.2.3.1. Bordetella parapertussis
38
1.5.2.4 Moraxella spp
38
1.5.2.5 Pseudomonas spp
39
1.5.2.6 Burkolderia spp
40
1.5.2.7 Haemophilus spp
41
1.5.2.8 The Enterobacteria
42
1.5.2.9 Pasteurella spp
43
1.5.2.10 Aeromonas spp
43
1.5.2.11 Other Gram-negative bacteria associated with eye infections 44
1.5.3
Some antibiotics used in the treatment of eye infections
44
CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS
47
2.1
Asepsis and Sterilization
47
2.1.1
Hot-air oven
47
2.1.2
Direct flame
47
2.1.3
Autoclaving
47
2.1.4
Tyndallization
47
5
2.1.5
Irradiation and disinfectants
47
2.2
Media for isolation, identification and sensitivity testing 47
2.2.1
Solid media
48
2.2.1.1 Nutrient agar
48
2.2.1.2 Blood agar
48
2.2.1.3 Chocolate agar
48
2.2.1.4 MacConkey's agar
48
2.2.1.5 Urea agar
49
2.2.1.6 Aesculin agar
49
2.2.1.7 Simmon's citrate agar
49
2.2.1.8 Kligler's iron agar (KIA)
50
2.2.1.9 Amonium salt sugars (ASS)
50
2.2.1.10 Casein agar
51
2.2.1.11 Starch agar
51
2.2.1.12 Bile agar
51
2.2.1.13 Nutrient agar containing4%, 6%, 8%, 10% Sodium chloride 51
2.2.1.14 Arginine agar
52
2.2.1.15 Gelatin medium
52
2.2.1.16 Dorset egg medium
52
2.2.1.17 Diagnostic sensitivity test (DST) agar
53
2.2.2
Semi-solid media
53
2.2.2.1 Hugh and Leifson's (O-F) medium
53
2.2.2.2 Motility medium
53
2.2.3
Liquid media
54
2.2.3.1 Nutrient broth
54
2.2.3.2 Salt broth
54
2.2.3.3 Peptone water
54
2.2.3.4 Peptone water sugars
54
6
2.2.3.5 MR-VP test medium
55
2.2.3.6 Nitrate broth
55
2.3
Reagents
55
2.3.1
Hydrogen peroxide
55
2.3.2
Oxidase test reagent
56
2.3.3
Kovacs' reagent
56
2.3.4
Voges-Proskauer test reagents
56
2.3.5
Methyl Red solution
56
2.3.6
Nitrate test reagents
56
2.3.7
Test papers with reagents
57
2.3.7.1 Lead acetate papers
57
2.4.1
Andrade's indicator
57
2.4.2
Bromothymol blue
57
2.4.3
Bromocresol purpel
57
2.4.4
Phenol red
57
2.5
McFarland 0.5 turbidity standard
57
2.6.1
Blood
58
2.6.2
Plasma
58
2.6
Samples of the study
58
2.6.1
Collection and transportation of samples
58
2.7
Culture methods
59
2.7.1
Primary inoculation on solid media
59
2.7.2
Subculture and purification of the isolates
59
2.7.3
Incubation of cultures
59
2.7.4
Examination of cultures
59
2.8
Identification of isolated bacteria
59
2.8.1
Primary tests
61
2.8.1.1 Microscopic examination
61
7
2.8.1.1.2 Preparation of smears
61
2.8.1.1.3 Staining
61
2.8.1.1.3.1 Gram's-stain
61
2.8.1.1.3.2 Spore stain
61
2.8.1.2 Catalase test
62
2.8.1.3 Oxidase test
62
2.8.1.4 Motility
62
2.8.1.5 Oxidation-fermentation (O-F) test
62
2.8.2
Secondary identification of bacteria
63
2.8.2.1 Nitrate reduction test
63
2.8.2.2 Voges-Proskauer(V-P) test
63
2.8.2.3 Sugar fermentation test
63
2.8.2.4 Urease test
63
2.8.2.5 Citrate utilization
64
2.8.2.6 Kligler's Iron Agar test (KIA)
64
2.8.2.7 Indole production
64
2.8.2.8 Methyl red test
64
2.8.2.9 Gelatin hydrolysis
65
2.8.2.10 Casein hydrolysis
65
2.8.2.11 Aesculin hydrolysis test
65
2.8.2.12 Bile solubility
65
2.8.2.13 Novobiocin sensitivity test
65
2.8.2.14 The CAMP test
66
2.8.2.15 Coagulase test
66
2.8.2.15.1 Slide method
66
2.8.2.15.2 Tube method
66
2.8.2.16 Starch hydrolysis
67
2.8.2.17 Pigment production
67
8
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