Derivation in word formation

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Derivation in word formation

Copy this link or click below to email this to a friend Send this content or copy directly to the link: Print details of Oxford, Linguistica. In accordance with the license agreement, a single user can print a single article for personal use (for details see the Privacy Policy and the Legal Notice). date: 27 August 2021 You do not currently have access to this article Please login to access the full content. Access to full content requires a subscription Word training is the process of creating new words. The following processes of word formation lead to the creation of new words in English: Derivation Back-formation Conversion Compounding Clipping Blending Abbreviations Acronyms Eponyms Coinages Nonce words Borrowing Calquing The following sections define and exemplify the relative processes of formation of the words of derivation and retroformation. Derivation Derivation is the process of forming the word in which a derived axe attaches to the basic form of a word to create a new word. Affirmations, which include prefixes and suffixes, are linked morphemes. Morphems are the smallest linguistic unity of a semantic language. Bound morfemes, unlike free morphemes, cannot stand alone but must attack another morphem as a word. For example, the following two lists provide examples of common prefixes and suffixes with English definitions: Prefixes a- without, not co- ? together deopposite, negative, removal, separation dis- opposite, negative en- ? cause to be ex-ex-ex-ex, previous, from in- ? negative, non-exclusion, non-re- ? again, repeatedly in- negative, uncharacteristic, reversibleor practice, state or condition -less ? lack of -ly ? -like -ology ? study, science -ship ? condition, character, ability -y ? characterized by, inclination, condition The derivation can lead to new words of the same grammatical form, for example, noun to noun, or of different grammatical forms, for example, verb to noun. For example: Grammatical Form Retain Derivation verb to verb: noun disappears to noun: friend adjective friendship adjective: practical impractical grammatical form Changing verb of derivation to noun: preserve adjective verb preservation: bore noun boring to the verb: code code noun adjective: nature Note that, even if both processes involve the reliance of suffixes, the derivation differs from the inflection in such inflection causes the creation of a new form of the same word rather than a new word. For example, the addition of the third singular person -s inflectional suffix to the verbs creates the third person singular form of verbs, for example, eat and eat, and the addition of plural -_-s_ suffix inflexible to substantives creates the plural form of nouns, for example, _dog_ and _dogs_. Both _eats_ and _dogs_ are new forms of the same word, _eat_ and _dog_, rather than new words. Rear formation The retroformation is the process of forming the word in which a true or presumed derivative affixed by the basic form of a word to create a new word. For example, the following list provides examples of some common back-formation in English: Original ? Back-formation babysitter ? donation babysit ? gambling hazy ? haze moonlighter ? obsessive of moonlight ? procession of obsess ? process resurrection ? saxed rice ? satellite television ? televise Back-formation is often the result of a over-generalization of the suffixes of derivation. For example, the retroformation ofenteredfirst lexicon, but the hypothesis that the -(a)ion at the end of the word is the derivative suffix -ion translates into the creation of the back-form verb. the retroformation, therefore, is the opposite of the derivation. for a printable list of more prefixes and suffixes in English, please download English affixes: prefixes and bass. for a more complete list of back-formations in English, please download English BackFormations vocabulary list. This post is part of the series: word training: creation of new words in English the articles of this series define and exemplify the processes of formation of the most common words, or the creation of new words, in English including derivation, retroformation, conversion, compounding, clipping, blending, abbreviations, acronyms, eponyms, coins, nonce words, loans and calquing. volume 01, n. 03, May 2018 researchers also analyzed the inflection process found by the text for comparison with the derived process as follows: Table 11. scanalated verb, managed, arrested, looked, started, wanted, introduced, table walk 12. noun petals, flowers, bars, eyes, types, tears, mothers, exams, friends, invoices, times table 13. adjective preposition that analyzes the derivative process and the inflexible process, researchers also found the bees used by the text as follows: Table 14. the contributions used by the data detection above, the researchers found that adjective training is most used in the derived process, which consists of 6 variations in 13 words. the second is the formation of nouns, which consists of 3 variations in 12 words. the third is adverb training, which consists of 3 variations in 3 words. and the last is the formation of verbs, which consists of 2 variations in 2 words. the inflection process which, most of all, is the formation of the nouns, which consists of 4 variations in 16 words.second is the formation of verbs, which consists of 2 words in the English public site Ling 216 Rice University Prof. S. Kemmer Compounding Compoundingform a word on two or more root morphemes. Words are called compounds or composite words. In Linguistics, compounds can be either native or borrowed. The native English roots are typically free morphemes, so that native compounds are made of independent words that can occur alone. Examples: mailman (composed of free root mail and root man free) mail dog house fireplace fireplug (a regional word for 'fire moisturizing') fire water repellent dry run cupcake email door pick-up truck e-ticket talk-a Some compounds have a preposition as one of the components words as in the last 2 examples. In Greek and Latin, in contrast to English, the roots are not generally alone. So the compounds are composed of roots tied. The compounds formed in English by Latin and Greek morphemes borrowed this feature. Examples include photography, iatrogenic, and many thousands of other classic words. Note that the compounds are written in various ways in English: with a space between the elements; with a hyphen between the elements; or simply with the two roots run together without separation. The way the word is written does not affect its state as a compound. Over time, the convention for writing compounds can change, usually in the direction from separate words (for example, the email used to be written with a hyphen. In the 19th century, today and tomorrow were sometimes still written today and tomorrow. The original was the preposition to with an older meaning 'to [a particular period of time]. The work of the watch has changed in clockwork and finally to a word without pause (time). If you read the older literature you might see some composite words that are now written as a word that appears with non-familiar spaces or traits between the components. Another thing to note about compounds is that they can combine words ofparts of speech. The list above shows mainly substantial compounds, which is probably the most common part of the vocal combination, but thereOthers, such as adjective-noun (dry run, blackbird, hard disk), verb-noun (pick-pocket, cut-purse, lick-spittle) and also verb-particle (where 'particle' means a word that basically designates the spatial expression that works to complete a literal or metaphorical path), as in run-through, hold-over. Sometimes these compounds are different in the discourse part of the whole compound vs. the part of the speech of its components. Note that the last two are actually substantial, despite their components. Some compounds have more than two word components. These are formed by mixing later words in compounds, such as pick-ups, formed by pick-ups and trucks, where the first component, pick-up is in itself a compound formed by pick-ups and ups. Other examples include ice cream cone, faultless insurance and even more complex compounds such as safe high speed dishwasher. There are a number of subtypes of compounds that do not have to do with part of the speech, but rather the sound characteristics of words. These subtypes are not mutually exclusive. Resize compounds (subtype of compounds) These words are composed of two remonstrating words. Examples: chiller-killer with love There are words that are formally very similar to rhyme compounds, but are not quite composed in English because the second element is not really a word - it is only an element of absurdity added to a root word to form a rhyme. Examples: higgledy-piggledy tootsie-wootsie This training process is associated in English with speaking of children (and speaking to children), technically called hypocoristic language. Examples: RabbitWunnie Henny Penny snuggly-wuggly Georgie Porgie Piggie-Wiggie Another type of word that seems a little like remittance compound includes words that are formed of two elements that almost correspond, but differ in their vowels. Once again,second element is typically an absurd form: pitter-patter zigzag tick-tock riffraff flipflop derivation is the creation of words for editing a root without theof other roots. often the effect is a change in part of the speech. affirmations (subtype of detection) the most common type of derivation is the addition of one or more affixes to a root, as in the word derivation itself. this process is called apposition, a term that covers both prefixion and suffix. blending is one of the most beloved processes of word formation in English. is particularly creative as the speakers take two words and join them on the basis of not the morphemous structure but the sound structure. the words that derive from them are called mixtures. Usually in the formation of words we combine roots or affixes along their edges: a morpheme comes at the end before the next begins. for example, we form derivation from the sequence of morphemes de+riv+at(s)+ion. a morpheme follows the next and each has identifiable boundaries. Morphes do not overlap. but in the mixing, a part of a word is sewn on another word, without any regard for where a morpheus ends and another begins. For example, the word swooshtika 'nike swooosh as a logo that symbolizes corporate power and hegemony was formed by swoosh and swastika. the swoosh part remains whole and recognizable in the mixture, but the tika part is not a morphem, either in the word swastika or in the mixture. the mixture is a perfect fusion of form, and also of content. the meaning contains an implicit analogy between swastika and swoosh, and then conceptually merges them into a new type of things that have both properties, but also combined properties of no source. Other examples include glittering (literated and literacy) 'hollywood social set', mockumentary (mock and documentaries) 'spoof documentaries'. the first mixtures in English date only to the xix century, with wordplay coins of lewis carroll in jabberwocky. For example, he introduced the sledhy language, formed by quarrels and slimy, and galumph, (from galop and triumph. interestingsurvived as a wordbut now it seems to mean 'walking in a stomping, unconscious way'. Some blends that have been around for quite a while include brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (hotel scooter), electrocute (electric and run), smog (smoke and fog) and cheeseburger (cheese and burger). These date back to the first half of the 20th century. Others, such as stagflation (stagnation and inflation), spork (spoon and fork), and carjacking (auto and hijacking) has been born since 1970. Here are some more recent blends I have performed through: mocktails (mock and cocktails) 'cocktail without alcohol' splog (spam and blog) 'fake blog designed to attract hits and increase Google-ranking' Britpoperated (Britpop and literate) 'those who know the current British pop music' Clipping is a kind of abbreviation of a word in which basically means the rest' For example, the word rifle is a fairly modern cutout of a previous composite gun, which means a gun with a shotgun. (Rifled means having a spiral groove that causes the bullet to turn, and then make it more accurate.) Another cutout is burger, format cutting out the beginning of the word burger. (This clipping could come only once hamburg+er has been reanalyzed as ham+burger.) Acronyms Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a sentence and making a word from it. Acronyms provide a way to transform a phrase into a word. The classic acronym is also pronounced as a word. The Scuba was formed by a self-sufficient underwater breathing apparatus. The word snafu was originally slang of the WW2 army for the normal situation all fucked. Acronyms were increasingly used by military bureaucrats, and soldiers conjugated snafu in an apparent parody of thisOverused. Sometimes an acronym uses not only the first letter, but the first syllable of a component word, for example radar, RAdio Detection And Ranging and sonar, SOund SOundand Ranging. Radar forms an analog model for both sonar and lidar, a technology that measures the distance of a target and map its surface by bouncing a laser out of it. There are some evidence that lidar was not coined as an acronym, but instead as a mixture of light and radar. Based on the word itself, or etymology seems to work, so many speakers assume that the lidar is an acronym rather than a mixture. A German example that puts together the initial syllables of words in the sentence, is Gestapo, from GEheime STAats POlizei 'Sectret State Police'. Another is Stasi, from STAats SIcherheit 'State Security'. Acronyms are a subtype of initialism. The primisms also include words made by the initial letters of a Phrase but NOT pronounced as a normal word - it is instead pronounced as a string of letters. The names of aroften initialisms organization of his type. Examples: NOW (National Organization of Women) US or U.S., USA or U.S.A. (United States) UN or U.N. (United Nations Organization) IMF (International Monetary Fund) Some organizations are pronounced as a word: UNICEF MADD (Mothers against drunk driving) The last example incorporates meaning in the word that fits the nature of the organization. Sometimes this guy is called a reverse acronym or a Backronym. These can be considered as a special case of acronyms. Memos, e-mail and text messaging (text-speak) are communication modes that give rise to clipping and acronyms, since these word training methods are designed to shorten. Some acronyms: NB - Note well, literally 'note well'. Used by scholars who make notes on texts. (A large number of other acronyms from Latin are used, probably most invented in the medieval or Renaissance period, not originally in Latin) BRB - be right back (from 1980, 90s) FYI -your information (from the middle of the 20th century) LOL - laughing loudly (before the 21st century) - now pronounced both /lol/ and /el or el/; has spawned compounds like Lolcats. ROFL - rolling on floorROFLMAO - roll on the floor laughing my ass out Reanalysis Sometimes the speakers unconsciously change the morphological boundaries of a word, creating a new morphology or making an old unrecognizable. This happened in burgers, which originally was the Hamburger steak 'brown and formed steak in the style of Hamburg, then burgers (hamburg + er,) then ham + hamburger and popular etymology A popular idea of the origin of a word that does not conform to its true origin. Many popular etymologies are cases of reanalysis where the word is not only reanalysis, but it changes under the influence of the new understanding of its morphies. The result is that speakers think it has a different origin than it does. Analog Sometimes the speakers take an existing word as a model and form other words using some of its morphemes as a fixed part, and changing one of them to something new, with similar analog meaning. Cheeseburger was formed on the burger analogy, replacing a perceived morphemous ham with cheese. carjack and skyjack were also formed by analogy. Creation of wonder In the creation of the novel, an orator or a writer forms a word without starting from other morphemes. It is as if the word is formed by 'all the cloth', without reusing parts. Some examples of words now conventionalized that were Roman creations include blimp, googol (the mathematical term,) bling, and possibly slang, which has emerged in the last 200 years without obvious etymology. Some new creations seem to show 'symbolic sound', in which a phonological form of a word suggests its meaning somehow. For example, the sound of the word bling seems to evoke heavy jewelry by making noise. Another new creation whose sound seems to refer to its meaning is badonkadonk, 'backfeminine,' a reduplicate word that can remind English speakers of therepetitive of the back while walking. Creative respelling Sometimes words are formed simply by changing the spelling of a word that the speaker wants to refer toWord. Product names often involve creative resping, such as Mr. Kleen. ? Kemmer di Suzanne derivation in word formation process. examples of derivation in word formation. what is the process of word formation

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