THE 100 MOST INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHERS OF ALL TIME
[Pages:368]Published in 2010 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010.
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First Edition
Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Brian Duignan: Senior Editor, Religion and Philosophy
Rosen Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor Nelson Sa: Art Director Nicole Russo: Designer Introduction by Stephanie Watson
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The 100 most influential philosophers of all time / edited by Brian Duignan.--1st ed. p. cm.--(The Britannica guide to the world's most influential people)
"In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services." Includes Index. ISBN 978-1-61530-057-0 (eBook) 1. Philosophy. 2. Philosophers. I. Duignan, Brian. II. Title: One hundred most influential philosophers of all time. B72.A15 2010 109.2--dc22
2009029773
Cover credit: Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid, Spain/The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images
CONTENTS
Introduction
9
Pythagoras
17
Confucius
19
Heracleitus
25
Parmenides
26
Zeno of Elea
27
Socrates
28
Democritus
35
Plato
37
Aristotle
47
Mencius
54
Zhuangzi
55
Pyrrhon of Elis
57
Epicurus
57
Zeno of Citium
60
Philo Judaeus
62
Epictetus
65
Marcus Aurelius
66
Nagarjuna
69
Plotinus
71
Sextus Empiricus
72
Saint Augustine
74
Hypatia
79
Anicius Manlius Severinus
Boethius
80
an. kara
83
Yaqb ibn Ish. q as. -S. abh.
al-Kind
85
Al-Frb
86
Avicenna
89
Rmnuja
92
Ibn Gabirol
95
Saint Anselm of Canterbury
96
al-Ghazl
98
Peter Abelard
100
Averro?s
103
Zhu Xi
105
Moses Maimonides
108
Ibn al-`Arab
112
30
76 102
Shinran
114
Saint Thomas Aquinas
117
John Duns Scotus
122
William of Ockham
125
Niccol? Machiavelli
128
Wang Yangming
133
Francis Bacon, Viscount Saint
Alban (or Albans), Baron of
Verulam
134
Thomas Hobbes
139
Ren? Descartes
143
John Locke
150
Benedict de Spinoza
160
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 165
Giambattista Vico
168
George Berkeley
171
Charles-Louis de Secondat,
baron de La Br?de et de
Montesquieu
175
David Hume
179
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
182
Immanuel Kant
188
Moses Mendelssohn
194
Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de
Caritat, marquis de
Condorcet
197
Jeremy Bentham
199
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
Hegel
200
Arthur Schopenhauer
206
Auguste Comte
209
John Stuart Mill
211
S?ren Kierkegaard
214
Karl Marx
218
Herbert Spencer
223
Wilhelm Dilthey
226
William James
227
Friedrich Nietzsche
230
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege 236
Edmund Husserl
238
208
131
Henri Bergson
241
John Dewey
244
Alfred North Whitehead
247
Benedetto Croce
250
Nishida Kitar
252
Bertrand Russell
254
G.E. Moore
263
Martin Buber
264
Ludwig Wittgenstein
269
Martin Heidegger
275
Rudolf Carnap
279
Sir Karl Popper
285
Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno 286
Jean-Paul Sartre
287
Hannah Arendt
292
Simone de Beauvoir
295
Willard Van Orman Quine 297
Sir A.J. Ayer
299
Wilfrid Sellars
303
John Rawls
305
Thomas S. Kuhn
308
Michel Foucault
309
Noam Chomsky
314
J?rgen Habermas
317
Sir Bernard Williams
320
Jacques Derrida
327
Richard Rorty
330
Robert Nozick
332
Saul Kripke
336
David Kellogg Lewis
339
Peter (Albert David) Singer 341
Glossary
345
Further Reading
347
Index
349
233 329
295
INTRODUCTION
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