VITA - University of North Carolina at Greensboro



VITA

PERSONAL

Name: Albert N. Link

Virginia Batte Phillips Distinguished Professor

Address: Department of Economics

University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG)

Greensboro, NC 27402-6165

Telephone: Economics Department Office: (336) 334-5463

E-mail anlink@uncg.edu

Place of Birth: Virginia, USA

Marital Status: Married; 2 adult children

PRIOR ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE

Professor of Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1982-present

Distinguished Visiting Professor, Northumbria University at Newcastle, UK, 2019-2021

Research Professor, Division on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, Max Planck Institute,

Jena, Germany, 2004-2005 (courtesy appointment)

Distinguished Special Professor, University of Nottingham, UK, 2001-2003 (courtesy appointment)

Associate Professor of Economics, Auburn University, 1981-1982

Visiting Scholar, The Maxwell School of Public Affairs, Syracuse University, summer 1981

Assistant Professor of Economics, Auburn University, 1976-1981

ACADEMIC INTERESTS

Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy; Program Evaluation and Policy Analysis; Entrepreneurship; Public Sector Entrepreneurship

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Graduate: Ph.D. Economics, Tulane University, 1976

Doctoral Dissertation: The Microfoundations of Technological Change: A Theoretical and Empirical

Model (E.C.H. Veendorp, Chairman)

Undergraduate: B.S. Mathematics, University of Richmond, 1971; Phi Beta Kappa

RECENT TEACHING EXPERIENCE

Economics of Entrepreneurship: Introductory undergraduate course emphasizing the economic impacts of individual, corporate, and university entrepreneurial actions.

Economics of Sustainability: Introductory freshman/sophomore course on sustainable development.

Economics of Technology Policy: Advanced undergraduate course emphasizing U.S. policies toward technology and innovation.

Applied Policy Analysis: MA- and PhD-level course emphasizing the tools and methods of policy analysis and evaluation.

Economics of Technology Policy: MA- and PhD-level elective courses on history of U.S. technology and innovation policies, and on assessments of their economic impacts.

PLACEMENT OF RECENT Ph.D. STUDENTS

Ndeye Astou Aw (2020) – Lead Economist, The MITRE Corporation, Virginia

Christopher Parrish (2019) − Brighthouse Financial, North Carolina

Derek Strong (2017) – University of Southern California

Michael Hall (2016) – National Institute of Standards and Technology (previously at University of

Kansas)

MAJOR ADMINISTRATIVE ASSIGNMENTS

Search Committees, University of North Carolina at Greensboro:

Departmental searches (new faculty and chair of search for department head)

School of Business (chair of search for chaired professor in innovation; chair of search for associate dean for research)

University (search for director for the Office of Technology Assessment)

Director, MBA Program, University of North Carolina at Greensboro: 1988-1992

Director, Industrial Technology Program, University of North Carolina at Greensboro: 1986-1988

Head, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro: 1983-1988

Director, Computer Technology Education Program, University of North Carolina at Greensboro: 1983-1985

SELECTED HONORS AND ACADEMIC ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Technology Transfer, 1996-present (2019 impact factor: 4.147; 2019 5-year impact factor: 4.632)

Editor-in-Chief and Founding Editor, Annals of Science and Technology Policy, 2016-present

Co-Editor, Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2015-present

RePEc (Research Papers in Economics from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis) Global Rankings of Academics by Citations in Research Areas in Economics (as of the end of CY 2020):

|RePEc Research Areas |Corresponding JEL Codes |Global Ranking |Top |

| | | |x% |

|Project, Program & Portfolio Management (PPM) |D61, H11 |#2 |1% |

|Small Business Management (SBM) |L25, L26 |#8 |1% |

|Innovation (INO) |O31 |#11 |1% |

|Economics of Strategic Management (CSE) |L1, L2 |#12 |1% |

|Entrepreneurship (ENT) |L26 |#24 |2% |

|Knowledge Management & Knowledge Economy (KNM) |D83 |#11 |2% |

|Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) |O34 |#23 |6% |

Google Scholar citation count: 29,410 (as of the end of CY 2020).

Google Scholar rankings by field (as of the end of CY 2020):

|Google Scholar Research Area |Global |

| |Ranking |

|Economics of Innovation |#3 |

|Technology Policy |#2 |

|Entrepreneurship Policy |#1 |

|Technology Transfer |#6 |

|Program Evaluation |#5 |

Plenary Address: National Academy of Sciences on Grand Challenge Programs, October 2018.

The European Commission Distinguished Scholar Lecture, Joint Research Center, Spain, October 2018.

Advisory Panel to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on economic development strategies of Low-Earth Orbit and commercialization options for the International Space Station, 2014-2015; Invited seminar, March 2015.

Keynote Address: OECD Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Enterprise Dynamics, OECD Working Party on Industry Analysis, OECD, 2014

Advisory Committee of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Impact Assessment Unit, 2011-2012

Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Healthcare and Technology, “Small Business Innovation Research Program,” April 7, 2011

National Academy of Sciences, Steering Committee Member for “Understanding Research Science and Technology Parks,” 2008

U.S. Representative to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), co-vice chairperson of the Team of Specialists on the Innovation and Competitiveness Policies Initiative, 2007-2012

Academic Liaison to National Governor’s Association, “State-University-Industry Partnership” program, 2007-2008

White House Interagency Task Force on Internet Protocols (IPv6), Evaluation Research Group at the Research Triangle Institute, 2003-2004

National Research Council Advisory Committee, Evaluation of SBIR Programs in Selected Agencies, 2002-2006

University Research Excellence Award, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, May 2000

National Research Council Advisory Committee, Evaluation of the National Institutes of Health SBIR Awards, 2000

National Research Council Advisory Committee, Evaluation of the Department of Defense’s SBIR Awards, 1998-1999

Keynote Address: APEC Symposium on Evaluation of Science and Technology Programmes, Wellington, New Zealand, 1998

National Academies, National Research Council Advisory Committee, Evaluation of U.S. Army Civil Works R&D, 1996-1997

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Advisory Board for Program Evaluation, 1995

U.S. Department of Commerce Delegate to OECD Meetings on Fiscal Measures to Promote R&D and Innovation, Paris, France, 1995

National Science Foundation Advisory Committee, Data and Policy Analysis, 1991

National Science Foundation Delegate to Korea-U.S. Seminar on Science and Technology Policy, Seoul, Korea, 1989

Richard D. Irwin Grant-in-Aid of Dissertation Research, 1975

NDEA Fellow, Tulane University, 1972-1975

PUBLICATIONS

Authored and Edited Books:

Handbook on Technology Transfer (edited with D. Audretsch and E. Lehmann), New York, Edward Elgar, in progress.

The Economics and Science of Measurement: A Study of Metrology, New York, Routledge, in progress.

Technology and Innovation Policy: An International Perspective (with J. Cunningham), New York, Edward Elgar, in production.

Advanced Introduction to Technology Policy (with J. Cunningham), New York, Edward Elgar, in production.

Collaborative R&D and the National Research Joint Venture Database: A Statistical Analysis, New York, Emerald Publishing, 2021.

Invention, Innovation, and U.S. Federal Laboratories, New York, Edward Elgar, 2020.

Science and Technology Parks and Regional Economic Development − An International

Perspective (edited with S. Amoroso and M. Wright), New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2020.

Collaborative Research in the United States: Policies and Institutions for Cooperation among Firms, New York, Routledge, 2020.

Technology Transfer and U.S. Public Sector Innovation (with Z. Oliver), New York, Edward Elgar, 2020.

Innovative Activity in Minority-Owned and Women-Owned Business (with L. Morrison), New York, Springer, 2019.

A Research Agenda for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (edited with D. Audretsch and E. Lehmann), New York, Edward Elgar, 2019.

Sources of Knowledge and Entrepreneurial Behavior (with D. Audretsch), Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2019.

The Social Value of New Technology (with J. Scott). New York: Edward Elgar, 2019.

Assessing Technology and Innovation Policies (edited with C. Antonelli), London, Routledge, 2018.

Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of European Textile and Apparel Firms (with N. Hodges), New York: Springer, 2017.

Gender and Entrepreneurial Activity, New York: Edward Elgar, 2017.

Universities and the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (with D. Audretsch), New York: Edward Elgar, 2017.

Essays in Public Sector Entrepreneurship (edited with D. Audretsch), New York: Springer, 2016.

The Economics of Standards, London: Edward Elgar, 2016.

Strategic Alliances: Leveraging Economic Growth and Development (edited with C. Antonelli), London: Routledge, 2016.

Concise Guide to Entrepreneurship, Technology, and Innovation (edited with D. Audretsch and C. Hayter), London: Edward Elgar, 2015.

The Oxford Handbook of Local Competitiveness (edited with D. Audretsch and M. Walshok), New York, Oxford University Press, 2015.

Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles: Public Science and Private Innovation (with A. O’Connor and T. Scott), London: Routledge, 2015.

The Chicago Handbook on University Technology Transfer (edited with D. Siegel and M. Wright), Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2015. Translated to Chinese, Scientific and Technological Education Publishing House, 2018.

Public Sector Entrepreneurship: U.S. Technology and Innovation Policy (with D. Leyden), New York, Oxford University Press, 2015.

Routledge Handbook on the Economics of Knowledge (edited with C. Antonelli), London, Routledge, 2015.

Recent Developments in the Economics of Science and Innovation (edited with C. Antonelli), London, Edward Elgar, 2014.

Public Support of Innovation in Entrepreneurial Firms, London, Edward Elgar, 2013.

Bending the Arc of Innovation: Public Support of R&D in Small, Entrepreneurial Firms (with J. Scott), New York, Palgrave-Macmillan, 2013.

Handbook on the Theory and Practice of Program Evaluation (edited with N. Vonortas), London, Edward Elgar, 2013.

Technology Transfer in the Global Economy (edited with D. Audretsch, E. Lehmann, and A. Starnecker), Springer, 2012.

Public Investments in Energy Technology (with M. Gallaher and A. O’Connor), London, Edward Elgar, 2012.

Valuing an Entrepreneurial Enterprise (with D. Audretsch), New York, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Employment Growth from Public Support of Innovation in Small Firms (with J. Scott), Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2012.

The Economics of Evaluation in Public Programs (edited with J. Scott), London, Edward Elgar, 2011.

Public Goods, Public Gains: Calculating the Social Benefits of Public R&D (with J. Scott), New York, Oxford University Press, 2011.

Technology Infrastructure (edited with C. Antonelli and S. Metcalfe), London, Routledge, 2009.

Government as Entrepreneur (with J. Link), New York, Oxford University Press, 2009.

A History of Entrepreneurship (with R. Hébert), London, Routledge, 2009. Published in paperback, 2012.

The Economics of Innovation Policy (edited volumes), London, Edward Elgar, 2008.

Cyber Security: Economic Strategies and Public Policy Alternatives (edited with M. Gallaher and B. Rowe), London, Edward Elgar, 2008.

The Economic Theory of Invention and Innovation (edited volume), London, Edward Elgar, 2008.

Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Technological Change (with D. Siegel), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007.

Innovation in the U.S. Service Sector (with M. Gallaher and J. Petrusa), London, Routledge, 2006.

Entrepreneurship and Technology Policy (edited volume), London, Edward Elgar, 2006.

Public/Private Partnerships: Innovation Strategies and Policy Alternatives, New York, Springer, 2006.

Evaluating Public Research Institutions: The U.S. Advanced Technology Program’s Intramural Research Initiative (with J. Scott), London, Routledge, 2005.

Essays in Honor of Edwin Mansfield: The Economics of R&D, Innovation and Technological Change (edited with F.M. Scherer), New York, Springer, 2005.

Technological Change and Economic Performance (with D. Siegel), London, Routledge, 2003.

Networks, Alliances and Partnerships in the Innovation Process (edited with J. de la Mothe), Norwell, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

From Seed to Harvest: The Growth of the Research Triangle Park, Research Triangle Park: The Research Triangle Foundation of North Carolina, 2002.

The Economics of Science and Technology (with M. Feldman and D. Siegel), Norwell, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

Innovation Policy in the Knowledge-Based Economy (edited with M. Feldman), Norwell, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

Public Accountability: Evaluating Technology-Based Institutions (with J. Scott). Norwell, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

Evaluating Public Sector Research and Development. New York: Praeger, 1996.

A Generosity of Spirit: The Early History of the Research Triangle Park. Research Triangle Park: The Research Triangle Foundation of North Carolina, 1995.

Government’s Role in Innovation (with D. Leyden). Norwell, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.

Evaluating Economic Damages. Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 1992.

Advances in Applied Micro-Economics (edited with V.K. Smith), vol. 5. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1990.

Cooperative Research and Development: The Industry, University, Government Relationship (edited with G. Tassey). Norwell, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

Cooperative Research in U.S. Manufacturing: Assessing Policy Initiatives and Corporate Strategies (with L. Bauer). Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1989.

Strategies for Technology-Based Competition: Meeting the New Global Challenge (with G. Tassey). Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1987.

Technological Change and Productivity Growth. London: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1987.

Economics: A Study of Markets (with S. Allen). New York: Macmillan, 1986. Second edition,

1992.

Strategic Management of Industrial R&D (edited with B. Bozeman and M. Crow). Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1984.

Investments in Technology: Corporate Strategies and Public Policy Alternatives (with B. Bozeman). New York: Praeger, 1983.

The Entrepreneur: Mainstream Views and Radical Critiques (with R.F. Hébert). New York: Praeger, 1982. Second edition, 1988. Translated to Chinese by Holt, Rinehart, and Sanders, 1984.

Research and Development Activity in U.S. Manufacturing. New York: Praeger, 1981.

Peer Reviewed Journal Articles and Refereed Book Chapters:

“Scientific Publications at U.S. Federal Research Laboratories” (with J. Scott), Scientometrics, 2020, DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03854-2.

“From Discovery to Commercialization: Accretive Intellectual Property Strategies among Small, Knowledge-Based Firms” (with C. Hayter), Small Business Economics, forthcoming.

“The Globalization of the Bayh-Dole Act” (with T. Gores), Annals of Science and Technology Policy, 2001, 5: 1-90.

“Investments in R&D and Innovative Behavior: An Exploratory Cross-Country Study,” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2020, DOI: 10.1007/s11365-020-00703-9.

“The Use of Intellectual Property Protection Mechanisms by Publicly Supported Firms” (with M. van Hasselt), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2020, DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2020.1843993.

“Latent Technology as an Outcome of R&D” (with J. Cunningham), Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2021, 162: 120371

“Invention Disclosures and the Slowdown of Scientific Knowledge” (with J. Scott), Science and Public Policy, 2020, DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scaa043.

“Knowledge Transfers from Federally Supported R&D,” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2020, DOI: 10.1007/s11365-020-00676-9.

“Going Public with Public Money” (with M. van Hasselt and S. Vismara), Small Business Economics, 2020, DOI: 10.1007/s11187-020-00355-7.

“The Impact of the Third Sector of R&D on the Innovative Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms” (with C. Morris and M. van Hasselt), Small Business Economics, 2020, DOI: 10.1007/s11187-020-00354-8.

“The Economic Contribution of a Cohort of New Firms over Time” (with A. Coad and Julian Frankish). Review of Industrial Organization, 2020, 57: 519-536 .

“Governance Mechanisms Enabling Inter-Organizational Adaptation: Lessons from Grand Challenge R&D Programs” (with C. Hayter), Science and Public Policy, 2020, 47: 271-282.

“Public Support of Private Innovation: An Initial Assessment of the North Carolina SBIR/STTR Phase I Matching Funds Program” (with J. Hardin and D. Kaiser), Annals of Science and Technology Policy, 2020, 4: 1-81.

“Technological Change in the Production of New Scientific Knowledge: A Second Look” (with J. Scott), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2019.1705004.

“Knowledge Begets Knowledge: University Knowledge Spillovers and the Output of Scientific Papers from U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Projects” (with D. Audretsch and M. van Hasselt), Scientometrics, 2019, 121: 1367-1383.

“Innovative Activity and Gender Dynamics” (with S. Bednar and D. Gicheva), Small Business Economics, 2019, DOI: 10.1007/s11187-019-00282-2.

“On the Transfer of Technology from Universities: The Impact of Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 on the Institutionalization of University Research” (with M. van Hasselt), European Economic Review, 2019, 119: 472-481.

“The Fountain of Knowledge: An Epistemological Perspective on the Growth of U.S. SBIR-funded Firms” (with D. Audretsch), International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2019, 15: 1103-1113.

“Technology Transfer at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),” Science and Public Policy, 2019, 46: 906-912.

“Creativity-Enhancing Technological Change in the Production of Scientific Knowledge” (with J. Scott), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2019, 29: 489-500.

“Exploring the Impact of R&D on Patenting Activity in Small Women-Owned and Minority-Owned Entrepreneurial Firms” (with M. van Hasselt), Small Business Economics, 2019, 54: 1061-1066.

“An Oasis of Knowledge: The Early History of Gateway University Research Park” (with E. Howard), Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2019, 10: 1037-1063.

“The Economic Benefits of Technology Transfer from U.S. Federal Laboratories” (with J. Scott), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2019, 44: 1416-1426.

“A Public Sector Knowledge Production Function” (with M. van Hasselt), Economics Letters, 2019, 175: 64-66.

“Advancing Conceptualisation of University Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: The Role of Knowledge-Intensive Entrepreneurial Firms” (with R. Sarala), International Small Business Journal, 2018, 37: 289-310 .

“The Impact of Public R&D Investments on Patenting Activity: Technology Transfer at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency” (with C. Morris and M. van Hasselt), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2019, 28: 536-546

“Innovation Capital” (with D. Audretsch), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2018, 43: 1760-1767.

“The Regional Economic Impacts of University Research and Science Parks” (with K. Hobbs and T. Shelton), Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11: 42–56.

“Entrepreneurship and Knowledge Spillovers from the Public Sector” (with D. Audretsch), International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2018, 15: 195-208.

“Innovation by Design” (with N. Hodges), Small Business Economics, 2019, 52: 395-403.

“Public-Sector Entrepreneurship” (with C. Hayter and J. Scott), Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2018, 34: 676-694.

“Nanotechnology—A Call for Policy Research” (with J. Gorsuch), Annals of Science and Technology Policy, 2018, 2: 307-463.

“Geographic Proximity and Science Parks” (with J. Scott), in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance, 2018, DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.013.272.

“Propensity to Patent and Firm Size for Small R&D-Intensive Firms” (with J. Scott), Review of Industrial Organization, 2018, 52: 561-587.

“Frederic M. Scherer: Over a Half Century—and Counting—of Seminal Scholarly Contributions” (with D. Audretsch and J. Scott), Review of Industrial Organization, 2018, 52: 501-508.

“U.S. Federal Laboratories and their Research Partners: A Quantitative Case Study” (with C. Chen and Z. Oliver), Scientometrics, 2018, 115: 501-517.

“Employment in China’s Hi-Tech Zones” (with C. Chen), International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2018, 14: 697-703.

“Embracing an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: An Analysis of the Governance of Research Joint Ventures” (with D. Audretsch), Small Business Economics, 2019, 52: 429-436.

“The Structure and Performance of U.S. Research Joint Ventures: Inferences and Implications from the Advanced Technology Program” (with J. Adams), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2018, 27: 551-575. Previously published as NBER Working Paper 23734.

“Under the AEGIS of Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurship: Employment Growth and Gender of Founders among European Firms” (with S. Amoroso), Small Business Economics, 2018, 50: 899-915.

“Is the Bayh-Dole Act Stifling Biomedical Innovation?” (with R. Danziger and J. Scott), ISSUES in Science and Technology, 2018, Winter: 33-35.

“The Growth of U.S. Science and Technology Parks: Does Proximity to a University Matter?” (with K. Hobbs and J. Scott), Annals of Regional Science, 2017, 59: 495–511.

“Why Do Knowledge-Intensive Entrepreneurial Firms Publish Their Innovative Ideas?” (with C. Hayter), Academy of Management Perspectives, 2018, 32: 141-155.

“On the Growth of Korean Technoparks” (with U. Yang), International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2018, 14: 405-410.

“Toward an Assessment of the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program at the National Institutes of Health” (with J. Scott), Science and Public Policy, 2018, 45: 83-91.

“Sources of Knowledge Used by Entrepreneurial Firms in the European High-Tech Sector” (with S. Amoroso and D. Audretsch), Eurasian Business Review, 2018, 8: 55-70.

“Dynamic Entrepreneurship: On the Performance of U.S. Research Joint Ventures” (with J. Bray), Small Business Economics, 2017, 49: 785-797.

“On the Failure of Scientific Research: An Analysis of SBIR Projects Funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health” (with M. Andersen and J. Bray), Scientometrics, 2017, 112: 431–442.

“On the R&D/Marketing Interface in Knowledge Intensive Entrepreneurial Firms” (with J. Boles), International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2017, 13: 943-952.

“Science and Technology Parks: An Annotated and Analytical Literature Review” (with K. Hobbs and J. Scott), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2017, 42: 957-976.

“Commercial Complexity and Entrepreneurial Finance” (with T. Scott and J. Scott), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2017, 26: 489-500.

“Ideation, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation,” Small Business Economics, 2017, 48: 279-285.

“On the Growth of European Apparel Firms” (with N. Hodges), Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2017, 8: 489-498.

“From Integrating Functions to Integrating Ideas” in The Routledge Companion to the Makers of Modern Entrepreneurship, edited by D. Audretsch and E. Lehmann, Routledge, 2016: 167-171.

“Gender and Entrepreneurship: An Annotated Bibliography” (with D. Strong), Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2016, 12: 287–441.

“Does Information About Previous Projects Promote R&D on the International Space Station?” (with E. Maskin), in Economic Development of Low Earth Orbit, edited by P. Besha and A. MacDonald, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2016: 43-59.

“Dynamic Entrepreneurship and Technology-Based Innovation” (with D. Audretsch and D. Kuratko), Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2016, 26: 603-620.

“Exploring the Effectiveness of Research and Innovation Policies among European Union Countries” (with J. Cunningham), International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2016, 12: 415-425.

“R&D as an Investment in Knowledge Based Capital” (with C. Swann), Economia e Politica Industriale, Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, 2016, 43: 11-24.

“On the Economic Performance of Nascent Entrepreneurs” (with D. Gicheva), European Economic Review, 2016, 86: 109-117.

“Capturing Knowledge: Private Gains and Public Gains from Universities Research Partnerships.” Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2015, 11: 139-206.

“The Gender Gap in Federal and Private Support for Entrepreneurship” (with D. Gicheva), Small Business Economics, 2015, 45: 729-733.

“Making Sense of the Elusive Paradigm of Entrepreneurship” (with D. Audretsch and D. Kuratko), Small Business Economics, 2015, 45: 703-712.

“On the Failure of R&D Projects” (with M. Wright), IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2015, 62: 442-448.

“Technology-Based Growth Policies: The Case of North Carolina's Green Business Fund” (with M. Hall), Annals of Regional Science, 2015, 54: 437–449.

“Toward an Assessment of Impacts from U.S. Technology and Innovation Policies” (with B. Bozeman), Science and Public Policy, 2015, 43: 369-376.

“Fostering University-Industry R&D Collaborations in European Union Countries” (with J. Cunningham), International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2015, 11: 849-860.

“Toward a Theory of the Entrepreneurial Process” (with D. Leyden), Small Business Economics, 2015, 44: 475-484.

“The Impact of Public Investment in Medical Imaging Technology: An Interagency Collaboration in Evaluation” (with A. O’Connor, B. Downs, and L. Hillier), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2015, 24: 510-531.

“U.S. Research Joint Ventures with International Partners” (with S. Allen), International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2015, 11: 169-181.

“University Proof of Concept Centers” (with C. Hayter), ISSUES in Science and Technology, 2015, Winter: 32-35.

“On the Economic Impact of University Proof of Concept Centers” (with C. Hayter), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2015, 40: 178-183.

“Economic Analysis of Opportunities to Accelerate Alzheimer’s R&D” (with T. Scott, A. O’Connor, and T. Beaulieu), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2014, 1313: 17–34.

“A Theoretical Analysis of the Role of Social Networks in Entrepreneurship” (with D. Leyden and D. Siegel), Research Policy, 2014: 43: 1157-1163.

“The Returns to R&D: Division of Policy Research and Analysis at the National Science Foundation” (with M. Hall and S. Layson), Science and Public Policy, 2014, 41: 458–463.

“Private Equity and the Innovation Strategies of Entrepreneurial Firms: Empirical Evidence from the Small Business Innovation Research Program” (with C. Ruhm and D. Siegel), Managerial and Decision Economics, 2014, 35: 103-113. Also published as NBER working paper 18297, August 2012.

“Research Risk and Public Policy in a Knowledge-Based Economy: The Relative Research Efficiency of Government versus University Labs” (with D. Leyden), Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2014, 5: 294-304.

“Knowledge Spillovers, Collective Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth: The Role of Universities” (with D. Leyden), Small Business Economics, 2013, 41: 797-817.

“Proof of Concept Centers in the United States: An Exploratory Look” (with S. Bradley and C. Hayter), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2013, 38: 349-381.

“Models and Methods of University Technology Transfer” (with S. Bradley and C. Hayter), Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2013, 9: 365-570.

“Public R&D Subsidies, Outside Private Support, and Employment Growth” (with J. Scott), Economics of Innovation and New Technology,” 2013, 22: 537-550.

“Valuing an Entrepreneurial Enterprise” (with D. Audretsch), Small Business Economics, 2012, 38: 139-145.

“Fathers’ Patenting Behavior and the Propensity of Offspring to Patent: An Intergenerational Analysis” (with C. Ruhm), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2013, 38: 332-340. Also published as NBER working paper 17441, September 2011.

“Leveraging Entrepreneurship through Private Investments: Does Gender Matter?” (with D. Gicheva), Small Business Economics, 2013, 40: 199-210.

“Regional Appropriation of University-Based Knowledge and Technology for Economic Development” (with D. Audretsch and D. Leyden), Economic Development Quarterly, 2013, 27: 56-61.

“Collective Entrepreneurship: The Strategic Management of Research Triangle Park” (with D. Leyden), in Creating Competitiveness Entrepreneurship and Innovation Policies for Growth, edited by D. Audretsch and M. Walshok, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013: 176-185.

“From Laboratory to Market: On the Propensity of Young Inventors to Form a New Business” (with D. Welsh), Small Business Economics, 2013, 40: 1-7.

“Employment Growth from Public Support of Innovation in Small Firms” (with J. Scott), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2012, 21: 655-678.

“On the Social Value of Quality: An Economic Evaluation of the Baldrige Performance Excellence Program” (with J. Scott), Science and Public Policy, 2012, 39: 680-689.

“The Small Business Innovation Research Program” (with J. Scott), ISSUES in Science and Technology, 2012, 89-92.

“Employment Growth from the Small Business Innovation Research Program” (with J. Scott), Small Business Economics, 2012, 39: 265-287.

“Universities as Research Partners in Publicly Supported Entrepreneurial Firms” (with D. Audretsch and D. Leyden), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2012, 21: 529-545.

“Public Gains from Entrepreneurial Research: Inferences about the Economic Value of Public Support of the Small Business Innovation Research Program” (with S. Allen and S. Layson), Research Evaluation, 2012, 21: 105-112.

Amici Curiae Brief, SigmaPharm, Inc. v. Mutual Pharmaceutical Company, Inc. et al., submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court on May 23, 2012 (with D. Audretsch, W. Cohen, R. Feinberg, S. Martin, F.M. Scherer, J. Scott, and D. Siegel)

“The Exploitation of Publicly Funded Technology” (with J. Scott), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2012, 37: 375-383.

“Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Public Policy Frameworks” (with D. Audretsch), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2012, 37: 1-17.

“Public Science and Public Innovation: Assessing the Relationship between Patenting at U.S. National Laboratories and the Bayh-Dole Act” (with D. Siegel and D. Van Fleet), Research Policy, 2011, 40: 1094-1099.

“Information about Information: Public Investments in Information Retrieval Research” (with B. Rowe and D. Wood), Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2011, 2: 192-200.

“Government as Entrepreneur: Examples from U.S. Technology Policy” (with J. Link), in

Elgar Handbook on the Economic Complexity of Technological Change, edited by C. Antonelli, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011: 533-544.

“Universities as Research Partners: Entrepreneurial Explorations and Exploitations” (with C. Wessner), in Handbook of Research on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, edited by D. Audretsch, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011: 290-299.

“Economic Implications of Raising the Threshold Funding Limits on SBIR Awards” (with P. Bearse), Science and Public Policy, 2010, 37: 731-735.

“Government as Entrepreneur: Evaluating the Commercialization Success of SBIR Projects” (with J. Scott), Research Policy, 2010, 39: 589-601.

“Public Knowledge, Private Knowledge: The Intellectual Capital of Entrepreneurs” (with C. Ruhm), Small Business Economics, 2011, 36: 1-14. Also published as NBER Working Paper 14797, March 2009.

“Research, Science, and Technology Parks: An Overview of the Academic Literature,” in Understanding Research, Science and Technology Parks: Global Best Practice, edited by C. Wessner, National Academies Press, 2009.

“Evaluating the Social Returns to Innovation: An Application to University Technology Transfer” (with D. Siegel), in Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth, edited by Matt Mars, JAI Press, 2009.

“Evaluating Public-Sector Intramural Research Programs: The Case of the U.S. Advanced Technology Program’s Intramural Research Initiative” (with J. Scott), International Journal of Public Policy, 2009, 4: 532-548.

“Private Investor Participation and Commercialization Rates for Government-Sponsored Research and Development: Would a Prediction Market Improve the Performance of the SBIR Program?” (with J. Scott), Economica, April 2009, 76: 264-281.

“Bringing Science to Market: Commercializing from NIH SBIR Awards” (with C. Ruhm), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2009, 18: 381-402. Also published as NBER Working Paper 14057, June 2008.

“Barriers to the Diffusion of Nanotechnology” (with B. Bozeman and J. Hardin), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, October 2008, 17: 751-763.

“A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Decision to Locate on a University Research Park” (with D. Leyden and D. Siegel), IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, February 2008, 55: 23-28.

“A Time Allocation Study of University Faculty” (with C. Swann and B. Bozeman), Economics of Education Review, 2008, 27: 363-374.

“The Economics of University Research Parks” (with J. Scott), Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Winter 2007, 23: 661-674.

“Entrepreneurship and Human Capital: Evidence of Patenting Activity from the Academic Sector” (with S. Allen and D. Rosenbaum), Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, November 2007, 31: 937-951.

“An Empirical Analysis of the Propensity of Academics to Engage in Informal University Technology Transfer” (with D. Siegel and B. Bozeman), Industrial and Corporate Change, August 2007, 16: 641-655.

“Public Policy and Entrepreneurship,” in The Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Policy, edited by D. Audretsch, I. Grilo, and A.R. Turik, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007.

“Historical Perspectives on the Entrepreneur” (with R. Hébert), Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 2006, 2: 261-408.

“The Entrepreneur as Innovator” (with R. Hébert), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2006, 31: 589-597.

“Intellectual Property Protection Mechanisms in Research Partnerships” (with H. Hertzfeld and N. Vonortas), Research Policy, 2006, 35: 825-838.

“U.S. University Research Parks” (with J. Scott), Journal of Productivity Analysis, 2006, 25: 43-55.

“An Economic Evaluation of the Baldrige National Quality Program” (with J. Scott), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2006, 15: 83-100.

“Opening the Ivory Tower Door: An Analysis of the Determinants of the Formation of U.S. University Spin-Off Companies” (with J. Scott), Research Policy, 2005, 34: 1106-1112.

“Research Joint Ventures in the United States: A Descriptive Analysis,” in Essays in Honor of Edwin Mansfield: The Economics of R&D, Innovation, and Technical Change, edited by A.N. Link and F.M. Scherer, Boston: Springer, 2005.

“Generating Science-Based Growth: An Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Organizational Incentives on University-Industry Technology Transfer” (with D. Siegel), European Journal of Finance, 2005, 11: 169-181.

“Universities as Research Partners in U.S. Research Joint Ventures” (with J. Scott), Research Policy, 2005, 34: 385-393.

“An Econometric Analysis of Trends in Research Joint Venture Activity” (with D. Paton and D. Siegel), Managerial and Decision Economics, 2005, 26: 149-158.

“Evaluating Public Sector R&D Programs: The Advanced Technology Program’s Investment in Wavelength References for Optical Fiber Communications” (with J. Scott), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2005, 30: 241-251.

“Toward a Model of the Effective Transfer of Scientific Knowledge from Academicians to Practitioners: Qualitative Evidence from the Commercialization of University Technologies” (with D. Siegel, D. Waldman, and L. Atwater), Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 2004, 21: 115-142.

“Transmission of Risk-Averse Behavior in Small-Sized Firms” (with D. Leyden), Small Business Economics, 2004, 23: 255-259.

“University-Related Research Parks,” ISSUES in Science and Technology, 2003, pp. 79-81.

“U. S. Science Parks: The Diffusion of an Innovation and Its Effects on the Academic Missions of Universities” (with J. Scott), International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2003, 21: 1323-1356.

“Deploying Homeland Security Technology” (with V. Henrich), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2003, 28: 363-368.

“Innovation Policy in Search of an Economic Foundation: The Case of Research Partnerships in the United States” (with K. Combs), Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 2003, 15: 177-187.

“Commercial Knowledge Transfers from Universities to Firms: Improving the Effectiveness of University-Industry Collaboration” (with D. Siegel, D. Waldman, and L. Atwater), Journal of High Technology Management Research, 2003, 14: 111-133.

“Universities as Research Partners” (with B. Hall and J. Scott), Review of Economics and Statistics, 2003, 85: 485-491. Also published as NBER Working Paper No. 7643, April 2000.

“The Growth of Research Triangle Park” (with J. Scott), Small Business Economics, 2003, 20: 167-175.

“On the Growth of Science Parks” (with K. Link), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2003, 28: 81-85.

“Assessing the Impact of Organizational Practices on the Relative Productivity of University Technology Transfer Offices: An Exploratory Study” (with D. Siegel and D. Waldman), Research Policy, 2003, 32: 27-48.

“An Analysis of Policy Initiatives to Promote Strategic Research Partnerships” (with D. Paton and D. Siegel), Research Policy, 2002, 31: 1459-1466.

“Unions and Technology Adoption: A Qualitative Analysis of the Use of Real-Time Control Systems in U.S. Coal Firms” (with D. Siegel), Journal of Labor Research, 2002, 23: 615-630.

“Explaining Observed Licensing Agreements: Toward a Broader Understanding of Technology Flows” (with J. Scott), Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2002, 11: 211-231.

“The Economics of Science and Technology” (with D. Audretsch, B. Bozeman, K. Combs, M. Feldman, D. Siegel, P. Stephan, G. Tassey, and C. Wessner), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2002, 27: 155-203.

“Public/Private Technology Partnerships: Evaluating SBIR-Supported Research” (with D. Audretsch and J. Scott), Research Policy, 2002, 31: 145-158.

“Enhanced R&D Efficiency in an ATP-funded Joint Venture,” in The Advanced Technology Program: Assessing Outcomes, edited by C. Wessner, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2001, pp. 223-238.

“Trends in Cooperative Research Activity: Has the National Cooperative Research Act Been Successful?” (with A. Brod), in Innovation Policy in the Knowledge-Based Economy, edited by M. Feldman and A. Link, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, pp. 105-120.

“Public/Private Partnerships: Stimulating Competition in a Dynamic Market” (with J. Scott), International Journal of Industrial Organization, 2001, 19: 763-794.

“Barriers Inhibiting Industry from Partnering with Universities: Evidence from the Advanced Technology Program” (with B. Hall and J. Scott), Journal of Technology Transfer, 2001, 26: 87-98.

“An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Fast Track Program in Southeastern States,” in The Small Business Innovation Research Program: An Assessment of Fast Track, edited by C. Wessner, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2000, 184-210.

“Estimates of the Social Returns to SBIR-Sponsored Projects” (with J. Scott), in The Small Business Innovation Research Program: An Assessment of Fast Track, edited by C. Wessner, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2000, 275-290.

“A Statistical Analysis of the National Academy of Sciences’ Survey of Small Business Innovation Research Awardees” (with D. Audretsch and J. Scott), in The Small Business Innovation Research Program: An Assessment of Fast Track, edited by C. Wessner, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2000, 291-306.

“Research Partnerships” (with J. Hagedoorn and N. Vonortas), Research Policy, 2000, 29: 567-586.

“Participation of European Union Companies in U.S. Research Joint Ventures” (with N. Vonortas), IPTS Report, 2000, 43: 1-7.

“Women in Science: An Exploratory Analysis of Trends in the United States” (with J. Link), Science and Public Policy, 1999, 26: 437-442.

“Public/Private Partnerships in the United States,” Industry and Innovation, 1999, 6: 191-217.

“A Suggested Method for Assessing the Economic Impacts of University R&D: Including Identifying Roles for Technology Transfer Officers,” AUTM Journal, 1999, 29: 67-92. Reprinted in Industry & Higher Education, 14: 24-32

“Assessing the Impact of Organizational Practices on the Productivity of University Technology Transfer Offices: An Exploratory Study” (with D. Siegel and D. Waldman), NBER Working Paper No. 7256, 1999.

“Federal Laboratories as Research Partners” (with D. Leyden), International Journal of Industrial Organization, 1999, 17: 557-574.

“Evaluating Technology-Based Public Institutions: The Case of Radiopharmaceutical Standards Research at the National Institute of Standards and Technology” (with B. Coursey), Research Evaluation, December 1998, 7: 147-158.

“Case Study of R&D Efficiency in ATP Joint Ventures,” Journal of Technology Transfer, 1998, 23: 43-51.

“Universities as Research Joint Venture Partners: Does Size of Venture Matter?” (with W. Baldwin), International Journal of Technology Management, 1998, 15: 895-913.

“Assessing the Infrastructural Needs of a Technology-Based Service Sector: A New Approach to Technology Policy Planning” (with J. Scott), STI Review, 1998, 22: 171-204.

“The U.S. Display Consortium: An Analysis of a Public/Private Partnership,” Industry and Innovation, 1998, 5: 35-50.

“Evaluating Technology-Based Public Institutions: Lessons from the National Institute of Standards and Technology” (with J. Scott), in Policy Evaluation in Innovation and Technology, edited by G. Papaconstantinou, Paris: OECD, 1998, pp. 255-264.

“Quantifying the Private Returns to Collaborative Research: The Case of SEMATECH” (with W. Finan), International Journal of Technology Management, 1997, 13: 695-705.

“Measuring the Unmeasurable: Cost-Benefit Analysis for New Business Start-Ups and Scientific Research Transfers (with M. Papadakis), Evaluation and Program Planning, 1997, 20: 91-102.

“Fiscal Measures to Promote R&D and Innovation–Trends and Issues,” in Fiscal Measures to Promote R&D and Innovation, OECD Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry Report, 1996, pp. 22-33.

“Estimating the Benefits from Collaboration: The Case of SEMATECH” (with D. Teece and W. Finan), Review of Industrial Organization, 1996, 11: 737-751.

“Research Joint Ventures: Patterns from Federal Register Filings,” Review of Industrial Organization, 1996, 11: 617-628.

“Economic Performance Measures for Evaluating Government-Sponsored Research,” Scientometrics, 1996, 36: 325-342.

“On the Classification of R&D,” Research Policy, 1996, 25: 397-401.

“The Use of Literature-based Innovation Output Indicators for Research Evaluation,” Small Business Economics, 1995, 7: 451-455.

“Evaluating Program Performance: The Case of Federally-funded Collaborative Research,” International Journal of Technology Management, 1995, 10: 847-852.

“Cooperation Drives Success in a Competitive World,” FORUM for Applied Research and Public Policy, 1995, pp. 140-141.

“A Note on the Diffusion of FMS Technology” (with P. Kapur), Economics Letters, 1994, 46: 369-374.

“How Flexible Manufacturing Systems Affect Tooling and Machining Enterprises” (with P. Quick), Technovation, 1994, 14: 85-92.

“Evaluating the Advanced Technology Program: A Preliminary Assessment of Economic Impacts,” International Journal of Technology Management, 1993, 8: 726-739.

“The Technology Infrastructure of Firms: Investments in Infratechnology” (with G. Tassey), IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1993, 40: 312-315.

“Tax Policies Affecting R&D: An International Comparison” (with D. Leyden), Technovation, 1993, 13: 17-25.

“Methods for Evaluating the Return on R&D Investments,” in Evaluating R&D Impacts: Methods and Practice, edited by B. Bozeman and J. Melkers, Norwell, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp. 1-16.

“Entrepreneurship and External Sources of Technology,” in Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth, edited by G.D. Libecap, Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1993, pp. 177-188.

“Privatization, Bureaucracy, and Risk Aversion” (with D. Leyden), Public Choice, 1993, 76: 199-213.

“Governmental R&D and Industrial Innovative Activity” (with D. Leyden), Applied Economics, 1991, 23: 1673-1681.

“Innovative Behavior in Small-Sized Firms” (with B. Bozeman), Small Business Economics, 1991, 3: 179-184.

“Investment Strategies for Quality Assurance” in Productivity and Quality Management Frontiers, edited by D.J. Sumanth, Norcross: Industrial Engineering and Management Press, 1991, pp. 672-677.

“Investments in Product Quality: A Descriptive Study of the U.S. Optical Fiber Industry” (with P. Quick and G. Tassey), Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 1991, 19: 471-474.

“Perspectives on Cooperative Research: Learning from U.S. Experiences,” International Journal of Technology Management, 1990, 5: 731-738.

“Firm Size, University-Based Research, and the Returns to R&D” (with J. Rees), Small Business Economics, April 1990, 2: 25-31. Reprinted in Innovation and Technological Change, edited by D. Audretsch. London: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1991, pp. 60-70

“Strategies for Cooperation in R&D,” in Management of Technology, edited by T.M. Khalil and B.A. Bayraktar, Norcross: Industrial Engineering and Management Press, 1990, pp. 335-343.

“The Effects of Governmental Financing on Firms’ R&D Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation” (with D. Leyden and B. Bozeman), Technovation, 1989, 9: 561-575.

“R&D Policy and Trade Advantage” (with L.F. Ruiz-Mier), in The Internationalization of U.S. Markets, edited by D. Audretsch and M. Claudon, New York: New York University Press, 1989, pp. 25-48.

“Federal Funding and R&D Output in U.S. Industrial Laboratories” (with B. Bozeman and M. Crow), IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1989, 36: 154-157.

“In Search of the Meaning of Entrepreneurship” (with R. Hébert), Small Business Economics, 1989, 1: 39-49.

“Mergers and Acquisitions as a Source of Innovation,” Mergers & Acquisitions, 1988, 23: 36-39.

“The Effect of Federal R&D on Industrial Innovative Output” (with B. Bozeman), in Cybernetics and Systems, edited by R. Trappl, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988, pp. 1065-1070.

“Firm Size and R&D Spending: Testing for Functional Form” (with T.G. Seaks and S. Woodbery), Southern Economic Journal, 1988, 54: 1027-1032.

“Standards and the Diffusion of Advanced Technologies” (with G. Tassey), Evaluation and Program Planning, 1988, 11: 97-102.

“Payoffs from Basic Research: Dead Ends, Detours and Redirections,” in An Agenda for Science Policy Research, National Science Foundation mimeograph, 1987.

“Cooperative Research in U.S. Manufacturing” (with L. Bauer), in Innovation: Adoption and Growth, edited by R. Rothwell and J. Bessant, Amsterdam: North Holland, 1987, pp. 147-154.

“An Economic Analysis of Cooperative Research” (with L. Bauer), Technovation, 1987, 7: 263-266.

“External Sources of Technical Knowledge” (with R. Zmud), Economics Letters, 1987, 23: 295-299.

“Adam Smith on the Division of Labor and Relative Factor Prices” (with R. Hébert), History of Economics Society’s Bulletin, 1987, 9: 80-83.

“Labor Union Effects on Innovative Activity” (with B. Hirsch), Journal of Labor Research, 1987, 8: 323-332.

“The Impact of Standards on Technology-Based Industries: The Case of Numerically-Controlled Machine Tools in Automated Batch Manufacturing” (with G. Tassey), in Product Standardization and Competitive Strategy, edited by L. Gabel, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1987, 217-238.

“An Economic Analysis of R&D Joint Ventures” (with B. Bozeman and A. Zardkoohi), Managerial and Decision Economics, 1986, 7: 263-266.

“Innovation versus Imitation: Investigating Alternative R&D Strategies” (with J. Neufeld), Applied Economics, 1986, 18: 1359-1363.

“Organizational Structure and R&D Efficiency” (with B. Zmud), R&D Management, 1986, 16: 317-323.

“Additional Evidence on the R&D/Marketing Interface” (with R. Zmud), IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1986, EM-33: 43-44.

“The Changing Composition of R&D,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 1985, 6: 125-128.

“Public Support for Private R&D: The Case of the Research Tax Credit” (with B. Bozeman), Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 1985, 4: 370-382.

“Concentration and the Returns to R&D” (with J. Lunn), Review of Industrial Organization, 1984, 232-239.

“Declining Productivity Revisited: Secular Trends or Cyclical Losses?” (with S. Allen), Economics Letters, 1984, 15: 289-293.

“Tax Incentives for R&D: A Critical Evaluation” (with B. Bozeman), Research Policy, 1984, 13: 21-31.

“Firm versus Industry Variability on R&D Intensity: Comments,” in R&D, Patents and Productivity, edited by Z. Griliches, Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 1984, pp. 245-248.

“R&D Patterns in the Video Display Terminal Industry” (with B. Zmud), Journal of Product Innovation Management, 1984, 1: 106-115.

“Unions, Productivity and Productivity Growth” (with B. Hirsch), Journal of Labor Research, 1984, 5: 29-37.

“Market Structure and Voluntary Product Standards,” Applied Economics, 1983, 15: 393-401.

“Alternative Sources of Technology: An Analysis of Induced Innovations,” Managerial and Decision Economics, 1983, 4: 40-43.

“Inter-Firm Technology Flows and Productivity Growth,” Economics Letters, 1983, 11: 179-184.

“The Induce versus Purchase Decision: An Empirical Analysis of Industrial R&D” (with G. Tassey and B. Zmud), Decision Sciences, January 1983, 14: 46-61.

“The Impact of Market Structure on Wages, Fringe Benefits, and Turnover” (with J. Long), Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1983, 36: 239-250.

“The Impact of Federal Research and Development Spending on Productivity,” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1982, EM-29, 166-169.

“A Disaggregated Analysis of Industrial R&D: Product versus Process Innovation,” in The Transfer and Utilization of Technical Knowledge, edited by D. Sahal, Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1982, pp. 45-62.

“Productivity Growth, Environmental Regulations and the Composition of R&D,” The Bell Journal of Economics, 1982, 13: 548-554.

“An Analysis of the Composition of R&D Spending,” Southern Economic Journal, 1982, 49: 342-351.

“Worker Response to a Menu of Implicit Contracts” (with D. Bellante), Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1982, 35: 590-599.

“Basic Research and Productivity Increase in Manufacturing: Additional Evidence,” American Economic Review, 1981, 71: 1111-1112.

“Federal Support of Technological Growth in Industry: Some Evidence of Crowding-Out” (with R.S. Higgins), IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1981, EM-28: 86-88.

“The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research: A Test of Nelson's Diversification Hypothesis” (with J. Long), Journal of Industrial Economics, 1981, 30: 105-109.

“Effluent Fees, An Alternative System for Achieving Water Quality: A Case Study” (with F.A. Scott), Water Resources Bulletin, 1981, 17: 498-500.

“Are Public Sector Workers More Risk Averse than Private Sector Workers? Some Empirical Evidence” (with D. Bellante), Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 1981, 34: 408-412.

“Some Estimates of the Determinants of Household Safety” (with R.S. Higgins), Journal of Behavioral Economics, 1980, 37-53.

“Firm Size and Efficient Entrepreneurial Activity: A Reformulation of the Schumpeter Hypothesis,” Journal of Political Economy, 1980, 88: 771-782.

“Political Competition for Government Funds: Research and Development Obligations” (with S.O. Morrell), Public Finance Quarterly, 1980, 8: 57-68.

“Some Evidence Concerning the Impact of Consumer Protection Legislation on the Rate of Voluntary Personal Bankruptcy” (with R. Higgins), Journal of Consumer Credit Management, 1979, 38-46.

“Rates of Induced Technology from Investments in Research and Development,” Southern Economic Journal, 1978, 45: 370-379.

“Optimal Firm Size of R&D Innovations in Electric Utilities,” Journal of Economics and Business, 1978, 31: 52-56.

“On the Efficiency of Federal R&D Spending: A Public Choice Approach,” Public Choice, 1977, 31: 129-133.

“A Comment on the Efficient Allocation of Resources in a Regulated and Unionized Monopoly,” Southern Economic Journal, 1977, 44: 383-384.

Public-Sector Monographs:

The Theory and Practice of Public-Sector R&D Economic Impact Analysis (with J. Scott), prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, January 2012. Distributed by the U.S. Government Printing Office.

Measurement and Analysis of Productivity Growth: A Synthesis of Thought, prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, September 1983. Distributed by the U.S. Government Printing Office.

Recent Invited Academic Presentations (Selected List):

“Broadening the Scope of Public Sector Entrepreneurship: Lessons Learned from Grand Challenge Programs,” National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, October 2018.

“University Science Parks: A U.S. Perspective,” The European Commission Distinguished Scholar Lecture, Joint Research Center, Spain, October 2018.

“The Regional Economic Impacts of University Research and Science Parks,” U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, Washington, DC, February 2018.

“On the Economic Performance of Nascent Entrepreneurs,” National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, June 2015.

“Promoting R&D on the International Space Station,” NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, March 2015.

“Ideation, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation,” Keynote Address, Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Enterprise Dynamics, OECD Working Party on Industry Analysis, OECD, Paris, December 2014.

“Universities as Research Partners in Publicly Supported Entrepreneurial Firm,” Basque Institute of Competitiveness, San Sebastian, Spain, September 2011.

“Public Science and Public Innovation: Assessing the Relationship between Patenting at U.S. National Laboratories and the Bayh-Dole Act,” National Academies, September 2010.

“Retrospective Benefit-Cost Evaluation of U.S. DOE Vehicle Combustion Engine R&D Investments,” U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, April 2010.

“Comments on Estimating the Social Returns to R&D,” National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, November 2009.

“Science Parks: The Evaluation Challenge,” National Academies, Washington, DC, March 2008.

“Public Sector Entrepreneurship,” United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe conference, Geneva, Switzerland, February 2008.

“The Growth and Evaluation of U.S. Research/Science Parks,” National Science Foundation workshop on Research Metrics on U.S. Science Parks, Arlington, VA, December 2007.

“Business Alliances and Science Parks,” National Science Foundation workshop on Advancing Measures of Innovation, Arlington, VA, June 2006.

“Analysis of the SBIR Survey Data Set,” SBIR Steering Committee meeting, National Academies, Washington, DC, October 2005.

“What We Know and Don’t Know about U.S. University Research Parks,” National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, October 2004.

“On the Growth of U.S. University Research Parks,” American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meetings, Seattle, WA, February 2004.

“Private-Sector and Public-Sector Strategies to Encourage Technological Alliances,” University of Ottawa and Statistics Canada, March 2002.

“The Growth of Research Triangle Park,” University of Nottingham, UK, September 2000.

“Universities as Research Partners,” American Economic Association Meetings, Boston, January 2000.

“Issues Related to the Assessment of the Department of Defense Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program,” National Academy of Sciences Conference on the Evaluation of SBIR and Fast Track, Washington, DC, May 1999.

“Evaluating Public Sector R&D: A Retrospective Examination of U.S. Experiences,” Keynote Address to the APEC Symposium on Evaluation of S&T Programmes among Member Economies, Wellington, New Zealand, December 1998.

“Evaluating the Economic Impacts of Public Sector Research,” National Academy of Sciences Conference on Methods to Evaluated Research Outcomes, Washington, DC, June 1998.

“Lessons from the National Institute of Standards and Technology on Evaluation of Technology-Based Public Institutions,” OECD, Paris, June 1997.

“Assessing the Infrastructural Needs of a Technology-Based Service Sector: A New Approach to Technology Planning, OECD, Vienna, May 1997.

“New Data on Research Joint Ventures,” American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Conference, Baltimore, February 1996.

“Fiscal Measures to Promote R&D and Innovation: Trends and Issues,” OECD, Paris, January 1995.

Recent Technical Reports (Selected List):

“Empirical Measurement of Technology Transfer Activities across Federal Agencies,” prepared for the Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, July 2019.

“The Regional Economic Impacts of University Research and Science Parks,” prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, Washington, DC, as a final report on a research grant, 2018.

“Economic Analysis of Technology Infrastructure Needs for Advanced Manufacturing: Advanced Robotics and Automation,” prepared for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, August 2016.

“Promoting R&D on the International Space Station,” prepared for NASA, October 2015.

“Economic Analysis of Opportunities to Accelerate Alzheimer’s R&D,” prepared for the New York Academy of Sciences, November 2014.

“Benefit-Cost Evaluation of U.S. DOE Investment in Energy Storage Technologies for Hybrid and Electric Cars and Trucks,” prepared for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy, December 2013.

“Pilot Socioeconomic Impact Analysis of CFI and CIHR Funding: Medical Imaging R&D,” prepared for the Canada Foundation for Innovation and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, October 2012.

“Economic Evaluation of the Baldrige Performance Excellence Program,” prepared for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Planning Report 11-2, December 2011.

“Retrospective Benefit-Cost Evaluation of U.S. DOE Vehicle Combustion Engine R&D Investments,” prepared for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy, April 2010.

“Economic Analysis of Cyber Security and Private-Sector Investment Decisions,” prepared for the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency, April 2006.

“Measuring Service-Sector Research and Development,” prepared for the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, March 2005.

“The Role of Public Research Institutions in a National Innovation System: An Economic Perspective,” prepared for The World Bank, August 2004.

“Economic Valuation of the Baldrige National Quality Program,” prepared for the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Baldrige National Quality Program Office, October 2001.

“Strategic Research Partnerships: Proceedings from an NSF Workshop,” prepared for the National Science Foundation and published as edited report NSF 01-336, October 2001.

“Development of an Industrial Database on Licensing Patterns,” prepared for the National Science Foundation, July 1999.

“Participation of European Corporations in U.S.-based Research Joint Ventures,” prepared for the European Commission, June 1999.

“Overcoming Market Failure: A Case Study of the ATP Focused Program on Technologies for the Integration of Manufacturing Applications (TIMA),” prepared for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Advanced Technology Program, October 1998.

“Public/Private Partnerships as a Tool to Support Industrial R&D: Experiences in the United States,” prepared for the OECD, Committee for Scientific and Technology Policy, January 1998.

RESEARCH GRANTS (PI or co-PI on all projects)

“NETS Database,” purchased by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2017-2018 in support of a UNCG research project related to the economics of U.S. Federal laboratories. ($32,000).

“Economic Impacts of University Research Parks” (with T. Shelton), Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2016-2017. ($102,000: $51,000 from EDA and $51,000 university matching effort).

“Technology-based Nascent Entrepreneurship,” Kauffman Foundation, 2014-2015. ($14,500).

“Public/Private Partnership Models,” New York Academy of Sciences, 2013-2014. ($14,000).

“Leveraging Entrepreneurship through Alternative Investments: Differences by Gender” (with D. Gicheva), Kauffman Foundation, 2012. ($10,000).

“Alternative Methods and Models for Transferring University-based Knowledge,” New York Academy of Sciences, 2011-2013. ($23,000).

“University Research Parks and the Innovative Performance of Park Firms,” National Science Foundation, Science of Science and Innovation Policy Division, 2008-2010. ($190,910).

“The Employment Benefits from Small Business Innovation Research: Is the U.S. Making the Most of the Opportunity?” (with J. Scott), W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2008-2009. ($36,802)

“Research and Technology Partnerships: Quantifying Strategic Relationships” (with N. Vonortas), National Science Foundation, Science of Science and Innovation Policy Division, through The George Washington University, 2007-2010. ($354,514)

“Workshop: Research and Metrics on U.S. Science Parks,” National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics through SRI International, 2007. ($77,873)

“U.S. Research Joint Ventures and the CORE Database,” National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, 2004-2007. ($44,110)

“Analysis of the CORE Database,” National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, 2001-2003. ($63,881)

“Science Park Indicator Workshop,” National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, 2002. Workshop convened at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, November 14, 2002. ($35,604)

“Evaluation of ATP’s Intramural Funding Program, 1990-1999” (with J. Scott), U.S. Department of Commerce, Advanced Technology Program, 2000-2002, through NBER ($363,480)

“Workshop on Strategic Research Partnerships” (with N. Vonortas), National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, through SRI International, 1999-2000. ($78,900)

“Collaborative Research: Economic Analysis of Intellectual Property Protection Mechanisms for Research Partnerships,” National Science Foundation, Division of Social and Economic Sciences, 1999-2001. ($68,224)

“An Exploratory Study of Science Parks” (with J. Scott), National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, 1999-2002. ($87,784)

“Participation of European Corporations in U.S.-based Research Joint Ventures” (with N. Vonortas), 1999, European Commission, through The George Washington University. ($15,000)

“Analysis of the CORE Database,” National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies, 1998-2000. ($26,100)

“The Economic History of Research Triangle Park: 1965 to Present,” Research Triangle Foundation, 1997-1999. ($79,133)

“Universities as Partners in Research Joint Ventures” (with B. Hall and J. Scott), U.S. Department of Commerce, Advanced Technology Program, 1997-1998, through NBER. ($115,040)

“Development of an Industrial Database on Licensing Patterns,” National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators Program, 1996-1998. ($49,963)

“Additional Evidence on the Classification of R&D,” National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators Program, 1994-1996. ($21,425)

“The Formation and Analysis of a Longitudinal Data Base on Cooperative Research Arrangements,” National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators Program, 1993-1996. ($78,773)

“The Classification of R&D,” National Science Foundation, Research on Science and Technology Program, 1992-1994. ($53,336)

“The Early History of Research Triangle Park,” Research Triangle Foundation, 1991-1994. ($41,809)

“Investments in Infratechnology as an Indicator of Technological Advancement: An Exploratory Study,” National Science Foundation, Economic Analysis Studies Group, 1990-1991. ($17,735)

“Federal R&D and Industrial Innovative Activity,” National Science Foundation, Economic Analysis Studies Group, 1989-1990. ($49,194)

“An Economic Analysis of Cooperative R&D Programs,” National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis, 1985-1987. ($53,938)

“An Analysis of Changes in the Composition of R&D Spending,” National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis, 1982-1983. ($17,303)

“A Study of the Allocation of R&D by Character of Use within U.S. Manufacturing Firms,” National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis, 1980-1981. ($44,373)

“Effluent Fees, An Alternative System for Achieving Water Quality Standards in Alabama: Pilot Study” (with F.A. Scott), U.S. Department of Interior, Water Resources Research Institute, 1979-1980. ($30,928)

“The Effect of Water Pollution Control Regulations on Input Substitution Elasticities in Electric Power Production” (with T.A. Deyak), U.S. Department of Interior, Water Resources Research Institute, 1977-1978. ($39,884)

OTHER GRANTS

GTE Foundation Lectureship Program Award, 1987-88

OTHER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY

Board of Editors Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2012-2019

Small Business Economics, 1989-2015

British Journal of Management, 1989-2006

Technovation, 1988-2000

Review of Industrial Organization, 1983-1988

Advisory Roles Canada Foundation for Innovation

(term limited) Canadian Institutes of Health Research

Congressional Office of Technology Assessment

Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, New Zealand

National Academies

National Research Council

National Science Foundation

OECD, France

SRI International Statistics Canada

The World Bank

U.S. Department of Commerce

NASA

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Advanced Technology Program National

Quality Award Office Program Office

U.S. Department of Justice

U.S. Small Business Administration

Reviewer for National Science Foundation; National Academy of Sciences; Department of Energy; National Research Council, Congressional Office of Technology Assessment; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Research, Science and Technology of New Zealand.

Reviewer for Economics:

American Economic Review, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Economic Journal, Review of Economics and Statistics, Economica, Journal of Industrial Economics, Canadian Journal of Economics, Review of Industrial Economics, International Journal of Industrial Organization, International Economic Review, Review of Industrial Organization, ILR Review, Southern Economic Journal, Journal of Economics and Business, Managerial and Decision Economics, Applied Economics, Small Business Economics, Social Science Quarterly, Contemporary Economic Policy, Journal of Productivity Analysis, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Economica, Economics of Education Review, Industry and Innovation, Economica, Economic Development Quarterly, European Economic Review, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Scientometrics, Annals of Regional Science

Management:

Management Science, Decision Sciences, Technovation, International Journal of Technology Management, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, British Journal of Management, Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, Journal of Management Studies, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Industrial and Corporate Change, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, Journal of Business Venturing, Strategic Organization, Long Range Planning, Technological Forecasting and Social Change

Public Policy and Policy Analysis:

Research Policy, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Social Studies of Science, ISSUES in Science and Technology, Evaluation Review, Science and Public Policy, Research Evaluation, Government and Policy, Public Administration Review

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