Environmental Management Tools and Techniques

National Environment Commission P.O. Box 466, Thimphu, Bhutan .bt

mission

Nationa

Environmental Management Tools and Techniques

ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT COMMISSION

l Environment Com

Environmental Management Tools

and Techniques

A Learning Material

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT COMMISSION

Environmental Management Tools

and Techniques

A Learning Material

Table of contents

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS ........................................................................................1

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT? ......................................................................................................... 1 WHY UNDERTAKE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT? ........................................................................................3

Cost savings ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Ensuring legislative compliance................................................................................................................................................................................5 Anticipating future legislation ..................................................................................................................................................................................5 Reduced environmental risk........................................................................................................................................................................................5 Meeting supply chain requirements.........................................................................................................................................................................6 Improved relations with regulators........................................................................................................................................................................6 Improved public image and community relations...........................................................................................................................................6 Increased market opportunities................................................................................................................................................................................6 Employee enthusiasm......................................................................................................................................................................................................6

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES......................................................................................7

GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT............................................................................7 Precautionary Principle................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Uncertainty Principle ....................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Intra-generational Equity ...........................................................................................................................................................................................8 Inter-generational Equity............................................................................................................................................................................................8 Recognition and Preservation of Diversity........................................................................................................................................................8 Internalization of Costs ................................................................................................................................................................................................8 The Polluter Pays Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................8 The Prevention Principle ..............................................................................................................................................................................................9 The Protection and Promotion of Health and Safety....................................................................................................................................9 The Principle of Multi-sectoral Integration ......................................................................................................................................................9 The Principle of Subsidiarity......................................................................................................................................................................................9

DEVELOPING GUIDELINES ........................................................................................................................................9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TOOLS & TECHNIQUES...............................................................11

HOW DOES A FIRM/COMPANY PUT INTO SERVICE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT?.......................11 How can a firm/company make use of these tools?.......................................................................................................................................14

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ...................................................................................................................................... 15 What is an environmental policy?..........................................................................................................................................................................15 NEED TO FORMULATE AN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY .......................................................................................................15 other important aspect of producing a policy..................................................................................................................................................16 ways and means to produce an environmental policy .................................................................................................................................16

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Disseminating an environmental policy.............................................................................................................................................................19 Implementing an environmental policy...............................................................................................................................................................19 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 20 What is an environmental management system? ...........................................................................................................................................20 ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems .........................................................................................................................................20 The elements of ISO 14001..........................................................................................................................................................................................22 EMAS - THE EC ECO-MANAGEMENT AND AUDIT SCHEME ..............................................................................27 Differences between ISO 14001 and EMAS......................................................................................................................................................27 Why implement an environmental management system?..........................................................................................................................29 How should a firm go about setting up an environmental management system?..........................................................................31 Time and cost involved in installing an environmental management system.................................................................................33 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING................................................................................................................................. 34 What is an environmental audit? ...........................................................................................................................................................................34 Some audit terminology ..............................................................................................................................................................................................34 NEED TO carry out environmental auditing.................................................................................................................................................36 process to carry out an EMS audit........................................................................................................................................................................36 The EMS audit process ................................................................................................................................................................................................37 The 7 principles of environmental auditing ......................................................................................................................................................42 ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS ............................................................................................................................44 DEVElopment and use of suitable indicators................................................................................................................................................46 Types of EPIs....................................................................................................................................................................................................................49 Environmental Accounting & Cleaner Production.....................................................................................................................................52 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)...................................................................................................................................................................................52 LIFE CYCLE SCREENING (LCS) AND THE MET-MATRIX. ................................................................................ 54 MATERIAL INPUT PER SERVICE UNIT (MIPS).................................................................................................... 54 LIFE CYCLE COSTING (LCC)................................................................................................................................ 55 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................... 55 ECO LABELING (EL) ............................................................................................................................................... 55 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 55 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION (EPE) .................................................................................. 56 OTHER BEST KNOWN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND PROCESSES..................57

Public Participation......................................................................................................................................................................................................57 2. Environmental Impact Assessment ........................................................................................................................................................62 Strategic Environmental Assessment ................................................................................................................................................................. 70 Social Impact Assessment ..........................................................................................................................................................................................73 Biodiversity Impact Assessment.............................................................................................................................................................................83

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 93

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