PDF New York State's Extreme School Segregation

New York State's Extreme School Segregation

Inequality, Inaction and a Damaged Future

John Kucsera with

Gary Orfield

Foreword by Gary Orfield

March 2014

5th in a Series

NEW YORK STATE'S EXTREME SCHOOL SEGREGATION The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles

MARCH 2014

Table of Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... i Foreword ........................................................................................................................................ iii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... vi Demographic Context of New York ............................................................................................. 11 Desegregation in New York: Background and Context ............................................................... 13

Buffalo ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Long Island ............................................................................................................................... 16 New York City Metropolitan Area ........................................................................................... 19 Rochester................................................................................................................................... 24 Syracuse .................................................................................................................................... 26 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 26 Social Science Research on School Integration............................................................................ 27 Data and Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 31 Statewide Trends, 1989 through 2011 .......................................................................................... 33 Dramatic Growth in Diversity .................................................................................................. 33 Segregation Patterns.................................................................................................................. 35

Concentration in Segregated Minority Schools and Multiracial Schools ............................. 35 Interracial Contact and Exposure to Low-Income Students ................................................. 40 Evenness: A Measure of Spatial Distribution ....................................................................... 49 Summary of Statewide Findings ............................................................................................... 52 Metropolitan Trends from 1989 to 2010....................................................................................... 53 New York Metropolitan Area ................................................................................................... 54 Enrollment Patterns............................................................................................................... 54 Segregation Patterns in the New York Metro ....................................................................... 58 District Stability .................................................................................................................... 81 New York City District ............................................................................................................. 86 Enrollment Patterns............................................................................................................... 86 Segregation Patterns.............................................................................................................. 89 Upstate Metropolitan Areas ...................................................................................................... 93 Enrollment Patterns............................................................................................................... 93 Segregation Patterns in Upstate New York Metros .............................................................. 98 District Stability .................................................................................................................. 113 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 123 Appendix A: Additional Data Tables ......................................................................................... 135 Appendix B: Additional Data Tables.......................................................................................... 151

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NEW YORK STATE'S EXTREME SCHOOL SEGREGATION The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles

MARCH 2014

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank David Tipson, Lisa Donlan, Khin Mai Aung, Donna Nevel, Ujju Aggarwal, and Leticia Smith-Evans for sharing their knowledge and providing helpful suggestions for New York City. We would like to thank Amy Stuart Wells, Allison Roda, and Jay Heubert for their editorial and suggestive feedback to the report as a whole. We would like to thank Kara Finnigan and Tiffany Lankes for their knowledge of Rochester. We would also like to express our appreciation to Genevieve Siegel-Hawley and Jennifer Ayscue for sharing their expertise by providing helpful guidance, invaluable feedback, and continued support throughout our work on this report; and Greg Flaxman for his productive assistance with data collection and analysis. In addition, we want to thank Laurie Russman, coordinator of the Civil Rights Project/ Proyecto Derechos Civiles, for her encouraging support and editorial assistance.

This report is the fifth in a series of 12 reports from the Civil Rights Project analyzing East Coast school segregation.

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NEW YORK STATE'S EXTREME SCHOOL SEGREGATION The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles

MARCH 2014

List of Figures

Figure 1 - Public School Enrollment by Race............................................................................... 33 Figure 2 - Black Students in Minority Segregated Schools, New York ......................................... 36 Figure 3 - Latino Students in Minority Segregated Schools, New York........................................ 36 Figure 4 - Students in Multiracial Schools by Race, New York .................................................... 37 Figure 5 - White Students in School Attended by Typical Student of Each Race, New York ........ 42 Figure 6 - Racial Composition of School Attended by Typical Black Student, New York ............ 44 Figure 7 - Racial Composition of School Attended by Typical Latino Student, New York........... 46 Figure 8 - Racial Composition of School Attended by Typical Student by Race, New York ........ 48 Figure 9 - Exposure to Low-Income Students by Race, New York................................................ 49 Figure 10 - Percentage Point Change in Racial Student Proportion from 1989 to 2010, New York Metro and Regions ........................................................................................................................ 57 Figure 11 - Black Students in Intensely Segregated (90-100% Minority) Schools, New York Metro Regions ............................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 12 - Latino Students in Intensely Segregated (90-100% Minority) Schools, New York Metro Regions ............................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 13 - Percentage Change in White Proportion and White Isolation Rates, New York Metro Regions, 1989-2010 ...................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 14 - Racial Composition of School Attended by Typical Latino Student, New York Metro Area............................................................................................................................................... 68 Figure 15 - Racial Composition of School Attended by Typical Student by Race, New York City Region ........................................................................................................................................... 71 Figure 16 - Racial Composition of School Attended by Typical Student by Race, Long Island Region ........................................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 17 - Racial Composition of School Attended by Typical Student by Race, Inner-Ring New York Region................................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 18 - Racial Composition of School Attended by Typical Student by Race, Outer-Ring New York Region................................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 19 - Differential Distribution (Dissimilarity) of Two Racial Groups across Public Schools in the New York Metro .................................................................................................................. 78 Figure 20 - Racial Transition by District, 1989-2010 .................................................................. 81 Figure 21 - Degree and Type of Racial Transition, 1999 to 2010 ................................................ 83 Figure 22 - Percentage Change in Racial Student Proportion from 1989 to 2010 across Main Upstate New York Metros ............................................................................................................. 95 Figure 23 - Black Students in Intensely Segregated (90-100% Minority) Schools, Upstate New York Metros, 2010-2011 ............................................................................................................. 100 Figure 24 - Latino Students in Intensely Segregated (90-100% Minority) Schools, Upstate New York Metros, 2010-2011 ............................................................................................................. 102 Figure 25 - Percentage Change in White Proportion and White Isolation Rates across Upstate New York Metros From 1989 to 2010......................................................................................... 107 Figure 26 - Black Isolation Rates Across Upstate New York Metros from 1989 to 2010........... 110 Figure 27 - Racial Composition of School Attended by Typical White and Black Student by Upstate Metro in 2010 ................................................................................................................ 110

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NEW YORK STATE'S EXTREME SCHOOL SEGREGATION The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles

MARCH 2014

Figure 28 - Differential Distribution (Dissimilarity) of Black-White Students across Public Schools in Upstate New York Metros.......................................................................................... 113 Figure 29 - Racial Transition of Districts in each Metro, 1989-2010 ....................................... 115 Figure 30 - Degree and Type of Racial Transition in Albany Metro, 1999 to 2010................... 117 Figure 31 - Rapid or Moderate Racial Transition by District, Albany Metropolitan Area........ 118 Figure 32 - Degree and Type of Racial Transition in Buffalo, 1999 to 2010............................. 119 Figure 33 - Rapidly and Gradually Changing Districts in Buffalo, 1989-2010 ......................... 120 Figure 34 - Degree and Type of Racial Transition in Rochester, 1999 to 2010......................... 121 Figure 35 - Rapidly and Gradually Changing Districts in Rochester, 1989-2010 ..................... 122

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