The Psychological Therapies (660-673)



Chapter 18: Social PsychologyPart 1: 673-679Part 2: 679-691Part 3: 691-704Part 4: 704-719This chapter has A LOT of actual research studies in it. When I ask about a study, I expect you to know the purpose of the study, the research design (describe how it was carried out), the results of the study, and (if applicable) the broad implication of the study (what was the big lesson learned). See the Napolitan and Goethals study below for an example.Social Thinking (673-680)Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations1: How do we tend to explain others’ behavior and our own?What theory did Fritz Heider propose? A child’s hostility reflects either a ___________ attribution or a _________ attribution.We tend to overestimate _________ traits and underestimate ____________factors. This is known as the ____________________.Is the result of Napolitan and Goethals (1979) study surprising to you? Purpose: description of the fundamental attribution errorDesign: parps individually talk to a woman who is either acting aloof or warm and friendly; ? students told woman’s behavior will be spontaneous, ? told she was instructed to act a certain wayResults: information about woman’s behavior was disregarded; if woman was friendly, inferred she truly was friendly & if woman was unfriendly inferred she was truly was unfriendly…Implication: we overestimate personal attributes even when told about situational factors…fundamental attribution error is true.Describe a personal example of when you fell victim to the fundamental attribution error.How / why is it different when we describe our behavior? The Effects of AttributionDescribe attributional differences in happily versus unhappily married people.Describe a few attributional differences between political conservatives and liberals.Attitudes and Actions2: Does what we think affect what we do, or does what we do affect what we think?What is an attitude?Attitudes Affect ActionsDescribe the difference between the central route and peripheral route to persuasion.Actions Affect AttitudesFoot in the Door PhenomenonDescribe how the Chinese were able to use this to their advantage. What was the effect of this compliance on the prisoners’ attitudes?Describe the pledge teens can make and what effect this has on related behavior.Freedman & Fraser, 1966Purpose:Design:Results:Implication:What did school desegregation and the Civil Rights Act do to white Americans’ expressed racial prejudice over time? Role Playing Affects AttitudesZimbardo’s (1972) Prison Study (very important):Purpose:Design:Results:Implication:Cognitive Dissonance: Relief from TensionWhat is cognitive dissonance? What is Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory? The more dissonance we feel…Describe what changed about people’s attitudes concerning the War in Iraq (give the percentages).Explain the study described on being paid to write an essay on something you don’t believe in (very important).Purpose:Design:Results:Implication:Think and Answer: How might this “attitudes-follow-behavior” (just do it) concept be useful to cognitive-behavioral therapists? Social Influence (680-691)Conformity and Obedience3: What do experiments on conformity and compliance reveal about the power of social influence?Describe Chartrand and Bargh’s “chameleon effect.”Chartrand and Bargh’s (1999) study (final paragraph of 680, going on to 681):Purpose:Design:Results:Implication:Be sure to note who is liked the most! How remarkable!!What happened following the 1999 Columbine High School shootings?What happened following Marilyn Monroe’s suicide in 1962? Group Pressure and ConformityDescribe Asch’s (1955) Conformity study – THIS IS A HUGE ONE!! KNOW IT WELL!Purpose:Design:Results:Implication:Conditions That Strengthen Conformity Provide 3 that are interesting to you. Be able to predict what condition will lead to most/least conformity if given several scenarios. Reasons for Conformitya) Describe normative social influence / why people do it.b) Describe informational social influence / why people do it.Baron’s (1996) Information Conformity Study – take your time with this one…it can be confusing if you don’t think through it as you go…refer to Fig 16.3…this one is very important as well…be detailed in your responsesPurpose:Design:Results:When did participants conform the most (look at figure)? The least? Implication:What effect did the low vs. high importance have on conformity?What effect did the easy vs. difficult judgments have on conformity? ObedienceStanley Milgram’s Obedience Study (1963, 1974) HUGE HUGE HUGE!Purpose:How far do you think you would have gone? How far did the participants say they would go?What did the psychologists predict about how far the parps would go? Design:Results:Implication:Describe the 4 conditions where obedience varies and how:Describe the implication of obedience for the Holocaust. Did any soldiers dissent to murdering innocent people? What percent (at least in the story given in the book)? Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies“With kindness and obedience on a collision course, _______________________.”Paraphrase Milgram’s “fundamental lesson.”Group InfluenceIndividual Behavior in the Presence of Others4: How is our behavior affected by the presence of others or by being part of a group?Social Facilitation – What did Triplett (1898) notice and hypothesize? Have you ever noticed what Towler (1986) describes? Explain this. Why do we actually perform less well on difficult tasks in the presence of others?James Michaels’ (1982) Pool Players’ studyPurpose:Design:Results:Implication:What did Aiello & others (1983) and Freedman & Perlick (1979) find about comedy clubs? Have you ever watched Comedy Central comics perform and wonder why the people at the event are laughing when clearly the comedian is pretty horrible in your opinion? Social Loafing – What did Ingham (1974) discover about individual/team tug-of-war efforts?Where is it seen more?Why does this occur? Describe a group you’ve been a part of where this occurred.Deindividuation – Describe it and a few places where this might occur?Effects of Group Interaction5: What are group polarization and groupthink?Group Polarization – What did Wilson & others (1975) discover about college students? What did Maccoby (2002) discover about gender differences? What did Bishop and Myers (the author) (1970) discover about low and high prejudice student groups?Groupthink – Describe how the Bay of Pigs scenario described in the book on pg 689-690 is an example of this. Describe another scenario of when this occurred. The Power of Individuals6: How much power do we have as individuals? Can a minority sway a majority?Social Relations (691-719)Prejudice7: What is prejudice?Prejudice is a mixture of ________-, ___________, and predispositions to __________.How Prejudiced Are People?How have people’s racist words changed over time? What question was asked to discover this (Fig 16.6)?What’s the difference between blatant and subtle prejudice?CLOSE-UP: Automatic Prejudice – Explain at least 2 of the studies/conclusions.Answer the question! If you could only have 1 child, boy or girl? How many people expressed a preference? Of those, how many chose a boy?What’s the good news for women? What did Perrett (1998) discover?Social Roots of PrejudiceSocial Inequalities – ______________ rationalize _______________.Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup What example is given throughout this section as an example of ingroup vs. outgroup?Just think about how competitive you get when you get in the groups for quiz bowl style review. There’s a reason I make you choose a team name…it helps to create an ingroup, making you feel as if you belong to your group more. When you feel this way, you will work harder and be involved more to help your ingroup be better than your outgroups.What are some ingroups in our school? To which do you belong?Emotional Roots of PrejudiceWhat example is given to illustrate scapegoat theory?Cognitive Roots of Prejudice9: What are the cognitive roots of prejudice?Categorization – What is the “other race effect” and when does it emerge?Vivid Cases – Rothbart et al. (1978) study:Purpose:Design:Results:Implication:Just-World Phenomenon – What did the unknowing German civilian say about the concentration camps and the people within it?Aggression – define using exact book defThe Biology of Aggression10: What biological factors make us more prone to hurt one another?Genetic InfluencesTwins:Neural Influences – explain evidence from the following that support a neural basis to aggressive behaviorMonkeys:Amygdala Implants:Death Row InmatesBiochemical Influences – Does testosterone heighten aggressiveness or vice versa?The Psychology of AggressionAversive EventsDescribe the frustration-aggression principle. When are violent crime and spousal abuse rates the highest? Social and Cultural InfluencesDescribe the effect of ostracism on aggression.What 2 research conclusions did Triandis (1994) state (2 consecutive paragraphs)? Harper & McLanahan (2004)? Observing Models of AggressionWhat is the “rape myth?” Who is more likely to accept it? Zillmann & Bryant (1984) study:Purpose:Design:Results:Implication:What consensus was reached?Acquiring Social ScriptsWhat is the source of many of our social scripts? Give 1 example.Do Video Games Teach or Release ViolenceWhat correlation did Anderson and Dill (2000) find?The impact of playing violent video games is bigger than what according to Anderson (2007)? Why? What hypothesis do these studies DISconfirm? Close-Up: Parallels Between Smoking and Media Violence EffectsNote at least 2 parallels. AttractionThe Psychology of Attraction 12: Why do we befriend or fall in love with some people but not with others?Proximity – more than just simple availability, we are attracted to nonsense things such as…(list a few) This is known as the _____________________Moreland and Beach’s (1992) attractiveness studyPurpose:Design:Results:Implication:Give an evolutionary explanation of /reason for this effect. Physical AttractivenessWhat do women say about the importance of physical attractiveness? Does a man’s attractiveness influence women’s perceptions?List 4 things we can predict about someone based on their attractiveness. List particularly interesting or previously unknown items.How does Hollywood portray attractive people? Describe the correlation between one’s self-esteem & happiness?Why might this be so, however?What do attractive people do/think when they are praised for their work?What aspects of attractiveness are universal? What did Langlois and Roggman (1990) study and find?SimilarityHow can a reward theory account for all of these findings thus far?Romantic Love13: How does romantic love typically change as time passes?Passionate Love – Dutton and Aron’s (1974, 1989) studies:Purpose:Design:Results:Implication:Companionate Love – Describe it. What is one key to predicting a happy and long-lasting relationship? What does this mean? What is another key? Altruism14: When are we most—and least—likely to help?What example is given for altruism? What is altruism? What happened (or didn’t happen) in NYC on March 13, 1964? Bystander InterventionWhat are 3 steps to helping in a situation?Describe Darley and Latane (1968a)’s experiment and the three word term that explains why nobody helped. What is the bystander effect? You don’t have to write them all down right here, but KNOW ALL OF THE CONDITIONS THAT MAKE IT MORE LIKELY THAT SOMEONE WILL HELP. What’s one of the “consistent findings in all of psychology?”The Norms for HelpingDescribe social exchange theory. Describe the reciprocity norm.Describe the social-responsibility norm.Conflict and Peacemaking15: How do social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict?Social TrapsUnderstand the social trap in Fig 16.7. Why exactly is it that both people end up choosing B? Why don’t they both choose A? What is the risk involved of any individual person selecting A? Enemy PerceptionsHow are Bush and Hussein’s comments of each other representative of “mirror-image perceptions?”How can the fundamental attribution error contribute to biased enemy perceptions? Contact16: How can we transform feelings of prejudice, aggression, and conflict into attitudes that promote peace?When does contact help? Where could we see an example of contacting not helping in our school? See final paragraph of this section? Cooperation Describe how Sherif (1966) was able to get the two competing groups to be cooperative.Your book states that interracial cooperative groups can be very productive. Should teachers purposefully place you in mixed race groups for group assignments and seating arrangements to further develop inter-race cooperation? Why/why not?Communication What is the example with the orange?ConciliationWhen/how did Kennedy unknowingly use the concept we now call “GRIT.” For what does GRIT stand / how does it work? THAT’S IT! NO MORE PSYHCOLOGY READING GUIDE HOMEWORK EVER!!!ADMIT IT…YOU’RE A LITTLE SAD, RIGHT? ................
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