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StatisticsLiteracy Rates: According to the 2011 census, "every person above the age of 7 years who can read and write with understanding in any language is said to be literate"National Literacy Rate (2011 census): 74.07%?(in comparison, China and most ASEAN nations have literacy levels of 90%+) Males: 81%; Females: 65%Youth literacy rate (15-24 years): 81.1% (84.4% among males; 74.4% among females)?Other important metrics: Gross Enrolment Ratio: enrolment rates are 97% for elementary, 78% for secondary, 56% for Sen. Secondary (which is even worse for girls by 5-10%) Pupil Teacher ratio: 23 for primary, 17 for middle, 27 for secondary, 37 for Sen. Secondary (but few states really lag behind)Student to classroom ratio: 26 for elementary, 46 for secondary, 47 for Sen. Secondary (but few states really lag behind)Govt. v/s Private enrolment: 60% kids study in govt schoolsIHDS shows?that among children aged 8-11, 68% of the forward caste children can read at Class 1 level while the proportion is far lower for OBCs (56%), SCs (45%) and STs (40%)NAS: Overall 54%, (Class 3: 64, Class 5: 55%, Class 8: 44%)While quantitatively India is inching closer to universal education, the quality of its education has been questioned particularly in its government run school system: ASER survey shows that only about 50% of the schools comply with pupil-teacher ratio normsOnly 48% of children in Standard V and 75% in Standard VIII can study a Standard II level textIn 2009, two states in India,?Tamil Nadu?and?Himachal Pradesh, participated in the international?PISA?exams, which are administered once every three years to 15 year olds. Both states ranked at the bottom of the table, beating out only?Kyrgyzstan?in score, and falling 200 points (two standard deviations) below the average for?OECD countries. Since then, India has not participated in this exercise. Key challenges: Right to access and sub-standard schools (~5% schools have just 1 classroom and ~10% schools have just 1 teacher)School integration Infrastructural gaps (SCR)Chronic shortage of regular teachers; resulting gap is sometimes met by hiring contract teachers Considerable absenteeism (25%+ on a daily basis)Combined with only around 75% student attendance on a given day as shown by surveys, the combined probability of a student and the teacher being present together is only 50%!Shocking lack of teaching even by teachers who show upChallenge of quality learning as highlighted by NAS and ASER reportsHigh drop off: Due to lack of parental oversight Involvement of boys in employment generation Girls are supposed to take care of their younger siblings Accountability challengesProvisions of the RTE Act of 2010:Student-teacher ratio of 30 at primary and 35 at secondary levelAll-weather buildings, one classroom per teacher, kitchens, gender separated toilets, libraries, sports equipment etc. should be availableNo pre-admission screening of children or parentsNo exams till 8th standard (Changed after 2017 amendment, no detention policy to be decided by statesPrivate schools will have to take 25% of their students in Grade 01 from the weaker sections, and provide free compulsory education till 8th standard; government will reimburse at the rate of per-child expenditure in public schoolsState governments can set T&Cs of service and salary of teachersHigher EducationPanagariya’s opinion:In world university rankings, no Indian institutes figure in the list of top 200. The enrolment ratio is only about 22% for higher education, and is increasing only at a snail’s pace. The central problem with higher education is an antiquated administrative structure, where a virtual monopoly has been granted to the UGC. It determines curriculums at various levels, degrees to be awarded, and also (indirectly) faculty salaries. Without UGC’s approval, no new universities can be set up/ current private institutions cannot be granted university status (without UGC saying so).Private colleges are allowed to exist, but they must affiliate themselves to a public university in order to award degrees. Entry of private universities is difficult, and even when they do enter, they must remain unitary, and cannot affiliate colleges to award degrees/ open satellite campuses without UGC approval. A similar story unfolds in case of medical education, with Medical Council of India (MCI) playing the role of UGC.There exists, thus, a de-facto license-permit raj in higher education sector. This must be done away with, and private sector entry encouraged. 2016: Higher Education Finance Agency (HEFA)- infra upgrade of higher edu. [’17: 250 cr.] total 1k cr. it has to mobilize, SPV with PSB and NBFCs and will raise funds through bonds. -For joining as members, the educational institution must agree to escrow a specific amount from their internal accruals for a period of 10 years to the HEFA.2017: National Testing Agency: take over CBSE's exams like 1) JEE 2) JRF - NET 3) NEET 4) CTETUGC/AICTE: Both are statutory bodiesUGC is the apex body (under UGC act) that approves universities in the country. UGC provide funds for affiliated universities and colleges. The UGC also conducts exams, known as NET, for appointing teachers in?collegesThe AICTE is only a statutory body (UGC act), which deals with coordinated development and proper planning of the technical education system in the country. All the Engineering, MBA and Pharmacy colleges are affiliated with the All India Council for Technical Education but role of AICTE is only advisory as per SC judgementNational Education policy: ??Important schemes: Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan: pre-school to 12 education Rashtriya Uchchattar Shiksha Abhiyan: Higher educationApps et alCLICK: online virtual classes (budget 2014)SWAYAM: self- study platform [HRD]; Sugamya Pustakalaya- [VH library by PH Dept]2017: SHAGUN (Shala+Gunvatta) web portal: monitoring SSA by HRD2017 (to be): National Academic Depository (NAD)- “google drive” for mark sheets, so no physical copies / fake degree problem. (Although Digilocker already in Electronics Ministry for all public docx.)2018: Diksha portal: E-portal for teaching resourcesAtal Tinkering labsSaransh is a tool for comprehensive self-review and analysis for CBSE affiliated schools and parents ................
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