Ms. Bergman's Classes at DCIS Montbello - Chemistry



Chapter 8 Reading Guide: Aquatic BiodiversitySection 8-1: What is the General Nature of Aquatic SystemsConcept 8-1A: Saltwater and freshwater aquatic life zones cover almost __________________ of the earth’s surface, with ____________ dominating the planetConcept 8-1B: The key factors determining biodiversity in aquatic systems are _____________, dissolved oxygen content, ___________________ of food, and access to __________ and nutrients necessary for photosynthesisMake flashcards (term, definition, picture) for the following terms: aquatic life zones, marine life zones (saltwater), freshwater life zones, nekton, benthos, decomposers, turbidity, euphotic/photic zoneTEACHER TIP: confused on a word’s meaning? Try searching APES (AP environmental science) flashcards on quizlet. Lots of other kids have already made flashcards too.How much of the Earth is covered by saltwater? By freshwater? _______________________What are the names of the world’s four oceans? _____________ _____________ ___________ ______________ What is the world’s largest ocean? Describe this ocean. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Compare and contrast marine and freshwater life zones (aquatic biomes) in the t-chart below:Marine Life ZonesFreshwater Life ZonesCompare and contrast different aquatic organisms in the table below:PlanktonNektonBenthosDecomposersWhat organisms are the base of most aquatic foodchains? What trophic level do these organisms occupy? ___________________________________________________________________________What factors determine the types and numbers of organisms found in different areas of the ocean?____________________ __________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________What are the limiting nutrients in the open ocean? __________________________________________AP Practice QuestionsZooplankton are animal larvae thatAre primary consumers that feed on phytoplanktonAre secondary consumers that feed on other zooplanktonAre photosynthetic bacteria responsible for most of the ocean surface’s primary productivitya. I onlyb. II onlyc. III onlyd. I and II onlye. II and III only8-2: Why are Marine Aquatic Systems Important?Concept 8-2: Saltwater ecosystems provide major _________________ and ___________________ services ad are irreplaceable __________________ of biodiversityMake flashcards (term, definition, picture) for the following terms: coastal zone, estuary, coastal wetlands, intertidal zone, open sea, bathyal zone, abyssal zone, filter feedersMake a t-chart listing the economic and ecosystem services that marine ecosystems (oceans) provideEcosystem ServicesEconomic Services What is the continental shelf? What type of marine life zone is located on the continental shelf? ________________________________________________________________________________________Why are estuaries and coastal wetlands such productive ecosystems? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________How do coastal aquatic systems reduce erosion? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Compare the temperature, nutrient levels, and plant/animal life found in the different vertical levels of the open ocean – euphotic zone, bathyal zone, and abyssal zoneEuphotic ZoneBathyal ZoneAbyssal ZoneAP Practice QuestionsWhich element below will be most helpful for reducing erosion from wave action to the coastline of an island in the ocean?A coral reef, because it is in the shallow water near the shorelineA sandy beach, because sand is easily replaced after a stormAn offshore pelagic zone, because the large organisms that live there help lessen the size of the waves A sand dune, because it protects the oceanic coastline from damaging waves and windA salt marsh, because this is where saltwater and freshwater mix The primary force responsible for tidal action is the Gravitational pull of the moon, because although it is smaller than earth, it is very close to earthRotation of the earth on its axis, because the rate of rotation is so fastTilt of the earth on its axis, because ocean water will rush to the tilted sideGravitational pull of the sun, because although it is very far way, it is massive in sizeUneven heating, because the heated water becomes less dense and is therefore more easily moved by the wind Where are photosynthetic organisms least likely to be found?In estuaries, where freshwater and saltwater mix and where there are many nutrientsIn the euphotic zone, with low nutrient levels and high oxygen levelsIn the abyssal zone, which is very cold and with little dissolved oxygen, where many organisms live and feed upon dead and decaying organic particlesIn the intertidal zone, where organisms must adapt to alternating high and low tides, as well as changing salinity levelsIn coral reefs, because the coral uses all the light and nutrients to survive8-3: How Have Human Activities Affected Marine Ecosystems?Concept 8-3: Human activities threaten aquatic ________________________ and disrupt ecosystem and economic services provided by ___________________ _________________What marine ecosystems are most threatened by human activities? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________Make a table describing human impacts on marine ecosystems and coral reefsMarine EcosystemsCoral ReefsWrite a brief summary of what has happened to the Chesapeake Bay (an estuary) over the last 80 years (3 – 7 sentences)._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AP Practice QuestionsQuestions 1-4 refer to the human impacts on ecosystems listed below. Match the correct impact with the question.Coral reef damageOverfishingCoastal development Cultural eutrophication from release of excess nutrientsPopulation growth and burning of fossil fuelsCauses large areas of little to no oxygen in the Chesapeake bay and the gulf of MexicoCauses large areas of beach loss or erosion or migration of beaches to new locationsCaused by boats improperly anchoring Causes ocean warming and pH reduction, leading to coral bleaching8-4: Why are Freshwater Ecosystems Important?Concept 8-4: Freshwater ecosystems provide major ecosystem and economic __________________, and they are irreplaceable reservoirs of ________________________Make flashcards (term, definition, picture) for the following terms: surface water, runoff, watershed (drainage basin), oligotrophic lakes, eutrophic laces, cultural eutrophication, mesotrophic lakes, deltaMake a table describing the economic and ecosystem services of freshwater ecosystemsEcosystem ServicesEconomic ServicesName and describe the four layers of freshwater lakes: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why are many of the world’s river deltas sinking? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AP Practice QuestionsWhich of the below is the correct path that a grain of sand would take as it is eroded from a mountain, carried downstream, and deposited on the ocean floor?Littoral zone aphotic zone estuary benthosEstuary littoral zone pelagic zone abyssal zonePelagic zone estuary benthos photic zoneBenthos estuary profundal zone limnetic zoneLittoral zone estuary abyssal zone limnetic zone 8-5: How Have Human Activities Affected Freshwater Ecosystems?Concept 8-5A: Human activities threaten ___________________ and disrupt economic and ecosystem services provided by freshwater lakes, rivers, and wetlandsName and describe four major impacts of human activities on freshwater biomes: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Data Analysis Questions:Use the graph on page 187 of your textbook to answer the following questions.Some 45-53% of the world’s shallow coral reefs have been destroyed or severely damaged. A number of factors have played a role in this serious loss of aquatic biodiversity, including ocean warming, sediment from coastal soil erosion, excessive algal growth from fertilizer runoff, coral bleaching, rising sea levels, ocean acidification, overfishing, and damage from hurricanes. In 2005, scientists Nadia Bood, Melanie McField, and Rich Aronson conducted research to evaluate the recovery of coral reefs in Belize from the combined effects of mass bleaching and Hurricane Mitch in 1998. Some of these reefs are in protected waters where no fishing is allowed. The researchers speculated that reefs in waters where no fishing is allowed should recover faster than reefs in waters where fishing is allowed. The graph on page 187 shows some of the data they collected from three highly protected (unfished) sites and three unprotected (fished sites to evaluate their hypothesis. Study this graph and answer the questions below.By about what percentage (%) did the mean coral cover drop in the protected (unfished) reefs between 1997 and 1999?________________________By about what percentage did the mean coral cover drop in the protected (unfished) reefs between 1997 and 2005?________________________By about what percentage did the coral cover drop in the unprotected (fished) reefs between 1997 and 1999?________________________By about what percentage did the coral cover change in the unprotected (fished) reefs between 1997 and 2005?________________________END OF CHAPTER QUIZ QUESTIONSWhich of the following nonpoint pollution types is most likely to cause cultural eutrophication in lake ecosystems?Oil from parking lotsFertilizer from agricultural fieldsHeavy metals from mining practicesSediments from erosion of agricultural fieldsPesticides from agricultural fieldsPhotosynthetic organisms such as phytoplankton would be most abundant in which oceanic zone?BathylBenthosLittoralLimneticEuphoticThe land area that delivers recharge to smaller tributary streams that flow into larger rivers is known as WatershedSource zoneFlood plainDeltaEstuary The most biologically diverse areas of the ocean include coral reefs and estuaries. All of the following characteristics are reasons why these ecosystems can support such a high level of diversity EXCEPT:They are areas of high primary productivityBoth ecosystems have abundant nutrient flow that supports phytoplankton populationsCoral reefs and estuaries receive and abundant amount of sunlightBoth ecosystems provide plenty of habitat space for organismsThese ecosystems do not have commercially important species; therefore human impact on biodiversity is limited Deep lakes that are characterized by steep banks and have a relatively small supply of plant nutrients are known asAutotrophicEuphoticMesotrophicOligotrophicEutropic All of the following are threats to biodiversity in river systems EXCEPTIncreasing riparian zones along stream banksPesticides entering local rivers from agricultural runoffHabitat fragmentation by damsRunoff of animals wastes from feedlotsDredging river bottoms to increase ability for transportationFREE RESPONSE QUESTIONSThe Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. It has had a long history of water pollution problems due to human activities in the states surrounding the bay that make up the watershed. The Chesapeake has nine major tributary rivers that feed into the estuary. Scientists are monitoring the concentrations of nitrates and phosphates that are entering the estuary each year. Load is the mass of nutrient transported by streamflow over time, and is estimated as the product of nutrient concentration and streamflow (reported her in pounds per year or lbs/yr). The three rivers that have the highest flow – the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the James Rivers – contribute the largest nutrient loads to the tidal part of the Chesapeake Bay Basin. Yield is the load per unit area of each basin (reported in pounds per year per square mile, or lbs/yr/mi2), and is computed by dividing load by basin area. Although the larger rivers typically have more nutrient yield, scientists are also concerned with the nutrient contributions from some of the smaller rivers. Scientists are currently examining nutrient concentrations from the Mattaponi River in Virginia that has 600 mi2 of upstream surface area land.The Mattaponi River contributes a load of 60 million pounds of nitrates every four months into the Chesapeake Bay estuary. Calculate the yearly load of nitrates into the Chesapeake from this tributary river. (2 pts – 1 for setup, 1 for answer with units)Calculate the nutrient yield that this tributary river contributes each year into the Chesapeake Bay (2 pts – 1 for setup, 1 for answer with units)Identify and describe TWO ecological services provided by estuary systems (4 pts – 2 for correct services, 2 for correct descriptions)Discuss how the increase in nutrient levels in this estuary can impact the aquatic diversity (2 pts – 1 for correct description, 1 for negative impact to biodiversity) As the greenhouse effect continues to warm the planet slowly, the glaciers of Greenland are melting at a rapid rate. Scientists are concerned that this melting may dilute the salt water in that region of the ocean enough to shut down thermohaline circulation. Use what you know about climate to answer the following questions:Explain how shutting down thermohaline circulation would affect the temperature of western Europe. (2 points)Explain the consequences such a temperature change might have for agriculture in western Europe. (2 points)Explain why there would be large populations of fish along the west coasts of most continents. (3 points)Explain how shutting down thermohaline circulation would affect the transport of nutrients among the oceans of the world. (3 points) ................
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