Relationships Between Populations and Species



Relationships Between Populations and Species

Competition occurs whenever more than one individual or population tries to make use of the same limited_____________. Because resources such as food, water, and space are limited, there maybe is not enough for every organism. Only those organisms able to get the resources they need will __________________.

Predation – This type of feeding relationship is when one animal captures and __________ another animal. This relationship helps keep an ecosystem in balance by preventing any one ___________________ from getting too large. The animal that is eaten is the____________. The animal eating the prey is the____________________.

Symbiosis – A close, relationship between two or more different ________________ of different species that may but does not necessarily _______________ each member.

Mutualism is when _________________ organisms benefit from the relationship. An example is ants are living in a young acacia plant. The ants have a ________________ inside the hollow stem of the acacia. They also get sugar from the plant. The acacia produces small spots of ________________ at the base of each leaf. The plant also needs to benefit, and if an organism tries to munch or eat the acacia's leaves, the ants will _______________. The ants get a __________________ and __________________ and the acacia plant gets protection from___________________. An example in humans is ____________________ living on the waste material in the intestines. These bacteria stop the growth of harmful bacteria in the body, and thus prevent diseases. The bacteria receive _________________ and a place to___________.

Parasitism is when one organism is ________________ and one is ____________by the relationship.

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This strangler fig growing on another tree is an example of parasitism. The fig is getting support so it can grow quickly and get more _________________. Although the fig doesn't really strangle the tree, it does make it harder for the tree to get ________________ and nutrients from the soil and also blocks some of the _________________ from reaching the tree's leaves. In human there are millions of ___________________ that live in our mouths. Their numbers increase rapidly to form a sticky layer over the surface of the teeth. Acids released by the bacteria cause tooth _____________ and gum_________________. When _______________ is taken into the mouth, it becomes _______________ source for the bacteria which causes them to reproduce rapidly and produce more acid. Levels of bacteria in the mouth can be kept low by _____________________ the teeth and gums.

Commensalism is a relationship in which one organism ________________ and the other is not_______________. Orchids can illustrate this. Orchids are epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants). They grow high in the canopy of rainforests on the branches of trees. The orchids benefit in several ways. The main benefit is probably that they can get more______________. In addition, they may be more easily visited by the moths which __________________ them. Also, because they are up high the wind can more easily catch and spread their tiny seeds. Orchids do not ___________________ the trees they grow in. Their roots stay on the bark of the tree; they do not take ________________ or nutrients from the tree.

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Amensalism refers to a relationship between two species in which one of the partners is _________________ or its success is restricted, while the other is _____________affected (harmed or benefitted) in any way. The bread mold Penicillium is a common example of this; penicillium secretes penicillin, a chemical that kills ______________________. A second example is the black walnut tree (Juglans nigra), which secrete juglone, a chemical that harms or _________________ some species of neighboring plants, from its roots.

Name ______________________________ Class _____________ Date _________________________

STATEMENTS FOR SYMBIOSIS GAME - place the correct answers commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism in the underlined parenthesis.

1. •      The shrimp is immune to the stinging tentacles of the sea anemone and hides near it to be protected from predators (__________________________)

2. •      Green algae and fungus depend on each other, the fungus gets nutrients from the algae and the algae gets water and nutrients from the fungus (_________________________)

3. •      Bacteria on the roots of soybean plants fix the nitrogen from the atmosphere so that it is available to the plant, the bacteria also receive carbohydrates from the plant roots (__________________________)

4. •      The hermit crab is less likely to be eaten by a cuttlefish when an anemone rides on its shell (the anemone has cells sting), the anemone also gains access to a wider feeding range (_________________________)

5. •      The oxpecker bird eats ticks on the hippopotamus’ back (______________________________)

6. •      The tapeworm attaches to the intestinal wall of the dog and uses nutrients that are absorbed by the dog (____________________________)

7. •      The Egyptian plover bird feeds on leeches and other scraps of food in the crocodile’s mouth, the crocodile’s teeth are cleaned by the plover’s feeding (__________________________)

8. •      The ant burrows into a thorn of the acacia tree to live and eat sugar secreted by the tree, the ants also attack the tree’s predator’s (_______________________________)

9. •      The cleaner fish feeds on parasites in the shark’s mouth and gills (________________________)

10. •      The tick burrows into the cow’s skin to suck blood (_________________________)

11. •      The legume which are special plants (ex. Pea plants) has nitrogen fixing bacteria growing on its roots. The bacteria change nitrogen in the soil so that plants can take in the nitrogen to grow. (__________________________)

12. •      West Nile virus infects the crows that eat virus-carrying mosquitoes’ (____________________________)

13. •      The gall insect lays eggs in an oak tree, causing a lump that isn’t harmful to the tree. It also gets shelter and food from the tree (_________________________)

14. •      The bison stirs up insects in the grass, which the cowbird eats (_____________________)

15. •      The cowbird lays eggs in other birds’ nests and the cowbird chicks push out the host eggs and eat the parents’ food (___________________________)

16. •      The monarch butterfly drinks nectar and lays eggs on milkweed. The monarch larvae eat the milkweed leaves and obtain the leaves’ poisonous chemical which prevents predators from eating them; the monarch also pollinates the milkweed. (__________________________)

17. •      The skunk and opossum live in woodchuck’s holes. (________________________________)

18. •      Mosquitoes eat human blood for nutrition to lay eggs (_____________________________)

19. •      Grape vines grow up the trunk of the ash tree to get more light and space (_____________________________)

20. •      Freshwater mussels lay larvae on fish which irritate the fish’s scales (_______________________)

21. •      The human digestive system contains bacteria which aide digestion and vitamin production. The bacteria get a home and food. (_________________________)

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