Panel 2A Medicine - The International Conference of ...



ICUR 2019 Book of AbstractsSpoken PresentersPanel 2A MedicineKunal Mishra (Nanyang Technological University)Identification of novel inhibitors against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7)Malaria remains one of the most prevalent mosquito-borne diseases on the planet, with 219 million cases reported in 2017 with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for more than half of these. While there are numerous anti-malarials in use, there have been many instances of resistance reported, creating a need to develop novel therapies against the parasite. With the rising costs and low success rates of novel drug development, drug repurposing serves as an alternate strategy to develop new therapies by speeding up the drug discovery pipeline. This study explores the concept of drug repurposing for use against malaria, with the eventual goal of identifying compounds that can be accelerated through the drug discovery pipeline for clinical testing. The Selleck Chemicals Anti-cancer library containing 414 anti-cancer compounds was explored for anti-malarial activity via a medium-throughput screening (MTS) assays. Highly synchronised cultures of the drug-sensitive 3D7 strain were grown in the presence of each of the compound (10?M in DMSO) for one complete life cycle, and growth inhibition was measured using a fluorescence-based assay. A total of 131 compounds showed complete growth inhibition against P. falciparum, with varying targets and mode of actions in cancer cells. Through an extensive literature study on the mode of action, pharmacokinetic data, current clinical trial progress, as well as prior studies in malaria, 50 compounds were determined to be suitable for further studies and validation.Declan Connoley (Monash University Australia)The utility of the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis test in alcoholic liver diseaseBackground and Aims: Alcohol is the third commonest cause of death in 18–65-year-olds, with liver fibrosis severity correlating with prognosis. The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test is a biomarker able to stratify fibrosis severity. We assessed the diagnostic and prognostic performance of ELF in ALD.Method: Paired ELF tests and liver biopsies from 786 patients were assessed. Results were compared between ALD (n=81) and non-ALD aetiologies (n=705). Prognostic data was available for 70 ALD patients for a median of 5.9 years. Multiple ELF thresholds were assessed and area under receiver operator characteristic (AUROC) curves used to determine diagnostic utility in histologically staged biopsies. Survival data was assessed using Cox Proportionate Hazard Ratios (HR) adjusted for age, sex and treatment centre, and logistic regressions adjusted for age and sex.Results: Median age in the ALD cohort was 50. Diagnostic performance of ELF in ALD was excellent, with AUROC 0.895 in cirrhosis and 0.923 in moderate fibrosis. Using ELF <9.8 to exclude and >10.5 to diagnose cirrhosis, 87.7% of ALD cases could have avoided biopsy, with a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 85%. A unit increase in ELF was associated with a 2.6 times greater risk of a liver-related event (LRE) at 6 years.Conclusion: ELF accurately stratifies liver fibrosis in ALD independently of inflammation. Prognostically, ELF performs as well as biopsy in ALD with performance similar to that observed in other aetiologies of CLD.Scott Ho (Monash University Australia)Understanding the immune response to the gut microbiotaThe collective microorganisms that reside within the human intestines, also known as the human gut microbiome, are crucial for human health and disease. While many studies have suggested associations between the state of the microbiome and human health, there is limited understanding of the exact mechanisms of how the microbiome interacts with humans. The majority of previous studies establish association between the composition of the microbiome and human health without any certainty that one directly influences the other. Thus, research into how specific species interact with the host is crucial to progressing towards establishing how the microbiome causes human health and disease. This project aimed to investigate how a single bacterial species influences the immune response. Epithelial cells from the colon were used (Caco-2 cell line) within the experimental model. The epithelial cells were exposed for 6 hours to the bacterial species chosen, then the immune response was determined through how levels of certain genes were influenced by this bacterial exposure. The results suggest that these members of the gut microbiota do stimulate an immune response and that different species induce different levels of responses. However, biological replicates are needed to state this with confidence. This project validates this experimental model as a method to determine epithelial cell responses to the gut microbiota, which will help to establish causative relationships between states of health and disease to certain combinations of bacterial species in the gut.Jonathan Kim (Monash University Australia)Addressing unmet needs of patients with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer through symptom monitoringA focus on symptom monitoring could address the unmet needs of patients with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers. For the instance of pancreatic cancer, a type of UGI cancer, prolonging survival has been difficult to achieve as only 15 per cent of patients are eligible for surgery of tumour removal. Surgery remains as the only curative treatment and more than 80 per cent of patients present recurrence of disease after surgery. While the alarming percentages may vary with other UGI cancers, what is certain is the necessity to understand why these unmet needs persist and, fundamentally, how to address them. Monitoring symptoms with a palliative intent could be reinforced as optimal care and improve the patient’s remaining quality of life. Designing a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) that captures patient-reported outcomes (PROs) may address the unmet needs and expectedly improve the quality of care provided by healthcare professionals. Defined by the Food and Drug Administration, PROs are any report of the status of a patient’s health condition that comes directly from the patient without interpretation of the patient’s response by a clinician or anyone else. Even though a PROM is solely a patient’s report, the rigour, actionability and feasibility of developing such a PROM needs to be established first from the perspective and decisions made by the clinicians, nurses and allied health members, including dieticians, psychologists, etc. Thus, the aim of the study is to develop an actionable, feasible symptom-monitoring tool for patients with UGI cancers based on the perceptions of healthcare professionals.Panel 2B Digital Applications and EnvironmentAdi Raber (Monash University Australia)Can cognitive training reduce anxiety symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders?Worldwide, 1 in 59 children is diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Approximately 40 per cent of these children also experience anxiety, making it one of the most common conditions to co-occur with ASD. Despite these staggering numbers, and the additional challenges anxiety presents further to existing ASD symptoms, there is a dearth of research relating to treatment for anxiety in children with ASD. There is evidence for the efficacy of non-medical therapies for anxiety, such as cognitive behavioural therapy and video-based modelling. However, these interventions may be less useful for children with ASD when compared to typically developing children, even when modifications are implemented to tailor therapy to the particular needs of children with ASD. This research aims to review randomised controlled trials in the literature of non-medical interventions for anxiety in children with ASD, highlighting the strengths and limitations of applying current interventions to this population. Moreover, this research seeks to outline the rationale behind moving towards computerised forms of cognitive training. These have previously been shown to ameliorate skills in various areas of cognition and behaviour in children with ASD, yet are presently lacking in the context of anxiety. A cognitive-training programme designed to target anxiety in children with ASD, while accounting for the unique presentation of anxiety in this population, may successfully alleviate challenges faced by an overwhelming percentage of children. Ultimately, this has the potential to improve the ability of children with ASD to cope with anxiety-provoking situations in everyday life.Dominic Koek Wei Jie (Nanyang Technological University)Investigating the effectiveness of perspective-taking in video gamesMigration has increased the ethnic and racial diversity of many countries in recent years, which could result in tensions among people. However, research has shown that video games have the potential to reduce prejudice and foster intergroup understanding. This study investigates the potential of using the video game Papers, Please, where players take on the role of an immigration officer to approve or deny immigrants and returning citizens. The game requires players to make moral decisions, which could serve as an intervention to reduce one’s prejudice towards immigrants. Past studies have also shown that challenge-skill balance might positively influence game-based learning outcomes. Even though the game challenge was significantly greater than participants’ skill, the findings of this study suggested that players experienced a small decrease in favourability and liking towards immigrants after 30 minutes of game play. Significant correlations were found between players’ perspective-taking of the immigration officer and their favourability of immigrants, which could evoke emotions, such as suspicions towards immigrants. During the gaming session, participants experienced moderate flow, significantly correlated to players’ skill in the game that influenced players to take on the perspective of the immigration officer. Furthermore, game challenge did not appear related to change in favourability towards immigrants. Results of the study suggested that positive change in attitudes could be explored using video games that allow players to play the role of immigrants.Juline Lew Yun Yee (Nanyang Technological University)Perception makes reality: Cross-country analysis comparing factors influencing risk perception of nuclear energyClimate change has intensified the search for alternative energy sources. Recently, some countries have shown interest in implementing nuclear energy in what has been dubbed a ‘nuclear renaissance’. However, risk perception plays a role in influencing public support of nuclear energy. In this present study, we apply the cognitive miser model as the key theoretical framework to understand the factors influencing risk perception of nuclear energy in Indonesia and Singapore. Using data collected from nationally representative door-to-door surveys of 1000 respondents from Indonesia and 1000 respondents from Singapore, this study investigates the effects of value predisposition, media attention, reflective integration and knowledge on the risk perception of nuclear energy. The findings revealed that in both countries, affect was negatively associated with risk perception while subjective knowledge was positively associated with risk perception. Additionally, in Indonesia, trust in government, trust in non-profit environmental organisations, attention to TV news, elaborative processing and contextual knowledge were significant predictors of risk perception. Conversely, in Singapore, risk perception was positively associated with trust in business leaders and content knowledge and negatively associated with trust in international institutions. Interpersonal discussion and elaborative processing were found to moderate the effects on risk perception. In both countries, lower attention to online news indicated higher risk perception for those who engage in less interpersonal discussion, while the effect reverses for those who have higher engagement in interpersonal discussion. We concluded the study with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications.Panel 2C Health and SocietyClara Chee Wenxin (Nanyang Technological University)Sign-language interpreters and Deaf participants’ perspectives of the interpreter’s roleThe relationship between the Deaf community and hearing sign-language interpreters is intriguing given that it is beyond that of service user and service provider. With these two groups of people coming from different communities and having had different linguistic and cultural experiences, there is a particular likelihood of miscommunication at times. The fact that professional interpreting is relatively new in Singapore, with no current standardised certification, makes it even more challenging to ascertain what expectations one should have of a sign-language interpreter. This may lead to differing expectations on the part of Deaf service users and the hearing sign-language interpreters. This study seeks to investigate the expectations of hearing interpreters by the Deaf community as well as by hearing interpreters themselves of their own profession. A total of 30 Deaf/hard-of-hearing participants, as well as ten hearing interpreters, were surveyed on their expectations of hearing interpreters in various categories. These categories were: qualifications, language proficiency, proficiency in interpreting, professionalism, awareness of audistic behaviour and involvement in the Deaf community. The data was analysed using SPSS and the findings revealed significant differences between the two groups across the different categories, particularly in terms of the qualifications needed to be an interpreter. As such, this paper will look into the areas in which these expectations differ and provide possible reasons for the disparities in ratings between the Deaf community and hearing sign-language interpreters.Zhao Feng Liu (Monash University Australia)Catching them before they fall: Falls in the elderly and the health promotion approaches to preventionFalls are the most common source of injury amongst the elderly population in Australia. The likelihood and severity of falls increase exponentially with age. The public-health challenge of this issue is expected to be further exacerbated by Australia’s ageing population.The complications resulting from falls amongst the elderly pose a significant cost to the Australian healthcare system, both through the direct drain on Australia’s finite medical and human resources, as well as in its indirect impact on the quality of life for the affected patients. It is estimated that the economic costs of managing fall injuries will reach $1.4 billion by 2051.A literature review will be conducted to analyse the effectiveness of various preventative public-health approaches aimed at reducing the number of falls amongst the elderly. These approaches aim to mitigate the risk factors contributing to falls, which can be categorised into biological and environmental factors. Preventative approaches can be grouped into two categories: active intervention seeks to make changes in an individual’s lifestyle, such as promoting physical activity, whereas passive intervention involves approaches to increase public knowledge and awareness.It is hypothesised that multi-component approaches involving both active and passive intervention will be the most effective at reducing the rate of falls compared to the nationwide average of falls without the aforementioned approaches. The implications of this study suggest that effective multi-component interventions should be integrated into community programmes to reduce the rate and complications of falls.Elle Nguyen (Monash University Australia)Sleep and mental health in new-recruit ambulance paramedics: A 6-month longitudinal cohort studyPoor sleep and mental-health disorders are prevalent among paramedics, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. Impaired sleep may be a risk factor in the development of mental-health symptoms; however, due to a lack of prospective studies in paramedics, our understanding of how sleep relates to mental-health problems is limited. This longitudinal study investigated sleep and mental-health symptoms in paramedics as they transitioned into their early career, and examined whether poor sleep prior to emergency work is related to the future development of mental-health symptoms in this population. Shift-work-na?ve Graduate Ambulance Victoria paramedics (n=27) will be studied at two time points: prior to emergency work and after six months of active duty emergency work. Sleep patterns will be assessed over a 14-day period at both time points using a sleep diary and an activity monitor. Validated questionnaires were used to screen for symptoms of sleep apnoea, insomnia, shift-work disorder, trauma exposures, PTSD, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. A linear mixed-model will compare potential changes in sleep and mental-health symptoms between time points. A multi-variable logistic regression will determine the odds of new-onset mental-health symptoms at the 6-month follow-up, given baseline sleep difficulties. The results from this study are likely to determine that certain aspects of sleep that may increase vulnerability to mental-health symptoms and should, therefore, be targeted through sleep interventions. Ultimately, these findings have the potential to inform industry policies to reduce the high rates of mental-health problems among paramedics.I would like to acknowledge the support of Sean P.A. Drummond, Ben Meadley, Kelly-Ann Bowles, Karen Smith, Maxine Bonham, Luke Perraton, Joanne Caldwell-Odgers and Alexander P. Wolkow.Akhila Palekar (Monash University Australia)Examining genetic counselling’s impact on counselees’ perceptions and behaviours in breast cancer genetic testing and for alternative genetic counselling methodsHereditary breast cancer can be detected using numerous genetic tests, such as that of BRCA1/2 testing. The communication of genetic test results necessitates genetic counsellors to communicate this information to the patient in a manner that conveys accurate risk perception and feasible surveillance options. Despite breast cancer’s high incidence, literature reviews regarding genetic-counselling practice and its outcomes are infrequent. Therefore, a review of the current literature was conducted by firstly searching through the Scopus and Web of Science databases for studies related to ‘breast cancer’ and ‘genetic counselling’ and variations of these key terms. The studies included in this review (n=22) examined either a mental-health or behavioural outcome of traditional genetic counselling, or comparatively examined the outcomes of traditional genetic counselling with a supplementary or adapted method. Synthesising current research found several key concerns in clinical genetic counselling. It was found that, while generally beneficial to counselees by reducing risk misperception, there was still a need to identify patients psychologically vulnerable to over-surveillance – for example, from unnecessarily frequent mammograms. Furthermore, genetic counselling is yet to be optimally integrated into the healthcare system, particularly where test results and surgical decisions do not occur within the appropriate timeframe, necessitating a spotlight on the supplementary and adjacent resources identified in this review to streamline the genetic counselling process. Thus, this review identifies areas of key improvement in genetic-counselling practice, particularly in onco-genetic counselling (OGC), which will only continue to be in demand as screening technology improves.Panel 3B Intersections of Media and MulticulturalismLeow Jing Xuan (Nanyang Technological University)Driving without the brain? Comparing the influence of value dispositions, media attention and scientific knowledge on willingness to use driverless carsDriverless cars can bring about various benefits when introduced to society, but only if they are widely supported and adopted by the people. However, little is known about the motivators of public support for driverless cars. This is especially true for the context of Singapore, even though driverless cars will be integrated into the Singaporean society in the near future. Our study employs the cognitive miser model, science literacy model, and media attention variables as theoretical frameworks to investigate the motivations behind people’s willingness to use driverless cars. Findings from a nationally representative survey of 1006 respondents indicate that value predispositions, especially affect, play a major role in shaping people’s willingness to use driverless cars. Furthermore, benefit perceptions mediate the relationship between affect and public willingness to use driverless cars. Meanwhile, scientific knowledge and media attention have limited influence on willingness to use driverless cars. The findings establish a foundation for understanding public acceptance of driverless cars, while corroborating past studies in affirming the significance of the cognitive miser model over the scientific literacy model. We conclude with practical strategies that can aid stakeholders in effectively communicating about driverless cars to the public.Ravathi D/O Gunasegaran (Nanyang Technological University)Tamil-writing teachers’ perception regarding the role of English in the classroomThis study examines Tamil-writing teachers’ perception regarding the role of English in Tamil classrooms. Kadakara (2015) found that Tamils tend to replace their mother tongue with the English language, the dominant language, as it is more distinguished and has a greater influence. This implies that Tamil students tend to be far more proficient in English than in Tamil. This may pose challenges in the mother-tongue classrooms. Students also find writing to be the most difficult skill to learn as opposed to listening, speaking and reading skills in Tamil classrooms. Canagarajah (2006) states that multi-lingual writing should not be viewed as a narrowly defined process of text construction; that it is more critical to consider the repertoire of a writer than that of a language or culture. He suggests creating a classroom environment where the ‘first language is treated as a resource and not a problem’ (p. 603). In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with three teachers from primary schools and three teachers from secondary schools. The study reveals that Tamil-writing teachers primarily take a process-oriented approach in teaching Tamil and that students face difficulties in the correct use of terms of address and specialised lexis as they often are translating these terms from English. There is also a lack of awareness in the stylistic variation between the English and Tamil languages. These difficulties have resulted in Tamil-language teachers viewing the presence of the English language as an impediment rather than a resource in the Tamil classrooms.Hamamatul Hosen (Monash University Australia)Unity or fragmentation? The media representation of the French national football teamFrance’s 2018 World Cup win was widely embraced in the media as a joyous and unifying occasion. However, some also called it ‘a win for Africa’ and used the event as an opportunity to comment on the multi-ethnic composition and ethnic heritage of the players. This contrasting representation highlights how the French national team (FFF) has historically been linked to the struggle over racial and ethnic identities in French society.This research aims to examine the relationship between discourse surrounding national identity and the media representation of the FFF. I will address the following questions: What is the relationship between national identity and the FFF? Why does the media representation of the FFF fluctuate? What role do these representations have on the current debates on identity?This study will incorporate a qualitative analysis of literature and media excerpts of the FFF. I will compare and contrast the different attitudes and language used in the media during different periods of the FFF’s performance, namely in 1998, 2006, 2010 and 2018. I hypothesise that the media utilises the multi-ethnic composition of the team during good performances to strengthen and represent the ideal French national identity. Yet, during poor performances or scandals, the media invites opinions that question the authenticity of the team’s ‘Frenchness’.Overall, given the increasing hostility towards immigrants in Europe, the study may be useful in understanding and highlighting the extent of the tensions that are present in French society.Grace Yaw Chue Yan (Nanyang Technological University)The case of Singapore’s Little India: A failed digital ethnic enclave economy or a hybrid in progress?In Migration Studies, the phenomenon of an ‘ethnic enclave economy’ serves to help new immigrants to settle down, find jobs and access information from the host country, in hopes of achieving a higher socio-economic status. Existing literature expounds on how issues faced by inhabitants of these enclaves are a result of geographical boundaries circumscribing the reach of minorities. Yet, these largely ignore the ongoing fourth industrial revolution, which is characterised by a transition towards digital infrastructure and technologisation of society. Technology has caused the ethnic enclave to be no longer restricted to a bounded-spatial location due to the proliferation of digital usage among both immigrants and locals alike. This is especially pertinent given that technological infrastructure provides a perfect means for business transactions through virtual spaces such as social-media and digital applications. However, the case of Singapore’s Little India reveals that the digital metamorphosis of the ethnic enclave into a perfect hybrid of physical and virtual space – the digital ethnic enclave – is incomplete and flawed. We find this to be because of the ethnic configuration and demographics of Little India as well as immigration/heritage management by the state, which can be improved. We use a grounded-theory approach, which is an interactive method of gathering data through ethnographies and interviews with key players in the ethnic enclave economy to explore these epistemic flaws. This paper contributes to the field in providing a greater understanding of integration dynamics (and issues) faced within the ethnic enclave economy in the digital age.Panel 3C Education and EnvironmentRyan Buhagiar, Asher Lim and Shayla Rance (Monash University Australia)Student-led pro bono IT services for small non-profit organisationsNon-profit organisations (NPOs) support social and economic development by providing services for communities and advocacy for various causes. IT solutions can improve organisational efficiency, communication, reach and impact in small NPOs. These range from common solutions such as website development to advanced applications like biometrics. The literature identifies a lack of skilled personnel as being a barrier to IT use for small NPOs. There are also generalised suggestions from the government to increase technology use within small NPOs. Furthermore, existing volunteering platforms offer limited opportunities for undergraduates to volunteer in a professional capacity.Sarah Sullivan (Monash University Australia)The large-scale solar revolution: Environmental and social implications for regional communitiesThis research will explore how the implementation of large-scale solar projects need to consider certain social licensing issues in order to adopt a holistic viewpoint to address greenhouse gas emissions. Failure to act on legislative targets and respond to community concerns in regional areas can lead to ecological issues such as The Heat-Island Effect; this refers to heat being absorbed back into soil shrubbery after being reflected from solar panels and damaging minerals. Additionally, these issues include the misuse of agricultural land as well as technical problems such as transporting energy through infrastructure from regional areas to suburban locations. In terms of my methodology, I will be collecting data from academic publications, such as EcoGeneration and scientific journals, and various Australian government reports, as well as conducting a literature review. My aim is to provide greater understanding of the complexities of renewable sources and their impact on existing natural features. This research will focus its discussion around biodiversity and energy capacity issues in the era of climate change urgency. This is demonstrated by the Victorian Government’s commitment to the Victorian Renewable Energy Target, which legislates that by 2020, 25 per cent of electricity from the grid will be powered by renewable energy sources. Moving forwards, it is imperative that the major players in the clean energy industry, including developers and financers, need to co-operate together effectively, as fierce debate still lingers surrounding a post-2020 climate policy culture. Therefore, these technologies should be utilised efficiently; however, identification of potential consequences is important towards establishing long-term environmental usage.Veronica Yuen Sok Yee (Nanyang Technological University)Improving Singapore primary schools’ strategies to promote reading literatureThe National Library Board’s 2016 National Reading Habits Study on teenagers reported that only 25 per cent of the respondents read fiction books more than once a week. There is hence significant room for an increase in the consumption of literary books. A method to do so is to inculcate the habit of reading at a young age. This, in turn, positively affects the development of reading and cognitive skills. Reading at a young age also aids the development of twenty-first-century competencies and lifelong learning. The finding is supported by an analysis of literary texts targeted at children. Given the benefits of reading literature at a young age, this paper aims to investigate how local primary schools’ strategies to promote reading literature can be improved. Primary school students are targeted because primary school education is compulsory in Singapore. Schools also play an important role in inculcating the habit of reading in children, given the hectic work schedules of parents. To achieve its objective, this paper analyses the strategies that local primary schools adopt to promote reading. That of British primary schools will also be examined because Singapore closely follows Britain’s education system. The findings are subsequently used to create a student-centred collaborative model that primary schools can adopt to enhance their promotion of reading. This paper will conclude with an analysis of the limitations of the study and propose areas for further research.Joel Hung Yi Guang Chi (Nanyang Technological University)Parental involvement in children’s educationUsing a case-study approach, this project seeks to investigate how the parents of five families in Singapore are involved in their children’s education. With the recent emphasis on holistic education by Singapore’s Ministry of Education, this project examines, in particular, how far parents are concerned with both the academic and character/values education of their children. Given that adolescents are at a point in their lives when interventions by their parents are likely to have significant effects on them, the project concentrates on teenagers of 13–16 years old. Through interviews with both parents and children, the data shows not only parents’ perspectives and rationales on their parenting practices but also how their children perceive and experience parental interventions or the lack of them in their academic and character/values development. This study sheds light on the important issue of teenagers’ academic and character/values education and highlights some effective parenting practices in children’s holistic education, given the emphasis on values in the twenty-first century.Panel 3D Sustainability in Natural and Built EnvironmentsBaihe Zhang and Yuliang Chen (Monash University Australia)An analysis into the habitability of Mars by comparing its fundamental living conditions with that of the EarthOver the past several decades, the Earth has been confronted with extreme climates, global warming and natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Consequently, it is imperative that we find a planet with similar planetary habitability to the Earth. Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet or an astronomical body’s potential to develop and sustain habitable environments to life. Of all the planets in the solar system, cumulative evidence suggests that Mars is the most Earth-like planet regarding its water patterns, making it a promising substitution for the Earth. However, the differences between the two planets with respect to existing energy sources and physical conditions (temperature, climate, gravity, air quality, isolated and confined environment) make it challenging for humans to inhabit this isolated and confined environment with higher space radiation and reduced gravity. Despite this, there has been a neglect in scholarship investigating the effects of the Martian environment. In this research, we will discuss the similarities and differences of the habitability factors between Mars and Earth, considering their chemical, physical and geological attributes, and assess the challenges in maintaining an artificial habitable living environment for humans. In light of the existing literature, we anticipate that Mars has a great potential to be the planet for the emergence of new life and that humanity’s journey through the cosmos will ensure the survival of our species for many generations to come, as Earthlings and Martians.Sebastien Lucas-Lely (Monash University Australia)Are we our architecture?‘We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us,’ Winston Churchill exclaimed in his 1943 parliamentary speech to the bombarded English. This mentality has led to the neuroscientific research on how the spaces we inhabit have psychological impact on how we compose ourselves – however, is it possible that a building can have everlasting effect on our lives? Through understanding what elements and how a design can affect one’s psyche, we can question whether an architect can become an autocratic designer with the power to create super-spaces and the might to design malicious spaces. This presentation aims to address what elements can be used to create appropriate fields – how these elements can be adapted to manipulate how a user interacts with the space – and, if possible, how the user is permanently shaped. To discover these elemental considerations, a mixture of site visits and literary reviews will aid the discovery of the potential power of the architect. These site visits will be particularly aimed towards a mix of high-rise apartments, town-houses and individual residences, which will allow for analysis of the characteristics of these spaces, the lifestyles of the inhabitants and how a life can be formed by the design. Data from this research can lead to more unique architecture – better-suited forms for its function – and the possibility to transform traditionally malicious architecture into super-spaces.Cole Teller (Monash University Australia)Analysis of hafnium isotopes in zircons from Patagonian migmatitesThe Famatinian Orogeny is a mountain belt in the Sierras Pampeanas region of north-western Argentina, which formed between 490 and 460 million years ago. The granites that make up this orogeny originated in several cycles of active magmatism within this time period and are composed of melt originating from a chemically heterogeneous metapelitic protolith. The purpose of my research under Dr Melanie Finch was to use hafnium isotopes entrained in zircons within migmatites to trace the geochemical homogenisation of these granites as they are reworked from the original metapelitic protolith. The studied zircons originated from the paleosome (sample B1) and leucosome (sample B2) of a migmatite in the Famatinian Orogeny. The studied migmatite originated as a granite, which underwent biotite dehydration melting, with the leucosome representing remobilised and solidified melt, and the paleosome being the unmelted remnant. The analysis was performed via laser-ablated inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Useable data was collected from 78 zircons, 40 from the paleosome and 38 from the leucosome at Monash University’s Isotopia lab. The results indicate a reduction in variation in 176Hf/177Hf isotope ratios in sample B2 as compared to B1, which is in line with contemporary models that suggest that as a magma is reworked, mobilised and physically mixed over time, it will experience gradual geochemical homogenisation. The implications of this research are that the isotopic and chemical signatures of a rock may be traced through the evolution of a rock from protolith to pluton.Dangi Siddharth Hasitkumar (Nanyang Technological University)Synthesis of self-degradable plasticsPlastic pollution is a serious problem that our world faces. Every year, 3 trillion plastic bags are manufactured round the globe, but only 1 per cent of them are actually recycled. This statistic is enough to show our dependence on plastic bags and plastics. Plastics take hundreds of years to degrade naturally; therefore, we need to find a way to remove all the plastic waste lying in our environment. So the question is, ‘Is there a way to increase the rate of degradation of plastics by changing its chemical structure?’ The answer is ‘photocatalysis’. When light with sufficient energy strikes the photocatalysts (metals with a narrow band gap), it leads to electron–hole pair separation, which catalyses the subsequent reaction. The objective of this research is to study the properties of photocatalysts and find methods to integrate them within the plastic structure so that it leads to self-degradation in presence of radiation. The photocatalysts used in this experiment are TNPs (Titanium Nano Particles) made using the flame-synthesis method. The integration of TNPs is done by two processes: 1) dissolving in a solvent, and 2) hot-air blower method. The resulting material is irradiated with UV light for 100 h. The mass loss is recorded and degradation rate is calculated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is used to investigate changes at molecular levels and predict the structure of the plastic after irradiation. The half-life of plastic is used as a parameter to compare between the efficiency of the photo-catalyst.Panel 4A The BrainMaria Petraki (Monash University Australia)Targeting the inflammasome: The key to treating perinatal brain injury?Background: Neuroinflammation in the neonatal brain can lead to cerebral palsy. The inflammasome is a key signalling platform that matures pro-inflammatory cytokines into their bioactive forms.Aim/Hypothesis: My current project aimed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of an inflammasome inhibitor, MCC950. I hypothesised that inhibition of the inflammasome following neonatal hypoxic ischaemic (HI) brain injury would reduce neuroinflammation, neuropathology and improve behaviour.Method: Post-natal day ten rats underwent surgery, followed by hypoxia. At 6- and 24-hours post HI, pups received MCC950 or saline via intranasal route. Behavioural testing was performed at 24 and 72 hours and rats were then culled and brains collected. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were performed.Results: HI impaired motor control (p=0.0027), reduced brain weight (p<0.0001), body weight (p<0.0001), and increased left hemisphere tissue loss (p<0.0001) compared to sham and MCC950 did not alter these parameters. HI decreased neurons (p<0.0001), increased microglial activation (p<0.0001), cell death (p<0.0001), IL-1?? (p<0.0001) and astrocyte activation (p<0.0001) compared to sham and MCC950 had no effect on these outcomes. HI increased NLRP3 (p=0.0086), IL-1?? (p=0.046), IL-18 (p=0.0142), Caspase-1 (p=0.0152), Caspase-11 (p=0.0376) and Gasdermin-D (p=0.0046) expression compared to sham. MCC950 reduced IL-18 (p=0.0303), and Caspase-1 (p=0.064) showed a trend towards reduction compared to HI+vehicle.Conclusions: The inflammasome pathway is activated following neonatal brain injury and MCC950 6- and 24-hours post-injury was not effective in reducing neuropathology, but had an effect on gene expression. Further research into different timing and dosing of MCC950 as a therapy for neonatal brain injury is warranted.Rebecca Kirkham (Monash University Australia)The acute effects of aerobic exercise on reward processing and decision makingAddictive-compulsive disorders (such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse control disorders and substance use disorders) are the second greatest contributor to mental-health burden. Despite this, there are limited intervention options, low levels of engagement and poor treatment outcomes. While traditionally viewed as distinct diagnoses, all of these conditions are characterised by shared impairments in reward processing, decision making and related neural circuits. As a potential intervention, aerobic exercise has shown early therapeutic promise in animal studies; however, the evidence is still in its infancy for human studies and its possible beneficial role in reward processing and decision making. This study aims to use a between-subjects randomised experimental design to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on behavioural measures of reward processing and decision making in 40 sedentary adults (aged 18–50). The exercise intervention group will complete a 20-minute high-intensity interval session on spin bikes and the control group will participate in 20 minutes of gentle stretching. It is hypothesised that compared to the control condition, acute exercise will lead to increased levels of reward valuation, reward learning, response selection/inhibition indexed via the Value Modulated Attentional Capture and the Stop Signal gamified cognitive tasks. Analysis will be conducted primarily using mixed-model Analysis of Variance and post hoc tests to compare groups over three time points: baseline, 10-minutes post-intervention and 60-minutes post-intervention. This study’s outcomes could provide significant preliminary findings to inform the specific and personalised exercise parameters required for more accessible, personalised and neurocognitive-targeted treatment methods for addictive-compulsive illnesses and wellness programmes more broadly.Ho Yan Yi (Nanyang Technological University)Spiking neural networks: The next frontier of machine learningWhile machine learning is poised to revolutionise the world of commerce and science, its implementation is still plagued by issues of high energy consumption and prolonged training time. Currently, widely used machine-learning models such as LSTM and RNN rely on the back-propagation error algorithms and can be said to learn through brute force. This could soon change, however, with the advent of third-generation neural networks – Spiking Neural Network (SNN). Combining neurology and computer science, the SNN is a sophisticated machine-learning architecture mimicking the functions of the human brain. It demonstrates an impressive capacity for unsupervised learning through the use of biologically plausible mechanisms such as Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity and lateral inhibition. This research paper aims to not only study the distinguishing features of SNN but also optimise its efficiency and compare it against the benchmark set by traditional machine-learning models. We first implemented an SNN model by adopting a script developed by pre-existing research and training the SNN to perform digit recognition using the MNIST dataset. Following this, we conducted experiments to determine the relationship between the model’s train and test accuracy, and the number of neurons, training samples and epochs used respectively. Finally, application of SNN to improve Self-Organising Maps was explored.Noorul Wasima D/O Annal Mohaideen (Nanyang Technological University)Language dominance and identity of Tamil–English bilingual youths in SingaporeThis article studies the relationship between language dominance and language identity of Tamil–English bilingual youths in Singapore. Being a multi-racial country with four official languages – English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil – Singapore has adopted a notable language policy. Residents learn English as their first language and their respective Mother Tongue as a second language in schools. Despite equal emphasis, the decreasing second language usage among youths has been a growing concern in Singapore. However, language dominance may not necessarily be a direct reflection of a speaker’s language solidarity. This paper assesses the extent to which language dominance affects language identity of speakers. A total of 50 Tamil–English bilingual youths were chosen for this study. A 15-minute speech sample of each participant was collected, and 50 per cent of the data set was decoded for the measurement of language dominance. The analysis began with the calculation of Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) and moved on to the total number of English and Tamil morphemes in each utterance. Meanwhile, the youths took part in an online questionnaire showcasing the alignment of participants’ language identity. Naturally, one may assume that an English-dominant speaker will have a higher affiliation towards English language and vice versa. However, despite being largely English dominant, majority of the participants showed a deeper sense of belonging towards the Tamil language. An interview with these exceptions allowed us to discuss the role and implication of identity factors such as family, history and religion on language loyalty.Panel 4C The BodyAugustine Koh Jing Jie (Nanyang Technological University)The role of membrane vesicles in horizontal gene transfer in Enterococcus faecalisEnterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a commensal gram-positive bacterium residing in the gastrointestinal tract, but also an opportunistic pathogen responsible for urinary tract infections, bacteraemia, wound infections and endocarditis. Such infections caused by E. faecalis are very difficult to treat due to resistance to multiple antibiotics. Multi-drug resistance arises due to chromosomal gene mutations, as well as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of plasmids or DNA fragments within and between bacterial species. Other than transformation, transduction and conjugation, some bacterial species utilise membrane vesicles (MVs) for HGT. In this research, the objective is to address whether MVs could be an alternative mode of HGT of plasmids employed by E. faecalis. MVs from E. Faecalis with plasmid were isolated, purified and subsequently added to recipient E. faecalis and E. coli (without plasmid) for plating on kanamycin agars and CFU enumeration. According to our experimental results, we concluded that E. faecalis is unable to pack plasmids inside MVs for HGT to recipient bacteria, due to an absence of kanamycin-resistant colonies as well as the absence of plasmid bands from the MV samples (post DNase-treatment) isolated from OG1RF with pMini in the gel image.Sharon Chan Pei Yi (Nanyang Technological University)Genomic profile of novel variants of Acinetobacter baumannii genomic resistance island 2Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii belonging to the global clone (GC) 2 has been increasingly associated with nosocomial outbreaks that greatly limits therapeutic options. Mobile genetic elements that harbour multiple resistance determinants have been characterised to reveal a wide array of genomic resistance island (GRI) profiles for A. baumannii isolates. AbGRI2 was definitively established in 2013 to distinguish it from the GRIs found in comM and Tn6167. However, rapid and frequent gene turnover often results in novel and significant genetic variability across isolates, henceforth subjecting the structure and phylogeny of AbGRI2 to considerable deviations. Although many variants have previously been detected, little is known about how the global pool of AbGRI2 isolates has evolved over the last few decades. By performing bioinformatics and in-silico analysis using public database, we examine the structure and context of at least 20 novel variants of AbGRI2 in global isolates. We found that all isolates carry the sul1-qacE?1-aadA1-orfQ-orfP cassette array and intl1-tnpM genes in the integron-containing segment, flanked by the blaTEM gene, aphA1b gene or other mobile elements. This indicates that AbGRI2 plays a critical role in aminoglycoside and sulphonamide resistance, which enhances its pathogenic potential. Moreover, the variants were observed in isolates from Australia, China and the USA, indicating its capacity for globalisation. As an extension to determine their evolutionary lineages, a phylogenetic tree was constructed with Kalign. Overall our results revealed the genomic profiles of novel AbGRI2 variants and demonstrated the utility of genomic analysis to study alternative forms of GRIs.Yukiko Horne-Okano (Monash University Australia)Changes in aortic stiffness in haematological cancer patients following allogeneic stem cell transplantationWith the exception of cancerous complications, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of death in haematological cancer survivors, primarily due to the many risk factors these conditions share. Observing vascular health is valuable in monitoring subtle changes in cardiovascular function and sub-clinical CVD in an acute setting. This study aims to determine the effect of allogeneic SCT on aortic stiffness in acute haematological cancer patients and, subsequently, compare compliance with age- and sex-matched time controls. We hypothesise that aortic stiffness will increase post-transplant in acute patients, and that they will also display greater stiffness than healthy controls. Aortic stiffness was measured via MRI by looking at the mechanical distension of the artery. Secondary cardiovascular measurements included cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max test), left ventricular function (MRI) and blood pressure. Testing occurred prior to transplant and approximately three months post-transplant in acute patients. In control subjects, there will be a 3-month interval between testing. A paired t-test will analyse pre- and post-data in acute groups, and an ANCOVA will compare the acute group to the controls, taking into account relevant covariates from secondary data. Participants recruited were 26 acute haematological cancer patients (ages 19–71, 65% male, five deceased) undergoing allogeneic SCT, and all baseline data has been collected. This cohort has been age- and sex-matched to healthy controls for comparison, for which data collection is near completion. Recruitment is complete, with current progress focusing on collecting follow-up data and data analysis, which will be complete by September.Wendi Huang, Esma Fazlic and Christine Huynh (Monash University Australia)A gender-comparative analysis: How HPV vaccination impacts sexual practicesAlthough existing vaccines have been developed against nine types of Human Papillomavirus Virus (HPV), they are unable to protect against other types of HPV, which can cause not only cervical cancer, but also anal, head and throat cancers. Therefore, the continuance of safe sexual practices provides vital protection and prevention of HPV-related illnesses not covered by the HPV vaccine, as well as other STIs. Previous research is neither sufficient nor conclusive in regards to whether HPV vaccination uptake correlates with changes leading to risky sexual behaviours. Moreover, services, information and previous research on male HPV-related issues are significantly lacking compared to those focusing on women. The impact of vaccination on male sexual behaviours within Australia is completely absent. This is concerning, as HPV is commonly considered a feminised disease despite the equal roles and responsibilities men have in transmission and protection against HPV, which appear less prominently in literature. The study has two aims: Firstly, to conduct a gender-comparative analysis on how HPV vaccination status influences decisions to engage in safe sexual behaviours among Monash students. Secondly, to also include a feminist bioethical perspective into the public-health studies of safe sexual practices. Two questionnaires will examine attitudes and past behaviours towards risky sexual practices. Results will be analysed to indicate the direction of findings and for any gender differences. Our research will address this grave literature gap within male-related HPV research and increase visibility within the research community pertaining to the gender disparity of sexual responsibility.Panel 4D Sustainability and EnvironmentTanvi Oza (Monash University Australia)Sugarcane runoff into the Great Barrier Reef: An approach to accelerating on-ground managementCoastal and marine degradation is a significant issue worldwide and is continuing to be exacerbated by anthropogenic and climatic stressors. In Australia, there has been focus on the export of terrestrial pollutants from sugarcane farming into the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), and contributing to its degradation.Despite introducing numerous regulatory and incentive-based initiatives to minimise nutrient runoff into the GBR, water quality continues to be of low quality and current management responses are not effectively solving the issue. Therefore, there is an urgent need to accelerate on-ground management through additional levels of protection to safeguard its future.Coastal wetlands are known to provide a plethora of ecosystem services, including filtering terrestrial runoff. The restoration of wetlands offers a significant opportunity to protect the GBR, given appropriate quantification of their services, and the development of effective incentive-based programmes for land-holders.This research focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of wetlands in trapping runoff from sugarcane farms, and assessing farmer attitudes towards implementing wetlands into policy. Environmental DNA can provide information on sediment provenance in wetlands, thereby assessing their effectiveness in trapping runoff. When combined with interviewing farmers to assess perceptions of cost, convenience, future threats to their business and willingness to manage wetlands on their land, policies for tidal wetlands as additional protective measures for the GBR lagoon may be developed. Given the threat of future erosion, sea-level rise and increased runoff into the GBR, research in this area is timely, cutting edge and aims to provide holistic policy recommendations to stakeholders.Ayesha Ali (Monash University Australia)An alternative to concreteConcrete has been used by humans for a long time; after water, it is the second-most used substance on Earth. It is used globally in basic infrastructures such as bridges, roads, runways and dams. The main ingredient of concrete is cement. Its production grows by 2.5 per cent annually and is expected to increase from 2.55 billion tons in 2006 to 3.7–4.4 billion tons by 2050. However, for every ton of cement produced, 1.25 tonnes of CO2 are released into the atmosphere. Global cement production accounts for more than 1.6 ?— 10??? tonnes of CO2 discharges from all human activities. In contrast, hempcrete is a bio-composite made of the inward woody part of the hemp plant mixed with a lime-based binder. It is a carbon-negative material: the hemp crop takes in CO2 while it grows that, in turn, is stored in the hempcrete block throughout its lifetime. The purpose of this research paper is to compare the properties of hempcrete with concrete and to see if the former performs better than the latter in terms of sustainability, structural strength and commercial viability. For this research, I have completed a meta-analysis of various research papers and journals. I argue that hempcrete cannot be used alone as a structural material; for it to be commercially viable, it would need to be used in conjunction with and must be used with a load-bearing structure such as timber. However, it is expected to cost more than concrete as its cultivation is illegal in many places.Devmi Piyadigama and Saareta Devi Ramesh (Monash University Malaysia)Impact of an educational intervention on organic and genetically modified foods for university students in MalaysiaKnowledge and attitude towards organic and genetically modified foods are a major concern as studies conducted show that opinions among the general population are based on personal experiences or beliefs and not on scientific facts. From previous studies conducted in Malaysia, college-aged consumers are an understudied population. It is important to study university students as they are considered to be more open-minded compared to the general population. The research aims to create a visually based educational intervention to inform individuals about genetically modified and organic food to increase their knowledge. It will investigate the change in knowledge and attitudes towards organic and genetically modified food of Malaysian students at Monash University Malaysia. Data will be collected using pre-test and post-test questionnaires obtained from previous studies. The impact of the intervention will be analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 24). A forum with experts will be organised to explore the topic of genetically modified and organic foods, and to generate further discussion on the current situation in Malaysia. The research is expected to encourage individuals to critically challenge their assumptions and promote informed consumer decision-making behaviour.Zoe Evans (Monash University Australia)Developing a tool for analysing and improving the behavioural and educational outcomes of citizen science and conservation endeavoursIt is generally assumed that participation in citizen science or conservation endeavours will generate an increase in understanding of the issue and environmentally significant behaviour on the part of the individual. However, this is largely not borne out by what little analytical data exists. As things stand, it is very difficult to find and analyse multiple case studies simultaneously as no consistent method of data collection or analysis exists. Consequently, it is difficult to develop a strategy to ameliorate the lack of impact on individual behaviour and understanding generated.A wide-ranging literature review has been employed in order to determine which methodologies are most promising for analysing the above problems. The literature to be examined will include scientific and behavioural pedagogy, theories of environmentally significant action and participation, and research concerning citizen-science initiatives. This is with a view to developing an assessment tool that can be refined through application to extant case studies. Eventually, this tool will be applied to an active conservation endeavour in order to refine it and test its suitability in ongoing programme development.This research aims to generate a framework in which participation-based initiatives can be developed to better meet certain goals: ameliorating environmental understanding and environmentally positive behaviour in the populace.Through the development of this research, it is proposed that it will be possible to develop a more coherent method for producing and assessing education and behavioural outcomes from citizen science and conservation.Panel 5A Connecting CulturesPawel Malys (University of Warwick)Poland’s social policy: A product of the Sunday Mass(es)?Secularisation theses posit that the social importance of religion has declined in modern European democracies. Research (for instance, Eurobarometer surveys) has found a steady erosion of religious identification in advanced Western states. The record of post-Communist societies, however, is more variable. Countries such as Hungary have experienced a decline in levels of religiosity since the collapse of Communism. Research into the political implications of enduring religious identities remains limited, with most studies approaching this phenomena through the lens of ‘post-secularity’ or the failure of secularisation theory. This project aims to address this gap by providing a more detailed analysis of the way in which religion shapes policy-making attitudes in Poland. Despite economic modernisation, 95 per cent of Poles continue to identify as Catholic, and religion has played a significant role in the creation of social policy, such as increasing financial support to families with children and hardening the law on abortion. The project will explore the impact of religion on policymakers by analysing content in the media and speeches made by politicians in the run-up to a general election in the country. Qualitative content from speeches and media outlets will be analysed through the use of an inductive coding structure to avoid arbitrary pre-formed categories and avoid corruption of conclusions based on assumptions. The study will involve tracking the media campaign up to mid-September 2019. As well as exploring the links between religious attitudes and policy behaviour, the study will highlight any divergence between official religious and political attitudes on critical social issuesGaya Raddadi (University of Warwick)Constructing memory in France and Tunisia: A comparative study on nation-building and cultural identityThe aim of this project is to analyse the connection between art and building of national identity in European and non-European contexts. For this purpose, a comparative study will be presented on the Louvre (France) and the Bardo National Museum (Tunisia). The Louvre is an emblematic legacy of the Age of the Enlightenment, while the Bardo National Museum is the primary depository of Tunisian history.Firstly, theoretical discussions of Foucauldian matrix on museums as a locus of power will be combined with museology literature focused on the museum as practice of identity. This theoretical framework will lay the foundation to the case study, which will encompass considerations on the history of the museums and their collections.The Louvre began as a royal palace, became a symbol of the French Revolution, and acquired its modern significance as a depository of France’s national patrimony and its performative role in the projection of France’s grandeur. Meanwhile, the Bardo National Museum, housed in a former princely residence, has persisted following Tunisia’s transition from French Protectorate to an independent state. As such, the BNM has become the second museum in Africa and depository of its vast cultural heritage – from the pre-Roman period to the most recent Islamic art running to contemporary times.This project wishes to highlight the similar role museums play in the construction of a national identity in European and non-European contexts, regardless of contextual differences.Ella Ballerini (Monash University Australia)The transformation of Rwanda: Post-genocide reconstruction, reconciliation and national healingPost-conflict states aim to achieve reconciliation between divided racial, ethnic, religious or other social groups. The 1994 Rwandan Genocide against the Tutsi resulted in the deaths of more than 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus, leading to the destruction of the social fabric of the nation. In its aftermath, the Rwandan government quickly embarked on an ambitious programme of reconciling a nation divided between the two major ethnic groups.The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of Rwanda’s approach to reconciliation as a tool for nation-building. Three key mechanisms adopted by the Rwandan state to achieve this aim were identified and analysed. These include the traditional judicial system of Gacaca courts, social reconstruction through community-based programmes and the introduction of economic policies to drive development.It was hypothesised that this dynamic combination of both ‘top-down’ state-driven and participatory community-based approaches would be effective in driving reconciliation. It was found that these mechanisms have largely contributed to the restoration of social bonds between fragmented communities. However, continuing tensions exist due to unresolved prosecutions.There is much to be gained from the case of Rwanda for other post-conflict societies. This study has shown that some of these mechanisms are likely to be applicable in other post-conflict states if adapted to the contextual situation. The case of Rwanda is therefore an insightful example of the potential avenues for reconciliation in the broader field of post-conflict peacebuilding and development.Joanna Cookson (Monash University Australia)Burying the past: The impact of the 2018 memory law on the historiography of anti-Jewish violence in PolandMore than 70 years after World War II ended, Holocaust remembrance remains controversial in Poland. The 2018 Amendment to the 1998 Act on the Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation (IPN Act) generated global controversy amid concerns that it will perpetuate a monolithic narrative of Polish heroism and victimhood in preference to acknowledging Poland’s dark past and promoting reconciliation between all sectors of Polish society. This research project will explore the extent to which Poland’s so-called ‘memory law’ is likely to stifle academic debate on the legacy of anti-Semitism and Polish participation in anti-Jewish violence during World War II. A case study of the Jedwabne massacre – a crime perpetrated by Polish citizens against their Jewish neighbours that was attributed to German forces even into the twenty-first century – will provide an illustration of anti-Jewish violence with a contested historiography, and a close analysis of the drafting of Article 55a of the IPN Act will demonstrate key barriers the memory law poses for academic freedom in Poland. An examination of scholarly literature on the Jedwabne massacre will reveal the deep fissures in academic and public discourse on anti-Jewish violence on Poland, which will be re-examined in the context of memory law scholarship and Article 55a. Notably, findings from the literature review will be contextualised by reference to the Polish government’s current platform of historical revisionism and memory politics, revealing the menacing effect of the memory law in deterring historical debate.Panel 5B Terrestrial and Extra-terrestrial EnvironmentsGemma Mitchell (University of Leeds)Thin-film lubrication of non-conformal geometriesElastohydrodynamic lubrication is a mode of lubrication typically found in mechanical components such as gears, roller bearings and cam-follower mechanisms. It is desirable to effectively lubricate these surfaces and interfaces within tribological contacts. This research focuses on recommissioning existing equipment and developing new methodologies to optically measure thin-film lubrication at rolling/sliding interfaces.In many industrial applications, appropriate lubrication is important to prevent unnecessary wear of machine elements. However, many components do not have smooth surfaces, leading to loads being applied over very small contact areas. Many mathematical models currently assume a smooth surface; the consideration of asperities is important to give a closer physical representation and analysis of contact. Through the recommissioning of this equipment and development of methodologies, future research may be feasible to contribute to the understanding of how rough surfaces affect thin-film lubrication.The analysis of previous experimental methods has determined the functions of different parts of the equipment and realisation of parts that are missing. It has been discovered the hard drive, which controlled the equipment and analysed interferograms taken, crashed and has been removed. The project has now adapted to researching how functioning machine elements can be integrated with modern software and cameras to control moving elements and capture images of the contact area. A MATLAB code may be developed in this or future research and combined with optical colourimetry techniques to analyse the interferograms and determine film thickness, along with the effect of surface asperities.Eduardo Enamorado (University of Durham)Analysing the development of EU outer space policyThe space sector provides over 230,000 jobs in the EU, and it is worth between €46–54 billion to the EU economy. Space has indeed become a global business, yet today the European space industry faces substantial competition from America, India, China and Russia.EU intervention in space, together with those of its Member States and the European Space Agency, needs to aim to strengthen the European space industry’s competitiveness at a global level. However, in order to determine how to strengthen the European space industry, it is crucial to understand the current EU space policy and how it has developed over time.The main academic question focuses on understanding how the EU has failed or succeeded in developing stable strategies and new technologies to promote a substantial industrial base for outer space applications and services. There is, however, a set of sub-questions that are raised by the research project:Is there a coherent and stable set of provisions / framework? When and how was it developed?How has the EU supported the global competitiveness of the European space industry?Describe the development of different markets for space applications and services.Has Europe become more technologically independent to access space?Without being aware of it, European citizens rely on outer space technologies when they use their mobile phones, do financial transactions, take an aeroplane, watch the weather forecast or look for the nearest restaurant. Space has become part of modern times and could become a more substantial part of our future.Victor Covasan (University of Sheffield)Spatial scales of collisionless shock ramps observed by the NASA MMS MissionThe scale of the transition region in collisionless shocks is one of the core parameters defining the nature of the discontinuity since it is correlated with the relative influence of dispersive or dissipative effects in balancing the non-linearities leading to the formation of the shock itself. It is therefore fundamental to understand the ways in which the interplay of these two entropy-generating processes evolves with changes in the propagation speed of the discontinuity to be able to verify the validity of current models describing the dynamics of shock ramps. Similar investigations have attempted to quantify these relationships based on the data provided by Cluster and THEMIS; however, they have been constrained by aspects such as large spacecraft separation or relatively low resolution of the fluxgate magnetometer measurements. This prompted the requirement to reconsider the problem of ramp scales in collisionless shocks. The more recent NASA MMS mission provides capabilities that rectify the two limitations by delivering a much higher sampling rate as well as a satellite separation up to ten times smaller. Over 100 shocks were analysed, sampled randomly over the second phase of the mission, and the data was processed using variance analysis methods and four-satellite timing for the construction of the boundary normal. The results showed a strong dependence of the ramp scale on Alfvenic Mach Number (MA): for low MA, the ramp scale corresponding to the dispersion scale(c/?‰pi), while for increasing MA the scale was found to approach a few c/?‰pe.Nicholas Wei How Tham (Monash University Australia)Microplastics pollution: An emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystemsPlastic pollution represents a huge threat to the environment, especially in the form of tiny pieces of plastics known as microplastics (<5mm). There has been extensive research on the impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems in the past decade. However, the presence of microplastics on terrestrial ecosystems, particularly farmlands, and the corresponding consequences have been overlooked. Globally, significant amounts of microplastics have been found in agricultural lands, introduced via the use of biosolids as organic fertilisers. According to research in the Science of the Total Environment journal, 2800–19,000 tonnes of microplastics are added to Australian farmland each year through biosolids. This presence of microplastics could lead to broad changes in agricultural landscapes such as changes to soil nutrients. This research uses recent academic literature to determine the impact of interactions between microplastics and terrestrial organisms in farmlands. In particular, it will focus on the interactions between microplastics and soil-based ecosystems, including organisms such as earthworm and terrestrial fungi, and how this reduces farm productivity. The implication of this research aims to understand the impacts of microplastics on agricultural farmlands and raise awareness for researchers to have an equal focus on both land and ocean when considering microplastics, as well as determining ways to reduce and mitigate the microplastic pollution. This knowledge will flow onto the agricultural community and assist farmers in maximising their crop productivity by being aware of the potential side effects of using biosolids as fertilisers.Panel 5C Global Governance, Crime and ViolenceLaura Woodbridge (Monash University Australia)Reluctant governments, vulnerable claimants: Evaluating redress schemes for historical crimes, wrongdoing and injuryAs governments, organisations and institutions around the world move to apologise for and respond to historical wrongs, there is a corresponding push towards providing compensation to those affected and/or their descendants. Compensation may be provided outside of the courts, through an executive or legislative framework, or in schemes set up by non-government organisations. The success of these schemes, and their reception by claimants, vary.This paper will assess a range of compensation schemes, both around Australia and internationally. This comparison will inform conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of these redress schemes from the perspective of claimants, who are often vulnerable and have particular needs that depend upon the unique nature of the historical wrong or injury that requires redress. In particular, the structure of redress schemes – whether payments should be ex gratia, deeds of release, evidentiary requirements or the process of assessment – are considered. The ways in which governments and institutions may work to limit their liability to claimants in the context of redress schemes, and the impacts this has upon claimants, are discussed.Victims and survivors of past crimes, harms and wrongdoings increasingly come forwards to request compensation, and governments and institutions are increasingly willing to provide it. This comparative evaluation of redress schemes around the world will therefore contribute to the literature on the development of best-practice models – especially those based in restorative justice – which are fully sensitive to the issues at play in compensating for historical wrongs.Jacqueline Zhu (Monash University Australia)Blocked ears: The misguiding effects of forensic audio enhancing and transcription on juries’ perceptionsAudio recordings permitted as forensic evidence in court should ideally be clear and audible to enable juries to make informed decisions. However, in many situations, recordings are usually of poor quality and difficult for the normal person to discern what is being said. To overcome this issue, audio enhancing is employed, and parties present their own version of transcripts in an attempt to influence the jury’s perception. While the original audio recording serves as the evidence, enhancing and transcribing techniques primes listeners to adopt their own contextual expectations. As a result, juries are misled as to the content of covert recordings because of their false beliefs surrounding enhanced audio and transcript reliability.This research aims to review the current literature on forensic audio and the methods of ascertaining the content of these recordings following Dr Helen Fraser’s ‘call to action’. There is a particular focus on Australian courts; however, other jurisdictions and their practices for using audio recordings will be used as a comparison. Interviews with Dean Catoggio, forensic audio analyst and General Manager at the National Institute of Forensic Science, will be used to assess the current situation and investigate the interpretation of audio in court.Consequently, the inadequacies of audio recordings as evidence will be addressed to highlight the misconceptions surrounding enhanced audio, transcription and the interaction between the two when influencing juries. This may call for mitigation of these risks in audio evidence before they are ultimately presented at trial before a jury.Beverly Chee (Monash University Australia)Regression or progression: VaccinationsVaccinations are listed as one of the major public-health achievements of humankind and have been used to eradicate and prevent infectious diseases such as measles and polio. Vaccines are important because they prevent and protect vulnerable populations – for example, babies – from diseases. Most countries have implemented policies and legislation to ensure residents receive their required vaccinations – for instance, through immunisation schedules. Up until the last 20 years, most people have followed the prescribed vaccination schedules. However, during the last few years, many developed countries such as the USA and Australia have experienced vaccination boycotts and anti-vaccination sentiments. This study reviews recent literature on disease epidemics to determine the impact of the anti-vaccination movement on public health in developed countries. The review has found that anti-vaccination movements have regressed public health and increased the rate of disease in developed countries, particularly in affluent communities, evidenced by a news report citing a large-scale measles outbreak in the USA – impacting 695 people as of 24 April 2019 – as being the largest in 20 years. This review aims to ascertain the impact of the anti-vaccination movement and inform policymakers so they are able to design tailored education programmes and community efforts to raise awareness about the legitimacy of vaccines and the dangers associated with the anti-vaccination movement.Panel 5D Models, Systems and ScienceTran Ngoc An Huynh (Monash University Australia)The costs and outcomes of eosinophilic oesophagitis in Australia: Data from a metropolitan hospitalBackground: Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated condition that is increasing in incidence and prevalence worldwide. This project sought to characterise outcomes and healthcare expense of the management of EoE in a tertiary referral service.Method: Patients diagnosed with EoE since 2011 were identified. Hospital-cost data attributable to outpatient visits, endoscopies, treatment and hospitalisation was calculated.Results: A total of 64 patients (75% male, mean age 38.7 [range 15–81] years), with median follow-up 2.5 years were studied. Out of 64 patients, 40 presented with food bolus obstruction as the index episode. Over the follow-up period, 45 patients required inpatient admissions for a mean period of 1.3 days. Food bolus impaction accounted for 95% of bined endoscopic, histologic and clinical remission was achieved in nine patients after a median follow-up of 22 months. The median cost per patient attributable to EoE was $9767, or $3907 per patient year. Patients underwent a median of four endoscopies, which accounted for 73.6% of the total cost attributable to EoE. The median number of outpatient attendances per patient was 4.5. Presentation with food bolus obstruction (incident in 53 [82.8%] patients) at any time significantly increased mean cost attributable to EoE ($13,413 vs $9401, p=0.01).Conclusions: EoE accounts for high healthcare utilisation and expense, predominantly accounted for by endoscopic procedures. With increasing incidence and prevalence of this condition, more effective therapeutic options sparing the need for endoscopies and reducing the risk of hospitalisation due to food bolus obstruction are required to minimise the healthcare burden of this condition.Raphael Morris (Monash University Australia)Difference, impairment, disability: A three-part model of disabilityWhat guides us in talking about disability? One principle is to foster positive social change and advocate for disability rights. Another is to give disabled people conceptual resources to make sense of their experiences. A third is to avoid pathologising benign differences and to celebrate diversity.Existing models of disability cannot simultaneously fulfil all three purposes. The medical model pathologises difference and erases the social dimensions of disability, offering medical solutions to social problems (Shakespeare, 2010). Although the social model of disability disentangles the individual and the social aspects, the nature of individual impairment remains a problem. If impairment is intrinsically negative, the model stigmatises difference (Tremain, 2010). If impairment is not intrinsically negative, then it cannot explain the experiences of many disabled people (Crow, 1992).This paper offers a revisionary conceptual analysis of disability. My aim is a conception of disability that satisfies all three of the above reasons for discourse around disability. I argue that, to do this, we must distinguish three related concepts. Firstly, differences, which are traits that deviate from the statistical mean of a population. Secondly, impairments, which are traits that intrinsically lower quality of life. Thirdly, disabilities, which are traits that lower quality of life because of extrinsic social norms and practices that render society inaccessible to people with those traits. I propose a three-part model of disability that incorporates difference, impairment and disability as distinct components. The proposed model lays the foundations for a more inclusive, coherent and productive discourse around disability.Floriano Tori (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)Entanglement entropy evolution in a quantum Ising spin chain with longitudinal and transversal magnetic fieldQuantum mechanics is the physics that describes the world on the scales of atoms and smaller. One fundamental property predicted by quantum mechanics is entanglement. If two particles are entangled, then a measurement performed on one of them will influence the result of the same measurement on the other, even if the particles are far apart. For general systems, entanglement entropy is introduced to quantify how entangled a system is. A more entangled system will have a higher entanglement entropy.In this work, the evolution of this entropy is studied in a specific system, which is a chain of interacting particles on fixed positions subjected to two magnetic fields. A non-entangled state of the chain can, if evolved over time under specific conditions, turn into a state that is entangled. Firstly, this work presents the theoretical background needed to study entanglement. Subsequently, the results obtained in a previous paper describing this system were reproduced. Finally, different effects on the evolution were analysed. For example, changing the magnetic fields present was found to influence the growth of entanglement of the system. The studying of the system was performed numerically.Evolution of entanglement entropy has applications in different fields. Water will, when the temperature is decreased below a certain point, change its properties by turning into ice. This effect of a system changing its properties can also occur when other parameters than temperature are changed. Entanglement entropy can give insights into how systems behave as they are about to undergo a transition.Terhi Kangas (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)Continuous glucose monitoring: Patients’ empowerment and self-care agencyModern technologies are increasing availability and significance in healthcare. Self-care apps are promoting what sociological literature has come to call ‘positive medicalisation’ by offering individuals the possibility to reclaim the agency in their own care. Traditional consultation visits are moving towards a ‘health care to-go’ model. One specific case where health technology has been prominent is Type 1 Diabetes treatment.Panel 5E Health, Wellbeing and TechnologyNurul Athira Alzafry and Mohamed Alnassif (University of Warwick)Cyberbullying: Recognising the harms, rethinking the lawsIn late 2018, the UK Law Commission released a report pertaining to the inadequacy of current UK laws in mitigating the harms and occurrence of offensive and abusive digital communication. Cyberbullying – an increasingly widespread, global phenomenon – was included in the report. With the features of anonymity, permanence and pervasiveness, cyberbullying is a low-risk–high-return offence that has an alarmingly aggravated impact on minors. It has been estimated that 5.43 million young people in the UK have been victims of cyberbullying, with some consequently resort to self-harm and suicide (Ackroyd, 2018).This presentation explores socio-legal research that was conducted to understand the social harms of cyberbullying and analyse the current legal frameworks that address these harms. Secondary research methods were adopted to synthesise existing literature and review case studies of young victims of cyberbullying. The research also involved a comparative analysis of the relevant laws in the UK, the USA, Canada and New Zealand. These jurisdictions were selected for comparison of their strengths and weaknesses in order to assess the effects of various approaches to using the law to curb this social problem.With digital communication technologies being increasingly integral in our daily lives and in global interconnectivity, comprehensive action is needed to protect public safety, both online and offline. As such, this presentation considers other possible measures, such as education and social action. By aiming to put forwards workable recommendations for lawmakers, creators and users of these technologies, this presentation will contribute to the global discussion on how to combat cyberbullying.Gabrielle Harrison (University of Warwick)Healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitudes and feelings towards female genital mutilation: A systematic reviewThe United Nations and Girl Summit have promised to eradicate FGM in a generation. At the forefront of this action are healthcare professionals (HCPs), primarily placed to both intervene and educate. In some countries, including the UK, this has become a legal obligation to act. The researchers undertook a global systematic review of English-language papers investigating HCPs’ knowledge, attitude and feelings towards FGM.Method: Systematic review of Web of Science, OVID and Cochrane Library.Results: A total of 23 papers informed the study. Recurrent themes detected include: training; how much and what quality of contact HCPs have had with circumcised women; multiple aspects of knowledge including the practice itself, different types of FGM, the origins of the practice, complications, what treatment could be offered and the legal process; the ability, knowledge and confidence to act, including the legal duty to report; ability to communicate with patient or parents and what barriers are present; confidence when managing patients who have undergone FGM; difficulties and issues faced when examining women with FGM; the desire for further training and next step processes.Conclusion: Variability in knowledge indicates improved training is required on a global scale. In high-income countries, this must be complemented by improving confidence in speaking with patients of a different cultural background. In low-income countries, campaigners must become rapidly aware of the dangers of medicalisation of FGM.Isabel Hiskett and Ieuan Davies (University of Warwick)The Omega Course: Tackling the death tabooBackground: Taboo shrouds death, inhibiting important conversations about end-of-life wishes. The Royal College of Physicians report, ‘Talking about dying’, highlights that the taboo, and the fear that accompanies it, extends even to doctors. Public-health approaches to end-of-life care aim to tackle this taboo, enabling communities to support, and care for, each other. This can only be accomplished if people are able and willing to have these important conversations. Doctors find death discussions difficult; can the public be educated to have them?The Omega Course (?) aims to empower its participants to discuss death and dying (D+D) using health education and role-play. This study assessed its effectiveness.Method: Anonymised, mixed-methods questionnaires were distributed to 62 ? participants. The 24 responses (38.7 per cent) were analysed using thematic analysis and inferential statistics.Results: Thematic analysis identified two main barriers to discussing D+D: fear of upsetting others and difficulty broaching the subject. ? helped to alleviate participants fears ‘helped me [...] stand alongside friends and relatives going through traumatic times’, and improved confidence in initiating discussion, ‘It gave me the words to say to people when I needed to say something’.Paired t-tests – performed on before and after scores across three areas: How comfortable participants felt discussing D+D; how often they discussed D+D; how afraid they felt about death – all showed significant improvement (p<0.01).Conclusion: ? successfully enabled participants to discuss D+D, an important step towards taboo reduction with positive implications for end-of-life planning.Mohd Hariz bin Roslan, Roshan Arjun, Lin Ananda and Ling Wong (Monash University Malaysia)Vagus nerve therapy with stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review with meta-analysisStroke is considered to be both deadly and debilitating, affecting up to 15 million individuals per year. It is a horrendous disease, where up to 90 per cent of those afflicted are left with permanently compromised neuronal functions. Being correlated to modifiable risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension, the current medical treatment consists of either a lifelong, complicated regime of medications or highly invasive surgical procedures with the possibility of complications.My research seeks to discover the potential of a less invasive and cost-effective alternative, namely vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Since 1988, multiple animal studies have provided insight into possibly incorporating VNS as an adjunct treatment to ischaemic stroke in humans. VNS is a minor surgical implantation of a NeuroCybernetic Prosthesis?(NCP) pulse generator, which can easily be performed as an outpatient procedure. Clinical trials performed on humans have established that VNS promotes positive outcomes in epileptic and depressed patients. For this reason, VNS therapy has long been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, the role of VNS in human ischaemic stroke patients remains elusive.My research pools data from multiple human-tested randomised control trials using a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis from online databases such as Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed. By consolidating the available data, we hope to truly establish the standpoint of VNS in clinical practice guidelines. If our results show benefits in VNS therapy, this could be a revolutionary alternative for ischaemic stroke patients in our modern age of medicine.Panel 5F Internal Debates and Decision MakingEsther Goh Hui Fen (Nanyang Technological University)In defence of Intrapersonal Epistemic PermissivismIn this paper, I defend a kind of Epistemic Permissivism – Intrapersonal Epistemic Permissivism. Briefly, while Epistemic Permissivism says that a body of evidence may justify more than one proposition out of a set of conflicting propositions, Intrapersonal Epistemic Permissivism is the view that, possibly, there is more than one rational doxastic attitude a single agent with a particular body of evidence can adopt. Thus far, most proponents of Epistemic Permissivism deny Intrapersonal Epistemic Permissivism, arguing instead that only distinct rational agents can adopt differing attitudes towards a proposition given the same body of evidence. By drawing an analogy from a case of moral permissibility, I present a new argument for Intrapersonal Epistemic Permissivism. Section 1 lays out the various kinds of Epistemic Permissivism and some motivations to deny it. In Section 2, I present Richard Feldman’s Detective case against Intrapersonal Epistemic Permissivism: A detective has strong evidence incriminating Lefty and strong evidence incriminating Righty of the same crime, but knows that only one is guilty. Feldman thinks the detective cannot rationally believe either is guilty; he must suspend belief. I then raise a case of moral permissibility and show that both cases are relevantly analogous. So, we should conclude similarly about both cases. If I am right, accepting such cases of moral permissibility would entail accepting Intrapersonal Epistemic Permissivism and, furthermore, that suspending judgement is irrational in such cases. Thus, the detective can rationally believe either party is guilty and is irrational if he suspends judgement.Bridget McManamon (University of Warwick)Self-face recognition deficits in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysisBackground: Self-disturbances constitute a core component of social and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. It is also well-established that self-face recognition (SFR) is crucial for identity formation and the maintenance of a coherent sense of self. General self-recognition abnormalities, as well as deficits in facial affect and identity recognition, have been described in schizophrenia. Numerous studies have investigated SFR in various domains, including reaction times, accuracy and self-reported perception, using assorted stimuli and assessment methodologies. Regardless of design, however, all studies assessing accuracy remain identical in featuring the requirement of a forced judgement regarding the status of a stimuli as self or other. The aim of this study is therefore to systematically evaluate all available evidence on SFR accuracy in schizophrenia.Method: This study followed the PRISMA guidelines for reporting of systematic reviews. Four bibliographic databases were searched according to stated inclusion (PICO) and exclusion criteria. After screening, nine studies were evaluated in a narrative synthesis, with a meta-analysis conducted on eight studies in total (n=184 schizophrenia patients, n=171 controls). Hedges g (mean-weighted effect size) was calculated for each study, and the overall weighted mean-effect size (ES) was calculated. Homogeneity of included studies and publication bias were also assessed.Results and conclusions: Meta-analytic results did not indicate that an overall specific deficit in SFR accuracy could be found in schizophrenia patients. Small sample sizes of studies and heterogeneity across task types do not enable us to conclude that a deficit in SFR is generalisable.Ceara Webster (University of Warwick)Deconstructing the sustainable development paradox and reconstructing its potentialsThe time for discussing sustainability will soon end, and immediate action must be taken. The gap between sustainability action and communication must be bridged in more meaningful capacities.Traditional sustainability research can conflate ecology with sustainability and often ignores the socio-economic pillars on the scale of the individual because it seeks to make societal change. However, this neglects the idea that change occurs on structural and ideological planes. Thus, my research investigates the question: ‘How does ecological art reimagine the relationship between individuals and the biosphere?’ This investigates how to ingrain the sustainability disposition ideologically to help reimagine the Anthropocene in the UK. It does this by engaging with art as a method of articulation – individual and collective – when words fail.My project has four stages: the first is a curation of ecological art pieces in the UK, selected for their engagement in revolutionary movements. The second involves semi-structured interviews with the artists of these pieces, outlining their motivations and insights. Thirdly, I assess how individuals relate to these pieces without and with given contexts (provided by artists in stage two). The final stage summarises the necessity for relating to ecological art as a source of long-term, meaningful behaviour change and communicative platform.Sustainability information campaigns are not the most effective intervention for behaviour change. Effective interventions utilise affect (emotion), and art is, crucially, emotive. The aim is to inspire the reimagination of one’s relation to nature and contributes to academia as an alternative approach for encouraging an ideological reframing of sustainability.Daniel Gettings (University of Warwick)‘The helpe and assistance of some godlie Preacher’? Possession, exorcisms and religious negotiations in Early Modern EnglandWhen approaching the surprisingly popular subject of Early Modern exorcisms, I expanded on previous research, going beyond study of the ritual and using the plethora of exorcism tracts produced in the sixteenth and seventeenth century to access the inaccessible area of the religious beliefs of the lay population. I took original tracts such as the Case of the seven in Lancashire by John Darrell (1600) or the Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures by Samuel Harsnett (1603) and focused on the language and descriptions of events surrounding exorcisms rather than the ritual itself, which has primarily been the focus of historians using these documents. These tracts were also selected as they represented situations of ‘religious negotiation’ where the laity sought out exorcists with different beliefs than themselves for reasons such as desperation or belief that they were better suited. The language captured in these tracts, used in the most desperate of situations with the immortal soul on the line, provided a window into the internal beliefs of a portion of the population that historians have struggled to access. It demonstrated unusually conservative religious beliefs, even among committed ‘protestants’ in these dire times in contrast to suggestions that the consolidation of the Church of England in this period resulted in the English becoming ‘Protestant’. The future of this research would be to look at more tracts than I was able to in my dissertation as well as looking into whether other crisis scenarios such as curses produced equal negotiations in lay belief.Panel 5G Conflicting IdentitiesDaniel Lee Denian (Nanyang Technological University)An acoustic investigation of monophthongs and rhythmic patterning in Brunei English and Vietnam EnglishThis paper maps out differences in the spoken features of Brunei English and Vietnam English by way of typologising the sound systems of two South-East Asian varieties and assessing the notional currency of the Kachruvian Circles Model. Instrumental phonetic analyses are conducted to empirically examine the physical properties of the airstream output observed in each variety, and by extension, afford a better understanding of varietal trends found outside the Inner Circle. The speech of ten speakers of Brunei English and ten speakers of Vietnam English are thus subjected to strict acoustic investigation, providing empirical grounds for evaluating the circles’ theoretical validity. At the segmental level, vowel quality is studied. Average frequency values of the first two formants are transformed using the psychoacoustical Bark scale to construct formant plots. The plots are overlaid to enable visual comparison for detecting overlaps in vowel quality, identifying cross-varietal convergences. Additionally, vowel quantity is studied to determine whether durational contrasts between long and short vowels are statistically significant. At the suprasegmental level, the rhythmic patterning’s of Brunei and Vietnam English are measured using the pairwise variability index (Low et al., 2000) to calculate whether each variety veers closer to stress-based or syllable-based timing. Prevailing classificatory models are revisited to adjudicate on their theoretical foundations against the backdrop of empirical findings yielded in the present paper. The results of this discussion are expected to be multi-valent in nature, carrying potential for wide-ranging applications in such fields as varietal typology, forensic science, speech pathology and pedagogy, among others.Victoria Bianchi (University of York)Sicily and the D?r al-Isl?m: Multi-culturalism in the pre-crusading MediterraneanSicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, described by Goethe as ‘the soul of Italy’, has always been the gateway between Europe and North Africa. Recently, it has attracted global attention due to its struggle with Italian nationalism and the immigration crisis. Yet, the general public tends to remain unfamiliar with the island’s multicultural history.In the Middle Ages, prior to the crusades, Sicily was already a highly contested territory disputed between Byzantine, Muslim and Norman forces. My research focuses specifically on the period of Muslim rule. Through the study of contemporary Arabic accounts, I have investigated the way in which Sicily fitted into the larger picture of the D?r al-Isl?m (the Islamic World). Advocating for a new approach to mediaeval Mediterranean studies, it is not only important to redefine the significance of Islamic history and move away from a Eurocentric vision of the Mediterranean Sea but also to consider how representations of European places contributed to the forging of Muslims’ identity. As a contentious borderland, the socio-cultural situation of Sicily raises fundamental questions about the nature of Muslim rule and the coexistence of various ethnic and religious groups. Furthermore, it was considered a prime location to engage in the Holy War. Still understudied compared to its counterpart in Spain, Sicily remains a unique example of Islamic history in Europe. My study aims to emphasise the interconnectedness of the broad D?r al-Isl?m and the Mediterranean island, whose Islamic heritage affects the ‘soul of Italy’ to this day.Francesca Brittain (University of Leeds)Islamic State propaganda: An investigation into the presence and depiction of the themes ‘Utopianism’ and ‘Broken West’ within the Islamic State magazine RumiyahThe threat of terrorism is one that is always evolving and adapting, and the methods that terrorists use to radicalise people are constantly changing. Islamic State came onto the international stage through highly shocking videos with content that prompted action from the West. One factor of Islamic State’s rise was their ability to attract members from the Western world to join the fight in Syria. To be able to fight this new method of radicalisation, it is important to establish exactly what is making foreign fighters join the fight abroad.Previous research focuses heavily on the involvement of social media in IS’s recruitment campaign, or on their first magazine publication, Dabiq. This research looks further into their second magazine, Rumiyah, and at the presentation and framing of IS’s argument with a focus on their framing of the West as ‘Broken’ (i.e. that the West can no longer support and provide for the citizens) and portrayal of a Utopic IS society (that the world IS are presenting is better than current reality). This research then uses a thematic analysis combined with a content analysis to identify how strong these themes are and if they are the ones that need to be identified and addressed within Western society. The results will then be put into the context of what this means for Islamic State and terrorist groups of the future, and hope to push for further research into the field to further counterterrorism efforts into the prevention of foreign fighters for a terrorist cause.Marina Tapley (University of Leeds)The role of ‘formers’ in countering violent extremismThis research examines the role that former extremists and former combatants have in countering violent extremism (CVE). ‘The former’, as a special category of actor in CVE activities, has gained significant attention in recent years, with various organisations and governments having utilised formers in CVE activities. This paper explores the questions of if and when formers can make a positive contribution to these efforts in order to inform the development of effective CVE methods. We bring together literature from different CVE contexts to establish in which circumstances formers can play a positive role. The focus is bringing together two separate strands of research: that of post-conflict peacebuilding and that of preventing radicalisation and violent extremism, predominantly in the West. The literature of these two areas identifies characteristics attributable to the role of former extremists and former combatants and, in doing so, provides a conceptual tool for identifying which activities may be appropriate for formers in various CVE settings. We argue that former combatants can play an active and productive role in CVE in contexts where formers have relatively more influence in communities than states, although these contexts are rare and have negative consequences, particularly for victims. Where formers do not fill a gap left by the state, they have limited capacity to contribute to CVE beyond providing an important but short-term contribution to intelligence and counter-narratives.Panel 5H MasculinityLim Ding Xun (Nanyang Technological University)A context-based analysis of verbal communication strategies of political leaders in Singapore and MalaysiaIt goes without saying that politicians use language in their own particular way in order to achieve their objectives. This study examines the verbal communication strategies used by political leaders in Singapore and Malaysia with the aim of understanding the effectiveness of language use. Common political topics in both countries are selected as a basis for comparison. Different types of speeches of the leaders collected from YouTube were transcribed and analysed with both quantitative and qualitative methods. The transcripts were classified according to the types of strategies, and the frequency of strategies used were counted and compared with respect to the similarities and differences of strategies used by different political leaders. This study discusses the communication strategies from five main aspects: statement of fact, personal opinion, reasoning, expression of criticisms and the question forms. The results show that political leaders in Malaysia and Singapore have more differences than similarities in terms of strategies used. It is believed that the findings of this study will be beneficial for future political communication studies.Laura Jane Hepworth (University of Durham)‘He’s not my husband; he’s my father’: Exploring the life history, experiences and narratives of the successful children of single fathers through autoethnography and qualitative interviewsMost single-parent households in the UK are headed by women; a staggering 86 per cent of lone-parent households are run by single mothers. Increasingly though, more children are growing up in households run by single fathers, and the role of the single father is receiving increasing media attention. However, very little research has concentrated on the experiences of these children being raised by single fathers; additionally, even less has been conducted on the ‘successful’ children of single fathers. Successful children refer to adults who have either entered higher education or are earning a graduate salary. This study used elements of the life history approach and narrative enquiry to analyse 16 interviews with the successful children of single fathers. It also conducted an autoethnography on the experiences of a successful child of a single father. It found that, uniquely, many daughters of single fathers have experienced members of the public assuming that they are not, in fact, their father’s daughter, but rather their father’s romantic partner. These findings highlight the deep, historically rooted structures and discourses that affect the role of the father in society and how they are perceived.Jessica Ball (University of Durham)Conflict and constructions of masculinities among Catholic university studentsMy research is in its second year of work under the supervision of Professor Mathew Guest, and it is part of ongoing research into religious identities of university students within the higher-education system in the UK. My project is particularly interested in the negotiation of male gender identity and the perceived expectations of being a Catholic male and a male at university. I will discuss how some of the expectations of being a male, or indeed, the perceived expectations of being a male in both situations intersect and how the participants’ male gender identities are negotiated in different scenarios that could bring both identities into conflict. My interest is in the male experience of the ‘masculine’ at moments where both identities intersect, most importantly whether it is possible for both identities to be fully coexistent or if a compromise or distance from one or both identities is required at any point during their time at University. As a female researcher, this project is an important attempt to address the criticism that Masculinity studies tends to involve ‘men talking to men about men’ and attempts to focus on the male perspective in a way that is productive to further understanding the experience of Catholic male students.Panel 6A Identities, Gender and Social InequalityMichael Walton (Monash University Australia)The queerest of them all: The Grimm’s Little Red Riding HoodIn recent years, the fairy tale has been experiencing a revival with every year producing new adaptations and imaginings of canonical tales. These reimaginings, such as Snow White and the Huntsmen, often superficially update the heteropatriarchal politics of the source tale with the aim to create a more palatable version of the tale for today’s audience. Yet, implicit in this idea is the assumption that the possibilities for fairy tales to explore queer identities and ideas occurs only in contemporary culture, and must therefore be imposed on the text.However, as this paper will argue, the possibility for queer readings and the exploration of queer identity already exists within the fairy-tale tradition, even in the classically heteropatriarchal texts.Through an examination of the Brothers Grimm’s 1812 tale, Little Red Riding Hood, which has entered our popular imagination as a tale about the socialisation of girls and their obedience to the paternal authority, this presentation will argue that queerness is part of the fabric of the tale, often challenging the dominate heteropatriarchal ideology. This, in turn, suggests that queer identities and possibilities have always existed, and been explored, within the fairy-tale tradition.Madeline Hunt (Monash University Australia)From Britons to the Welsh: Perceptions of identity in twelfth-century WalesCultural and national identity are important elements of understanding who we are, both as individuals and collectively, as a people. It was no different in the mediaeval period. This paper seeks to explore how the Welsh, as a people, identified, distinguished and differentiated themselves from their neighbouring ‘nations’ at the time of, before and after the Norman conquest of Wales in the 1080s, and how the incoming Normans, as a foreign power, perceived them. This will be explored through the method of close textual comparison of two primary sources, the Welsh ‘Chronicle of the Princes’, which records the events that took place in the years between 680 and 1282, and Gerald of Wales’ Description of Wales, written in 1194 from the perspective of the Normans. This research will provide an important contribution to the study of mediaeval British history, addressing the lack of analysis of the way in which the Welsh, as well as the other native cultures of the British Isles, perceived themselves in the mediaeval period and how they were perceived by others cultures, such as the incoming Normans. This research attempts to address the gap in the literature regarding the identity of the Welsh at the time of and just after the Norman conquest of Wales in the 1080s.Jack Mitchell (University of Warwick)The gendered implications of early modern slavery in West AfricaThe history of slavery is one that has been told within the scope of the European experience. However, with the advent and expansion of the field of global history, the African voice is gradually returning to mainstream historical discourse in an uneven manner. One of the pioneers of this field, John Thornton, emphasises social, cultural and demographic examples of African agency within the Atlantic system. His criticism of Eurocentric and nationalist African interpretations initiated a debate that goes to the centre of African historiography. His claim that slavery was a predominantly African creation is particularly controversial as it presents a complete reassessment of accepted history. This paper explores the debate over African agency in two ways. Firstly, by returning to primary sources, I will explore the complexities of slavery with regards to how it affected society. Although few records explicitly record this, the data concerning population transfers reveals patterns that indicate sociological impacts. This is central to my paper, as it not only reinforces my criticism of Thornton but also focuses attention on Africa. Secondly, by exploring other secondary sources, I will aim to introduce elements of the wider debate on African agency. By using texts such as Phillip Curtin’s Image of Africa and Joseph Inikori’s article ‘Africa and the Globalisation Process’, I ensure that the debate is fully explored in both breadth and depth. In doing this, I will present a less essentialist history of slavery that incorporates the various elements of the debate on African agency into one.Lucy Mooring (University of Warwick)‘There’s nowt as queer as folk’: Understanding queer women and rural spaceQueer culture is commonly reproduced through urban, male culture that neglects the experiences of queer rural women. As Invisible Lives argues, ‘there is no gathering for gay women. The isolation is overwhelming’ (Namaste, 2000: 76). However, her research understands the complexity of individual experiences. It is contrasted to ‘one of the reasons we get away with a lot is that people just don’t believe there could be lesbians in Oklahoma. Out of sight, out of mind.’ (Namaste: 16). I aim to understand the intersections between ‘queer’ and ‘rural’ through empirical investigation of women’s historical and contemporary lives. My methods combine archival research with questionnaires and interviews. The archival research involves examining evidence, such as ‘Dyke Dreams’ from Glasgow Women’s Library. The questionnaires evoked 100 respondents, and in-depth interviews were created from this. Queer history and research have been suppressed and erased, with many of the publications having to self-publish and having restricted circulation due to homophobic publishing laws; this is prominent during the Section 28 era. My paper presents emergent themes from the research. These include how queer women navigate rural isolation – through sub-cultures such as Riot Grrrl and independent publishing – and how some even thrive in the secrecy.Panel 6B SustainabilityThomas Vasquez-Lee, Jennie Do and Pinithi Dahanayake (Monash University Australia)Why aren’t we recycling e-waste? Investigating Monash University students’The rapid proliferation of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) in Australia is contributing to severe, worldwide environmental degradation (Caravanos et al., 2011). University students are high users of technology due to the digitisation of tertiary education, making them an ideal population to examine Australia’s high per capita e-waste output (Balde et al., 2017). We will investigate Monash University students’ current e-waste recycling habits and perceptions, barriers to recycling and their knowledge of the existing Mobile Muster e-waste recycling initiative on campus.Our methodology will consist of three parts. Firstly, we will ideally partner with Monash Buildings and Property department to attain data on the current usage of Mobile Muster collection points around Monash Clayton and Caulfield campuses. Secondly, we will conduct face-to-face interviews with Monash students to identify their e-waste perceptions and barriers to recycling. Finally, an online survey will be distributed across the university to supplement interview findings.We hypothesise that e-waste recycling rates will be low amongst university students, the primary reason likely being lack of awareness. We will produce a poster campaign and collection point that are informed by our research to help overcome barriers to recycling. The knowledge we produce through our research will inform other organisations implementing successful sustainable e-waste management solutions. We will present at ICUR a literature review on current e-waste recycling habits and perceptions, a detailed research plan as well as preliminary results.Alice Paine (University of Leeds)Identification of volcanic ash in Great Britain: Novel perceptions of global volcanism and modern risk assessmentVolcanic hazards are not constrained to their country of origin. In 2010, Europe’s aviation network suffered ?1.1 billion of losses due to an eruption of Eyjafjallaj?kull volcano, Iceland. Geologically, this was not an exceptionally large incident. Following this, nations found they needed to recognise the poignant risk of volcanism in the future – a risk set to increase alongside Europe’s reliance on global interconnections. The question remains: is modern society prepared for future eruptions?To answer this, my study extracted and analysed sediment cores from a hitherto uninvestigated site in northern England. Ash layers were frequently found, and high variance in particle shape/size/colour between layers implies a variety of eruption styles have the capacity to inundate this region.Observed in conjunction with similar research conducted across Europe (Swindles et al. 2017), these findings raise poignant considerations for future hazard management. Recurrent identification of ash particles in spatially unique sediments across Europe emphasises how this region been previously affected by volcanism, and inevitably will be again in the future. Yet, response policies formulated post-2010 will only be effective if events of equal or lesser magnitude than Eyjafjallaj?kull unfold (Parker, 2015). Studying historic eruptions can indicate their extent/frequency: aiding preparations for when larger, more destructive eruptions unfold. Political and infrastructural perceptions of volcanic risk must shift from ‘prediction’ to ‘preparation’, and a key driver for this will come from searching novel sites for evidence of volcanism. If cryptotephra deposits continue to be found in northeast England, political initiatives to develop effective future response measures will subsequently increase.Mark Anis (University of Sheffield)Insights into improving the temperature coefficient of capacitance (TCC) in multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs)A further study of barium titanate (BaTiO3)-based MLCCs in an attempt to improve temperature coefficient of capacitance explores four different processing routes for 10 per cent Ca-doping to achieve a composition of Ca(0.1), Ba(0.9) TiO3 and how that affects the ferro-electric Curie Temperature (Tc) of the composition.Processing routes are as follows: 1) and 2) Preparing from raw powders with and without a calcination step, and 3) and 4) Adding calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and titanium oxide (TiO2) raw powders to chemically stable barium titanate powder with and without a calcination step. Ball-mills were done for 20 hours with isopropanol as solvent to enhance mixing and reduce segregation.Qualitative and quantitative X-ray diffraction results of both powders and pellets show necessary element combinations and identification of chemically reacted powders, showing good powder mixing and extent of reaction. Additionally, 500 LCR scans were taken at 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 250,000 and 1,000,000 Hz from room temperature to 320° CelsiusTests show positive results for an increase in Tc from ~120 to ~150° Celsius for some of the processing routes. The testing conditions are discussed more thoroughly as well as the difference in processing routes for the same composition. An in-depth analysis of the implications is given, and what this means for the different processing routes and the different ceramic pellet conditions are discussed. Core-shell microstructures are discussed and how they apply to this composition of BCT (barium calcium titanate). A final conclusion of some of the new potential applications is covered, leaving an open-ended basis for future work on the topic.Panel 6C Health and PerformanceAshling Morone (Monash University Australia)Associations between weight-based stigma, psychological distress and somatic symptomologyExperiences of stigma can have negative consequences for many aspects of an individual’s life, including their mental and physical health. A growing body of research has looked to examine the relationship between weight-based stigma, specifically, and health effects. The aim of the research is to establish the relationship between the experiences of weight stigma, psychological distress and somatic symptomology.Using a cross-sectional research design, this study intends to conduct a secondary analysis of existing survey data that assessed weight-based stigma, psychological distress, somatic symptomology and demographic characteristics. In total, the survey had 581 participants, all of whom were undergraduate university students. Statistical analyses will be conducted on the variables of weight-based stigma, psychological distress and somatic symptomology in order to establish the relationships between these variables.While there is some research into the associations between weight-based stigma and health, this research project’s further analysis can add to the greater pool of knowledge leading to a more comprehensive understanding of this issue. By better understanding the health consequences of weight-based stigma, there is a stronger impetus for policies to be developed that discourage such stigmatising behaviours.Marcus Voon (Monash University Australia)Exploring the effect of time spent participating in sport on academic performance in university studentsMost people have personal opinions on the effect of sports on academic performance. However, there is little attempt at deciphering the cost and benefit of each additional hour spent participating in sports. Consequently, university students must decide how much time to allocate to sports based on sub-optimal information. This research seeks to discover what the optimum number of hours spent on sport per week is for the university student seeking to maximise their academic performance.Ongoing research in the form of literature review suggests that students who have participated in sports generally outperform students who do not. This is attributed to factors such as increased determination, time management, self-confidence and stress relief. However, in terms of hours spent on sports, students at the top end of the spectrum – such as American NCAA Division 1 collegiate athletes – have been associated with significantly lower academic performance in terms of Grade Point Averages (GPAs).The current hypothesis is an inverse U-shaped relationship between hours spent on sporting participation and academic performance. As a student participates in sports, he may experience significant benefits initially, but as time spent on sports increase, lack of time left for study as well as diminishing returns from sporting benefits on study occur. This ultimately leads to worsening academic performance as hours spent on sports increase. The optimum time spent is yet to be discovered.Hopefully this research will be able to aid university students to better allocate their time and simultaneously challenge preconceived notions towards sporting participation.Natasha Musundire (IIE-MSA)Family pressures to succeed and mental health in college studentsIn many developing countries, college students are becoming more driven to achieve perfection than ever before. Following intense economic pressures, many are faced with the desperate need of obtaining degrees that lead to desirable careers with the hope of improving their family’s socio-economic status (Sarma, 2014). However, such pressures to succeed may result in significant mental-health issues in college students. Although the relationship between academic stress and mental health is well documented, there has been a gap in literature with regards to significant demographic factors that create academic pressure and mental-health problems (Dundess, Cho and Kwak, 2009). This study specifically aims to investigate the relationship between family pressures to succeed and mental health among college students from low-income households.The study used a literature review-based study by analysing, criticising and synthesising findings from other research studies. Results indicated that family expectations in succeeding after college completion led to depression, anxiety and other health-risk behaviours in many college students from low-income households. Furthermore, the direct impact of this was strongly associated with fear of not attaining desired grades, fear of not being able to change their family’s financial status and fear of dishonour from family members. The findings of this study highlight the importance of developing effective interventions and university services to reduce academic stress in college students. In addition, it is recommended that future studies continue investigating the impact of other demographic factors on mental health.Roxanne Petropoulos (IIE-MSA)Depression in relation to untreated ADHD and its stigmaThe aim of this research report was to describe the correlation between depression and untreated and treated ADHD. In particular, the report assesses if individuals with untreated ADHD experience more depression as a result of the stigma from the untreated disorder compared to individuals with treated ADHD. The research conducted included demographics such as age, gender, whether the individuals are receiving treatment for the disorder or not and the number of friends the individuals have. Participants were invited to complete their socio-demographic information, Stigma-by-Association Scale (SAS) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Descriptive statistics were used to differentiate between the participant’s demographics and their total scores for both scales (SAS and CES-D). It was hypothesised that there would be increased scores indicating depression in individuals with untreated ADHD compared to those with treated ADHD as well as increased depression scores in individuals dealing with ADHD who were treated negatively. Both hypotheses were supported within the research, and it was evident that individuals with untreated ADHD who were treated negatively by other people had the highest depression scores. Furthermore, it was concluded that individuals’ experiences with others in dealing with untreated ADHD would impact their depression levels more so than those dealing with treated ADHD.Panel 6D Climate and Fauna Issues in the Australasian RegionPeiyuan (Annie) Luo and Sharon Tomy (Monash University Australia)Investigating the drug mechanism of triazine dimer: A novel anti-malarial agentMalaria is a blood-borne protozoal infection of the Plasmodium species, predominantly Plasmodium falciparum, which is responsible for up to 99.7 per cent of malaria incidence in the African region. This protozoan is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito carrier through direct blood exchange. The current epidemic threatens global health, with an estimated death rate of 435,000 cases in 2017, particularly in the African and South-American regions. The clinical presentation may be as minor as fever and rigours, leading to jaundice, anaemia and may even cause death if not treated effectively. Malaria may be treated with anti-malarials, such as chloroquine, quinine and artemisinin, depending on its origin. However, the increasing resistance to the frontline treatment, artemisinin combination therapy, is rapidly developing in the South-Asian regions. This has highlighted the need and urgency in developing novel anti-malarial agents. Triazine dimers are proposed to be a new class of anti-malarial medication with a currently unknown mechanism. The most recent literature suggested that triazine dimers could exhibit its anti-malarial activity in the same manner as chloroquine due to the similarities in their structure. However, the triazine dimers are equally as effective towards chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. It is therefore reasonable to speculate that triazine dimers may exhibit its anti-malarial activity via a completely new mechanism. We hypothesised that triazine dimers are able to kill P. falciparum protozoans via DNA damage. The experimental investigation, comet assay, can be used to qualify and quantify the DNA damage.Stephanie Daborn (Monash University Australia)Mapping vulnerability to climate change in Australian citiesClimate change is an important issue threatening humanity both in the long and short term. While climate-change impact relies heavily on the environment, vulnerability to climate change is also a function of human factors. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has found that age, language fluency, education and socio-economic status are four of the most important demographic factors contributing to climate-change vulnerability in urban settings. Urban areas are particularly important as, by 2050, the United Nations projects that 70 per cent of the world’s population will live in urban areas. This research uses 2016 Australian Census data and the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Census Table Builder tool to map Greater Sydney, Greater Melbourne and Greater Brisbane, illustrating which local government areas within these cities exhibit the highest climate-change vulnerability. Vulnerability in this study was calculated as a function of the percentage of the population aged below 15 and above 65, English proficiency, high-school completion and income below $400 per week (the bottom third of incomes in Australia). Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane have been chosen as, combined, these cities cover half of Australia’s population. This study found that local government areas on the cities’ peripheries are generally more vulnerable to climate change. This research will inform local governments about the level of vulnerability in their area, allowing councils to determine whether policy and education programmes addressing household climate-change vulnerability need to be implemented immediately or as a part of a longer-term plan.Ines Decorte (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)Genetic diversity of the mud crab Scylla serrata along Indonesian coastsThe mud crab Scylla serrata is an important commodity in commercial fisheries in the Indo-West Pacific and especially in Indonesia. Increasing exploitation rates and mangrove degradation are threatening S. serrata populations along Indonesian coasts. The genetic diversity of S. serrata populations was investigated at three sample sites in three different geographical regions of Indonesia, which could provide useful information for fishery management. Tissue samples (pleopods) of 45 S. serrata individuals from three sampling sites (Kupang, Tarailu and Inamo) were collected and preserved in 99% ethanol. A fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was amplified, sequenced and used to analyse the genetic diversity and differentiation of the populations. The COI sequences showed 14 haplotypes within the three populations. Two of the three populations (Tarailu and Inamo) showed high haplotype and low nucleotide diversity, while the third (Kupang) showed both high haplotype and high nucleotide diversity. Kupang showed no genetic differentiation with the other two sites, likely as a cause of being located along a connecting ocean current. Tarailu and Inamo did show a significant genetic separation from each other. The necessity of having sustainable fishery practices and management is important for S. serrata populations that do not have a supply of larvae from nearby populations through ocean currents. More research will be necessary to receive a complete picture of connectivity and genetic diversity of S. serrata populations along Indonesian coasts.Krutika Ambani (Monash University Australia)A model to explain the evolution of nocturnal and diurnal sleeping patterns in mammalian speciesMammals have very diverse sleep patterns, including diurnal (day-active) and nocturnal (night-active) patterns. A computational model of the sleep-regulatory circuits in the mammalian brain has been able to parsimoniously replicate many sleep patterns found in mammals. The parameters in the model correspond to physiological processes in the mammalian brain. Although the model is able to reproduce mammalian sleep patterns, it is unknown why certain sleep patterns (and corresponding parameter values) evolved. In this study, two populations were simulated in a predator–prey system. Each member was represented by a ‘genome’ containing the model parameters. Evolutionary fitness was defined based on time awake, time asleep, interactions with one’s own species and interactions with one’s other species. Genes that maximised fitness had a higher likelihood of being passed on to the next generation. ‘Mutations’ were introduced at random in each generation. It was found that if the prey population was, on average, diurnal, the predator population would evolve to also become diurnal. The prey would escape by evolving to become nocturnal, and the predators would then also evolve to become nocturnal. This cycle continued indefinitely, with the predators lagging always behind (pursuing) the prey. Higher mutation rates were found to result in more rapid cycles. A toy model was developed to explain these dynamics. These findings indicate that co-evolution may be a key factor that drives selection of sleep patterns. The model could be used in future to understand the factors that led to humans evolving consolidated night-time sleep.Panel 6E Behaviour, Science and Social SystemsCharlie Weston and Jack Durrant (University of Warwick)Trends and changes in adverse events in plastic surgeryBackground: Effective analysis of incident-reporting systems in healthcare is essential in order for hospital departments to learn from mistakes and to optimise patient care. Reviewing past incidents allows us to take corrective measures to systems and inform clinical practice. This service evaluation will take stock of over 10 years of reports in the Plastic Surgery department of University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire and reveal trends in causes and severity of incidents recorded on DATIX.Method: DATIX is a web-based patient-incident reporting service used by many NHS hospitals. Each report contains information including the severity of harm, stage of delivery, a written description of what happened and steps taken to prevent it happening again. To access these reports, we used a DATIX functionality to export the full list of completed (acted upon) incidents from the plastic surgery department since DATIX was adopted until the time of writing. The records were then manually assessed by the author and a colleague, and sorted according to the nature of the incident, using headings regarding operative causes, non-operative causes and the severity of each event. The labelled data was studied using SPSS and Excel.Results: Frequencies of reported incidents have increased year by year, with an average increase on 85.2 per cent across all years studied, with 2012 showing a particularly high number of reports.Conclusion: This increase is likely due to NHS plans to improve reporting and encourage staff to report any adverse outcomes they encounter.Stéphen Theron-Grimaldi (University of Warwick)How speech compensates for low-gesture capability? A study investigating changes in speech production when mutual visibility between the speaker and listener is limitedPeople spontaneously produce gestures when they speak. Gestures can be complementary to the speech and thus be a window into the speaker’s mind, revealing what the speech does not reveal.Some factors, such as mutual visibility between the speaker and the listener, were found to have an influence on gesture production. Recent research has found that people produce fewer gestures when they cannot see the listener.The aim of this study is to experimentally investigate whether speakers adapt their speech in response to changes in mutual visibility between themselves and the listener. Participants will have to describe cartoons and will be separated from the listener by a screen of different heights.Following the complementarity theory of the gesture–speech communicative system, we expect to observe a more informative speech in the full-height screen condition. That is, when unable to see the listener, the speaker may enrich the content of speech by adding information that would otherwise be conveyed by gestures.This study is intended to deepen the knowledge around the importance of gesture into conveying communicative information.That may have a strong impact in Artificial Intelligence and then development of robotics, where gestures need to be taken into account in speech analysis. Moreover, job interviews using video calls might be less effective if gestures are not visible. Finally, teachers can fail to evaluate a student’s knowledge appropriately if they only focus on speech during an oral test.Chin Wey Shen and Vicky Feliren (Monash University Malaysia)ASEAN 4.0: Progressing education in IR 4.0 to prepare developed human talentThe fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0) progresses as the invention of cyber-physical systems is integrated into the modern workspace to simplify manually demanding jobs by using fewer human interventions in the near future. Our research aims to identify the correlation between higher-education levels and economic performance among emerging economies within the South-East Asian region, which is expected to lead as the fourth-largest economy by 2030 – behind the USA, China and European markets in terms of GDP growth. The contemporary context suggests that local education systems are widely featured as a measure to a country’s economic success, which is often accompanied by PISA scores and levels of developments in STEM programmes. However, expansive technology advancements create unforeseen bottlenecks in skill gaps and unemployment rates in the grey areas to the current workplace environment, suggesting that employees are required to reskill themselves to deal with the rise of automation and robots. These foreseeable outcomes overshadow the excitement of future job prospects to be better off. The pinnacle movement in the context of Industry 4.0 brings us to research areas on the possibilities of reskilling people to be employees of the future, in a bid to progress steady economic developments within South-East Asian regions.Panel 6F Power DynamicsGurumurthy Varsha (Nanyang Technological University)Fair or unfair? How followers perceive the selection of minority leadersAffirmative Action (AA) is an extremely useful and common tool for introducing ethnic diversity in organisations. However, the major argument against AA is the resentment it breeds in the majority towards the minority, as it may negatively impact their chances at moving up the corporate ladder. Keeping in mind this controversy surrounding AA, it is necessary to examine when and why people may respond well or poorly to minority leaders, and how minority leaders can gain greater legitimacy and receive greater respect from their followers. This research aims to examine how contextual ideology (meritocracy vs egalitarianism) and the minority leader’s behaviour (proactive vs reactive) influence followers’ perceptions towards the fairness of the selection system and the minority leader. We hypothesise: 1) when the ideology is egalitarian (vs meritocratic), there will be higher perceived fairness of an affirmative action selection system, and 2) The new minority leader’s proactive (vs reactive) behaviours will moderate the relation of followers’ perceived (un)fairness of the AA selection system with their impression (perceived competence and warmth) of the leader. An online experiment was conducted with 206 undergraduates. The results showed that followers associated the AA selection procedure with lower fairness as compared to an identity-blind procedure, regardless of the organisation’s meritocratic or egalitarian beliefs. Leader’s proactive behaviours strengthened the positive relation of fairness with perceived competence (but not warmth) of the new leader. The nuances and challenges of successfully implementing AA for minorities in meritocratic societies deserve to be explored further.Gabriel Qazi (University of Warwick)In what ways do the far right misuse history to further their agendas, and how can we combat it?In recent years, there has been a trend within certain far-right communities to focus on presenting selected segments of history with a skewed and misinterpreted view. This results in the obscuration of the accepted academic view of historical events when investigated by the public.Through the study of credible primary and secondary historical sources, focusing on historical events that are defined by two sides of a conflict such as the Crusades and the Greco-Persian wars, we hope to demonstrate how the tactic of disseminating a skewed and biased version of events to the public can help to push an extremist agenda. This discussion will also include a study of example extremist groups, such as the Daesh or the Nazis.In addition to sources that focus on historical misinterpretations, social media shall also be utilised to highlight how history is misused in the modern day through platforms such as YouTube and Twitter. A look into current figures ranging from academics to social-media users and how they have begun to combat this trend shall also be explained.Overall, our goal is not only to present the inaccurate historical accounts put forwards by the far right, but also to discuss methods of combating these tactics. It is not enough to be aware of how misinformation can be spread. Steps must be taken to ensure in the future that such tactics become ineffective, especially in the current political climate around the world.Simran Seera (University of Warwick)‘Does my therapist understand me?’ Exploring the complex dynamics of therapist–client interactions with regards to religious beliefIt has become a widely held societal opinion that the world is advancing to a more secular belief system mirroring the rising scientific paradigm (Office of National Statistics, 2011) that the more ‘outdated’ religious beliefs have taken a backseat. Yet, in 2015, 6.21 billion of the world’s population reported a belief in a religious, metaphysical or spiritual life-view. Psychology itself stems from philosophical roots considering ‘soul sickness’ that, over time and thorough refinements, developed into current clinical practice. Within this, creating a trusting client–therapist rapport is integral, with a key feature being a sense of connection (Rosa and Hasselkus, 1996), evaluated by methods of observation or questionnaires such as therapists’ facilitative interpersonal skills (FIS) or social skills (SSI). With such a majority devoted to faith, psychiatrists must consider and empathise with these views to create this connection; new therapies encourage this, including Religious, Cognitive, Emotional Therapy (RCET) or Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy. However, currently there exists very little therapist support into such complex and abstract aspects, including spiritualism (Winkeljohn Black, 2018).Current research will be two-fold, with believers using a Likert scale. To establish causality, firstly, opinions on the likelihood of whether their views would be understood if in therapy will be conducted alongside individuals with prior therapy experience rating their therapist’s understanding. If results were found to support the existence of a ‘block’ within the therapist–patient dynamic, more interventions could be conducted for therapists, aiding to recognise the importance of the multi-dimensional beliefs of many individuals, including improvements in quality of medical care.Marijus Zabiela (University of Warwick)Diplomacy with Barbarians: A study of communication and the role of Western envoys in the Grand Duchy of LithuaniaThe aims of the project are to understand and study the communication style and methods used when a pagan empire communicated with Christian states, in this particular example – the Kingdom of Poland and the Papal State, by using the examples of mediaeval Lithuanian rulers such as Gediminas (Gedymin) and Jogaila (Jagiello) who were very successful in creating connections with foreign countries and are regarded as great diplomats. The project will also try to examine the role of an envoy sent to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This area of research is fairly new and this particular example has not been researched before. The questions this project aims to answer are: What could the envoy do?; How powerful was he?; How did he behave regarding the pagan monarch?; What methods were used to establish and maintain connections between two different states? What was done to ensure that important marriages were arranged and took place?; What were the tricks and customs of mediaeval diplomacy?; Did the Duchy have a distinct writing style or followed the European example?; Were there any templates in mediaeval letter writing? For example, the start of a letter declaring that it is written from us: ‘We the king’.’ and etc.Panel 6G Applications of STEMDominic Koh Jing Qun (Nanyang Technological University)Singaporean preservice teachers’ perceptions and interpretations on STEM educationSTEM, the acronym for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, holds promises of offering an authentic way of learning for students. It is supposed to facilitate development of twenty-first century competencies and scientific literacy. Despite heavy use of the term, a diffused understanding of STEM education remains. We aimed to investigate perceptions of Singaporean preservice teachers (PST) on STEM education and whether there are differences in their understanding of what STEM is. Learning these perceptions would facilitate design of STEM education courses to guide them on designing integrated STEM education lessons. A total of 16 PSTs, between second and fourth year of study, participated in a 30-item questionnaire. Questionnaire responses were used to sort the PSTs into na?ve, emerging and progressive categories. Nine PSTs in total from all categories were then randomly selected for an interview to elicit perceptions about STEM education. Questionnaire and interview responses were coded and used for thematisation. We found that PSTs with na?ve understanding provide broad descriptions and unique ideas on STEM education. PSTs with progressive understanding showed a deep and well-articulated understanding, often associating STEM education with interdisciplinary connections. PSTs with emerging understanding recognised some ideas of STEM education similar to those raised by PSTs with progressive understanding but lacked precision. As science and engineering disciplines are similar, we hypothesised that PSTs are unlikely to distinguish between the disciplines. This was observed when PSTs identified several aspects as belonging to both science and engineering. This could potentially lead to confusion about the affordances of science, engineering and STEM.Ugonna Angel Anyamele, Elana Nerwich, Bharath Saravanan and Jack Godfrey (University of Leeds)Developing low-cost techniques to improve the use of Ilizarov circular frame fixators for tibial fractures in low and middle-income countriesWorldwide, approximately 90 per cent of trauma-related deaths occur in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) – many due to severe fractures (Zirkle, 2008). Unfortunately, management of fractures is challenging in this context, and many people receive little or no treatment.Ilizarov frames are widely used in higher-income countries to manage open leg fractures. They consist of a frame constructed around the leg by surgeons using wires drilled into the bone attached to steel rings connected by stiff rods. The frame holds the bone in place while supporting the load to facilitate weight-bearing, thus reducing hospital stay and improving healing.Ilizarov frames could be highly beneficial in LMICs; however, their high cost is currently prohibitive. This project aims to explore ways of improving methods to fit these frames and reduce cost using frugal engineering techniques.A novel frame concept has been developed based on a low-cost alternative to the wires used in existing frames. In addition, a low-cost sensing approach is being developed to provide a robust, objective and clinically relevant means to measure wire tension, thus reducing risk of clinical complications (La Russa et al., 2010).Work has been evaluated through lab experiments using artificial bone. The degree of frame deformation and relative bone displacement under load is measured using a motion capture system. Results are being analysed to identify the efficacy of this approach and clinical relevance. Findings will inform future research with the ultimate goal of improving leg fracture management in LMICs.Mitchell Cottam and Helcias Ribeiro (University of Leeds)MyPAM upper body rehabilitation robot: Games and mid-level controller developmentOur research focuses on the rehabilitation of stroke survivors and children with cerebral palsy using the active-assistance robotic arm called MyPAM. For a patient to maximise their recovery, it is vital that they perform their rehabilitative exercises consistently and for a prolonged period. Inevitably, patients often struggle to do this due to the tedious nature of the repetitive exercises, in addition to the limited access to physiotherapists.The MyPAM and the use of computer games will provide a motivational component that aims to maintain the patient’s engagement for as long as is required for maximum recovery. A key goal of the research is to make the system portable and cheap to install in the patient’s home for the duration of their therapy. This, along with the active-assistance, will reduce the need for a therapist to be present. Data from gameplay will be sent to a secure database for the therapist to analyse and adjust the patient’s recovery program accordingly. The computer games coupled with MyPAM’s assistance will help rebuild neural connections in the patient’s brains, ultimately allowing them to perform activities of daily living and regain their independence.Our roles in this project are to create a mid-level controller and games for the MyPAM. The core functionality of the mid-level controller is complete, and we are currently working on adding the patient progression database. We are working on two games. We want the games to monitor patient progression; therefore, we will research what relevant data we can send to the database.Alice Tiler (University of Leeds)Artificial arms for medical applicationsWorldwide, there are more than 3 million people who live with upper limb loss, 2.4 million of which are from developing countries. Below-elbow arm amputees account for 59 per cent, while 28 per cent are above the elbow. Robotic prostheses use electromyographic (EMG) signals, generated by muscle activity, to restore functionality through a limited set of movements. However, there are limited options for upper-arm prosthetics with very few affordable ones for lower-arm amputees.To address this, I designed, developed and built a robotic prosthetic prototype for an upper-arm amputee. I used non-invasive EMG electrodes secured to the skin surface and a custom signal-conditioning electrical circuit. The conditioned signal is paired with a robotic arm that I programmed to replicate the movements detected by the electrical circuit. The prototype was tested by five people to account for variance in muscle signals.Test results analysis showed that body fat had more impact on the detected EMG signals than muscle size and definition. In addition, below-elbow movements could be detected by monitoring below-elbow muscles. Furthermore, change in magnitude of the signal was proportional to the amount of movement, while the speed of change of was proportional to the movement speed.Through monitoring the contraction and relaxation of two muscles, flexing the upper arm and moving the lower arm were consistently recognised. A new signal-processing technique was also introduced to remove the need for movement calibration. Future research plans include monitoring additional muscles to increase the accuracy and number of movements detected.Panel 6H Policy and ReasonJean Aldrin Concepcion Relador (Nanyang Technological University)An analysis of the structure of practical reason and reason as a relationMurphy (2001) argues that Natural Law Theory is foremost a theory of practical reason. Practical reason is the ability to identify considerations that count as reasons for action. Scanlon (2014) states that whatever a reason is, that reason is a relation between agents, actions, circumstances an agent is in and reason-supplying facts. I argue that Murphy’s understanding of Natural Law Theory as a theory of practical reason specifies the kinds of reason-supplying facts that are relevant to an agent. Thus, there are only some considerations that can count as reasons for action. This paper will compare Murphy’s and Scanlon’s accounts in defence of this argument.Murphy, M. C. (2001), Natural law and practical rationality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Scanlon, T. M. (2014), Being realistic about reasons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Armaan Iqbal (University of Leeds)The association of ankle blood pressure and stroke sub-type, and the influence of glucose regulationBackground: Strokes are the second leading cause of global mortality. Ankle blood pressures (ABP) have been associated with strokes. However, association with stroke sub-type appears uncertain, despite a need to identify more specific markers. ABP indicates arterial stiffness – a contributor to small-vessel lacunar stroke pathogenesis. Diabetes increases arterial stiffness, thus influences ABP.Aim: This study aims to investigate associations between ABP and small-vessel lacunar strokes, and ABP and diabetes.Method: Stroke patients were recruited from Leeds General Infirmary (October 2018 to May 2019). A medical history was taken, and ABP measurements recorded using Doppler equipment. Clinical features and radiological imaging were assessed to determine stroke sub-type using two classification systems. A visual-rating scale using CT/MRI assessed small-vessel disease (SVD) severity.Results: Recruitment totalled 105 participants. The moderate-to-severe SVD prevalence was 46 per cent. Univariate analysis found no significant association between ABP measured at dorsalis pedis (DP) and posterior tibial (PT) pulses with moderate-to-severe SVD (p-values at left and right; PT 0.007, DP 0.161). Linear regression analysis indicated significant association between diabetes and ABP at three pulses (p-values; right DP 0.018, left DP 0.035 and left PT 0.017).Conclusions: The findings indicate that high ABP is not related to SVD strokes, but low ABP may instead serve as a marker for generalised atherosclerosis in stroke (indicated by previous studies). ABP is only used in vascular medicine. ABP association with diabetes indicates diabetic vessel pathology detection using ABP, suggesting implications for potential as a marker of disease in diabetic medicine. This may positively affect diagnostics in diabetes, which is currently reliant on invasive measures, as ABP both non-invasive and inexpensive.Amy Campbell (University of Durham)Investigating how the nation-state law in Israel challenges the relationship between ethnicity/religion and citizenship in Israeli political cultureThe aim of this research is to investigate how the nation-state law in Israel challenges the relationship between ethnicity/ religion and citizenship in Israeli political culture. The most controversial clauses of the nation-state explicitly set forth that the exercise of the right to national self-determination in Israel is unique to the Jewish people, the official language is Hebrew, and that Jewish settlement shall be encouraged. Unstructured interviews conducted in Israel were used to collect data. Interviewees were selected across the political spectrum including Israeli, Arab-Israeli and Palestinian politicians, journalists, activists, directors of non-governmental organisations and academics. The direction of the research was expanded from the initial research proposal – examining the impact on Arab and Palestinian minorities – into a wider investigation of the agenda that brought the nation-state law to the Knesset. The preliminary findings have so far demonstrated that the law divides opinion between furthering Zionism on the one hand, and on the other, increasing resistance to the symbolic consequences of defining a country with one nationality, reinforcement of the right-wing status quo and the occupation of Palestinian territory. While investigating a law so fundamental to the political structure in Israel, it became apparent that there are two types of impact to the law in Israel: the parliamentary and constitutional consequences of the law in the Knesset, and the consequence of re-affirming the national and international debate of whether it is justified that one ethnic/religious group has complete power over governance of the land of Israel, including the supreme court.Panel 7A Tackling Conditions Head OnSarah Noles (University of Warwick)Instagram and perceptions of sustainable lifestyles: Environmental influencers and the governmentalities of Nature 20In the face of the oncoming climate catastrophe, mass pro-environmental social change is vital for the survival of a flourishing Earth. Perceptions and attitudes towards sustainable lifestyles are a fundamental factor determining how people live in relation to the environment, and social media is increasing in its capacity to influence such attitudes. This research explores the effects of some of the architects of today’s digital influence – ‘Instagram influencers’ – and seeks to answer the research question: how can Instagram environmental influencers affect their followers’ perceptions of sustainable lifestyles? Underpinned by social constructivist ontology and interpretivist epistemology, this study employs a naturalistic quasi-experimental approach by asking seven students to follow a representative selection of environmental-influencer content on Instagram for 3–4 weeks, assessing their effect through qualitative semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ perceptions before and after. Through thematic analysis, several themes were identified that highlight how the affordances of Instagram-influencer content affected perceptions of sustainable lifestyles in heterogeneous ways. Overall, the study finds that, while environmental-influencer content on Instagram offers new possibilities for the effortless reception of knowledge about aspirational sustainable lifestyle practices and can increase environmental consciousness, participants also perceived these kind of sustainable lifestyles as overly aesthetically idealised, inaccessible and somewhat inauthentic, as requiring affluence and continued consumption, and as aligning with previously held stereotypes about environmentalists. The results and analysis contribute towards a deeper understanding of how the affordances of specific social-media platforms can facilitate and limit the effectiveness of content aiming to foster social change.Lanaire Aderemi (University of Warwick)Strange homelands: Challenging the concepts of roots and fixed Nigerian diasporic identitiesThe concept of diaspora poses a challenge to the concept of origin. By critically challenging the viewpoint that the concept of diaspora is fixed, I will be adopting the standpoint that diasporic identities are marked by ‘routes’ – the circulation of people, ideas and practice rather than having a single, fixed origin or ‘root’. Through close analysis of the Nigerian diaspora, I will be centring ontological and epistemological stances ‘routed’ and informed by stories. By adopting this stance, I am able to simultaneously challenge knowledge construction that banishes storytelling to the periphery of real knowledge while recognising the gender politics that degrades the art of storytelling. As such, this paper seeks to further cite encounters of home, reflect on identity and recount events of movement and belonging as a storyteller will. To further illustrate that diasporic identities are marked by ‘routes’, this essay will explore two main ‘alternative public spheres’ (Gilroy, 1996) – music and visual art. Such exploration also allows for greater understanding of nostalgia and intimacy while subverting the concept of diaspora and the concept of origin/roots.Sara Reji and Nidaa Ahmed (IIE-MSA)The future of employability: Virtual networking in South AfricaThe adoption of virtual networks has expanded business landscapes. It has increased the opportunity for many businesses to interlink with each other and has created virtual job spaces for numerous employees. The innovative approach of virtual networking has motivated organisations to invest in new technologies, offering increased advantages – including its improved rates of employee satisfaction, efficiency and growth potential – which have driven more organisations to allocate more ‘virtual’ employees. Further, organisations such as Google have adapted virtual networking, with its flexible and high-speed nature becoming an attractive point, encouraging individuals to apply for a job. South African organisations such as Standard Bank and Cell-C have adopted virtual networking methods in order to ease the workspace for employees. However, constant and continuous monitoring and communication is essential for any virtual network to be successful. This research will focus on the impact of virtual networking on employability. The research uses existing, limited secondary sources to investigate the employment rates of virtual networking organisations versus traditional organisations. It is expected that virtual networking will positively impact employability by expanding job opportunities and creating a more flexible environment for employees. If the outcome is as expected, the Department of Employment and Labour should form a strategic alliance with the Department of Higher Education, Science and Technology in order to reduce the disparities in the job market by aiming for more virtual organisations that can collectively uplift the economic growth of the country.Panel 7B Foreign Policy and Humanitarian IssuesFreda Peh Sin Fang (Nanyang Technological University)Migrant literature in Singapore: Subjectivity, otherness and ethical encountersFollowing the publication of migrant literature, such as the poetry anthology Songs from a Distance from the 2016 Migrant Worker Poetry Competition and Stranger to Myself: Diary of a Bangladeshi in Singapore by Md Sharif Uddin, a broader evocation of migrant experiences in Singapore has emerged. While much scholarship has centred on migrant subjectivities as oppositional to the capitalist state mechanism, this research project seeks to revisit the fraught notion of the economic migrant in Singapore, and how feminist and queer strategies might inform an ethical reading of migrant subjectivities within two works of art: Yeo Siew Hua’s A Land Imagined – a 2018 film that investigates disappearing migrant workers that won multiple international and local film awards – which will be compared alongside a poetry anthology titled Braving Life by Bangladeshi migrant worker Md Mukul Hossine, transcreated by Cyril Wong. My reading of migrant subjectivity and citizenship is informed by Lacanian psychoanalysis and intercultural cinema. Drawing on the term ‘intercultural cinema’, coined by Laura Marks, I propose that diasporic subjectivity is not rooted within a singular linguistic discourse but mediated through at least two forms of cultural discourses to account for the migrant’s nomadic identity. I then explore how Levinasian ethics can inform a new model of relational subjectivity – through recognising embodied experience and memory as modes of knowledge that can account for the infinite alterity of diasporic otherness that informs the migrant’s identity, and how we can ethically relate to his body in our proximity as citizens or migrants.Philip Filiou (University of Warwick)Understanding the role of Private Military and Security Companies in a humanitarian capacityWorldwide, 1 in every 70 people is caught up in a humanitarian crisis; these crises are often linked with large-scale conflict – civil war, ethnic cleansing and genocide (UNOCHA, 2019) – adding a layer of complexity in providing humanitarian aid in these regions. A recent trend has been the hiring of Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in assisting in humanitarian aid from states, United Nations (UN) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). However, there is limited literature and understanding in what capacity PMSCs can play in these crises.The central thesis of this work will be assessing the role PMSCs can undertake in a humanitarian capacity: 1) through conducting a literature review on the legality, feasibility and justifiability of using PSMCs in a humanitarian crisis, and 2) a comparative analysis of case studies of where PSMCs have been used in a humanitarian capacity – Sudan, Iraq and the USA. These will be used to create a framework for using PMSCs in humanitarian situations.I will pre-suppose that PMSCs have an important role in the humanitarian capacity and assist in areas in which states, NGOs and the UN are unable to do so; thus, they will play an ever-greater role in providing humanitarian aid in the twenty-first century.Isabelle Riepe (University of Warwick)Museums as agents for Europeanisation? An analysis of EU cultural policy and museologyThe EU’s ongoing struggle to appeal to its citizens, create cohesion and manifest its democratic position is increasingly threatened by nationalist politics and Brexit. The need for a strong ‘unity in diversity’, meaning a coherent European identity first set out in the 1992 Maastricht treaty, has returned to EU political debates. Taking the long-running European Capital of Culture (ECOC) programme, this study compares four city museums in two ECOCs, Marseille-Provence 2013 and Ume? 2014. An interdisciplinary approach is adopted bridging Europeanisation studies with museology, the theory and practice of museums. Through a constructivist analysis diverging meanings of Europe and Culture during ECOC action are contrasted. The longer-term analysis allows us to understand legacy and sustainability of urban regeneration and cultural co-creation practices. Ultimately, shared developments and problems in the museums’ approach and Europeanisation studies manifest museums as political institutions. They become valid participants in the study of meanings in EU cultural policy. Limited EU involvement in the ECOC programme complicates the idea of Europeanisation at the domestic level. Rather, Europeanisation as cultural practice continues in the shadow of urban regeneration and reputation that ECOC action facilitates.Eric Decker, Paula Bejarano Carbo and Isabella Buratta (University of Warwick)Human rights and macroeconomicsThe goal of the ‘Human Rights and Macroeconomics’ project is to develop a demand for an approach that would bridge the current disciplinary gap between macroeconomic policy and human rights in order to create more relevant applicable economic frameworks. Each of our individual projects focus on a specific case study showcasing the necessity of such frameworks. Eric Decker diverges into migrant worker labour rights as a subset of human rights within the free trade North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC). He considers the intersection of static, domestic labour rights of NAALC with an increasingly transmigratory irregular economic Central American migration to come up with a further research proposal. Isabella Buratta has focused on an analysis of current and past housing policy in the UK as a specific case study and analysed how the outcomes of economic policy can be improved by using a human rights audit framework. Paula Bejarano Carbo focused on Roma communities in the EU; specifically, her project aims to showcase the explicit link between identity-driven discourses of exclusion and alterity, the extent to which fundamental rights are upheld institutionally, and minority communities’ labour market participation.Panel 7C EnvironmentTodd Olive (University of Warwick)The economics of climate change: Understanding the relevance and power of an updated Stern Review in combating the climate emergencyThe 2006 Stern Review represented a radical shift in understanding the net economic costs of climate change. Its conclusion that costs of mitigation stood at orders of magnitude less than potential costs of inaction was credited with the unprecedented measures taken by the British Government in the 2008 Climate Change Act.Since its publication, our understanding of the risks in climate systems has significantly improved, in addition to the quantity and quality of data we possess. Ongoing discourse regarding feedback cycles and normative valuations of non-monetary impacts has led to serious changes in our perception of the Climate Emergency. These developments are employed to update the Review’s methodological and quantitative foundations, providing for more accurate long-run conclusions.Over the same period, public perceptions of economics have also declined; assumptions made regarding rational human behaviour have been challenged, alongside the omission of questions of ‘morality’ in a subject frequently cited as objective evidence for highly subjective political aims. This paper therefore further considers the impact of these changes on the ethical robustness of the Review’s outcomes and recommendations.The potential role of such an update will be evaluated by considering data regarding public responses to recent allied publications with similar characteristics, such as the IPCC’s Special Report on 1.5°C, as well as journalistic discussions. These comparisons illuminate the potential of an updated Stern Review to combat political deadlock, populist movements and the ongoing influence of the fossil-fuel lobby, and contribute to motivating a materially sufficient response to the Climate Emergency.Alexander Reay (University of Warwick)Rhetoric or reality? A comparative study of compliance with the Paris AgreementThis study looks to understand the level of compliance with Article 2.1c, ‘making financial flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development’ of the Paris Climate Change Agreement by American publicly owned corporations and Chinese state-owned enterprises. Following the analysis of their actual level of compliance, the study takes a theoretical approach to explain the effect company-ownership style has upon compliance. Ultimately, it answers the question of how and why company-ownership style affects compliance with Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement.To answer this question, I draw numerical data from a combination of third-party papers and company reports to track the financial flows of companies. I then analyse the level of compliance of these financial flows with Article 2.1c by looking at the quantity of fossil-fuel financing employed and contrasting this with the quantity of green financing, determining whether the amount of financial flows reflect the financing of ‘a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions’. To create a valid interpretation of the article and valid analysis of compliance, I draw upon a range of United Nation sources and secondary literature to determine what a ‘pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions’ constitutes. To maintain a manageable sample size of companies, I have restricted the industries looked at to banking, oil and gas. The reasons behind this choice are addressed in the study.This study aims to further the understanding of the underlying and fundamental reasons about why companies in the two largest economies comply with or subvert from the goals of the Paris Climate Change Agreement. This will allow better policies to be formulated and better critiques of the law to be made from a position of greater understanding and an expanded corpus of knowledge.Magdalena Tabaka (University of Warwick)Accounting for environmental damage and sustainable development in the twenty-first centuryConsumerism has been the trend of the twenty-first century and, by its nature, a big cause of environmental change, which now has been confirmed by 97.3 per cent climate scientists (IPCC, 2014). Consumerism is highly correlated with transnational corporations and their constant prioritisation of self-interest over impact their operations have on our planet. This phenomenon is created by basic rules that the current business world lives by and, even though in business culture it is important to contribute positively to the society, it does not outweigh the negative, selfish impact (Cooney and Freslon, 2018). Therefore, the business rules and environment must change, and it can be done by transforming the current accounting system that directs companies’ behaviours and the business world (Lehman, 2005).The main assumption made in the research is that the accounting system is obeyed by the corporations and is effective in implementing new rules.Current accounting methods such as ecological footprint do not include enough factors (Bebbington and Gray, 2001). Moreover, it is practically impossible to price environment elements, also because of companies’ attitude and lack of appreciation.My research investigates how best to adjust the accounting standards to alter the business world and business leaders’ mindsets that influence the environment and our planet. Extended literature overview and selected companies’ insight and analysis are used to explore these.The results might impact the accounting bodies’ work and, in turn, improve corporations’ actions and state of the environment. However, further research might be needed as the topic is complex and practical implementation questions are raised.Panel 7D Health, Disease and ScienceWee Han Jing (Nanyang Technological University)Nasal medications: It tricks or treatsNasal congestion is a prevalent symptom in diseases such as rhinitis (non-allergic and allergic). Nasal medications (e.g. intranasal corticosteroids) are used as the first-line therapy as they have a faster onset and lesser side effects compared to nasal pills (e.g. antihistamines). Although it is a well-established fact that young children detest the use of nasal medications, despite its higher efficiency, much less is known about the difficulties parents face during administration. If not properly managed in young children, nasal congestion can lead to a decrease in the quality of life resulting from causes such as fatigue. The purpose of this research is to discover the various difficulties parents face during administration of nasal medications via qualitative analysis of public posts in online discussion forums. The over-arching theme, ‘Nasal medications: It tricks or treats’, summarises the administration process. Nasal medication can ‘treat’ the child. Alternatively, nasal medications can ‘trick’ the parents since they may not work due to various reasons or parents may need to ‘trick’ the child. Parents describe the issues, feelings and uncertainties they face. Results highlight the different ways parents use to trick their children and also the various repercussions that may result. Online discussions mainly highlight some of the parents’ frustrations and lack of understanding of administering nasal medications. While it is difficult to give a quantitative view of the problem from our data, it illustrates a need for healthcare professionals to give patient-centred care and to educate caregivers on effective administration methods.Nur Laili Binte Madhar Abdeen (Nanyang Technological University)Asian Minority representations of mental health in Balli Kaur Jaswal’s InheritanceBalli Kaur Jaswal’s Inheritance conveys the tale of a Punjabi-Sikh family navigating through Singapore’s early years of independence. In particular, the novel hinges upon the development of Amrit’s identity, the daughter of the family who is also perceived as the troublemaker. She is eventually revealed to be diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder, which sheds light onto her apparently rebellious past. As such, this paper seeks to explore mental health specifically in Jaswal’s Inheritance because it provides the perspective of a minority’s mental health narrative. This is crucial in promoting better understanding of people with mental illnesses, especially those who are already marginalised as a result of their social position as a minority. The novel’s Asian setting illuminates the socio-cultural impact on mental health, whereas most of such narratives usually stem from Eurocentric perspectives. This paper will particularly analyse the portrayal of Amrit – for an internal experience of mental health since external symptoms are rarely observed – and her relationship with the other characters, as their interpersonal dynamics will reveal how one’s community influences the development and recovery from mental illness. The experience of Bipolar Disorder can be interpreted from Amrit’s internal focalisation, which provides insights into her thoughts. In addition, the socio-cultural impact on mental health is illustrated through the theme of restraint and the subsequent rebellion against it. These themes are demonstrated in the tension between Amrit’s rebellion and her father’s insistence on restraint, which posits the underlying cultural dilemma in dealing with mental health.James Cooper (University of Leeds)Standardised particles in pre-filled syringesPre-filled syringes are a vital part of medicine, and the safety of these is important. It is vital that a syringe is not contaminated, as syringe contaminants are a risk to the patients’ health. Detection of these contaminants can remove unsafe syringes. The machine that detects syringe contaminants does so by creating a flow-field that brings the particles to the centre of the syringe, which blocks light, causing a detection signal. The current problem is that the machines are hard to optimise (i.e. the speed at which the different-sized particles will settle in the centre of the syringe).Our research is to see if there is a way to optimise the centrifuge more quickly and easily. We focused on creating a collection of similar particles in the range of 0.005–0.05mm. Standardising the particles will reduce the effort in establishing optimum speed for detection. The research looked into techniques to create these particles, resulting in analysis of the viability and accuracy of the methods. The method discovered is the use of razor blades to cut wire into cylindrical particles; this process has been refined over time. During the research, we used microscopic imaging to validate the accuracy of the method.The final aim of the research is to produce particles that can then be used to reduce the time and experimentation required to create a robust process. The results show that these particles can be recreated and be used across the pharmaceutical industry.Sioned Williams (University of Leeds)Reducing brain inflammation to treat Alzheimer’s diseaseAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, culminating in reduced cognitive function and eventual death. There is currently no effective treatment. Brain inflammation resulting from the activation of brain cells called microglia is thought to contribute to AD pathology and disease progression. Therefore, identifying ways to reduce microglia activation could have beneficial effects in patients with AD. There is evidence to suggest the inflammatory activity of microglial cells can be reduced by the inhibition of proteins called histone deacetylases (HDACs), which alter the chemical and physical structure of many other proteins by removing acetyl groups. Here we have cultured and stimulated microglial cells to mimic their inflammatory activation within AD. We show that the inflammatory activity of these microglial cells can be reduced by treatment with the HDAC inhibitor SAHA, as determined by the expression of pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO). This suggests SAHA may be useful in reducing microglia activation and brain inflammation within AD. To identify where the HDAC-targeted protein is located within microglial cells, we artificially combined DNA sequences to create HDAC2 proteins, which were selectively expressed in either the cell nuclei or cytoplasm and showed that HDAC2 likely increases inflammatory activity by acting on a protein that shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. We are now working to determine how acetylation of potential HDAC-targeted proteins affects their activity, their contribution to microglia activation, and how this is affected by HDAC inhibition.Panel 8A Behavioural Science and Social SystemsLeila Ellis (University of Warwick)Exploring the use and quality of internet discussion forums in pregnancy: A qualitative analysisBackground: The internet is widely used as a source of health information to assist decision making in pregnancy. Concerningly, the quality of information shared on online pregnancy forums is unclear. Our objectives were to explore online pregnancy forum health-related use and evaluate the quality of information shared.Method: This retrospective qualitative study had two phases of data collection and analysis. Firstly, thematic analysis of a representative sample (n=480) of posts explored motivators for forum use. Secondly, a sub-group (n=153) of threads with clinical content were assessed for congruence with reputable sources.Results: Common motivators for forum engagement were requirements for lived experience, unlimited access and opportunity to express emotions. Forums were often used as a triage system; concerningly, they failed to appropriately refer ten cases where the original poster needed urgent medical assessment. Of 1098 responses sharing advice, information or experience, 601 (54.74%) were accurate, 230 (20.95%) were erroneous, incomplete or misleading and 267 (24.32%) lacked credible evidence. Of the 1098, 60 (5.46%) were potentially harmful. Few discussions were self-regulating, with only 12 of 230 (5.22%) poor-quality messages subsequently rectified.Conclusions: Exchange of information and emotional support amongst peers are key functions of online pregnancy forums. There is a modest prevalence of poor-quality or potentially harmful information, but more concerningly, a lack of peer moderation. We suggest healthcare providers ensure all pregnant women have a clear understanding of when clinical consultation is required. They may wish to discuss the supportive community aspects of online forums in cases where offline support is lacking.Nicole Gaffuri Soto (IIE-MSA)An exploration of the issues and limitations on implementing psychological tests in the Latin American contextDifferent cultural contexts may impact the results and scores of psychological tests. In most countries in Africa and Latin America, where scientific development is not as advanced, psychological tests developed in the USA and Europe are used out of cultural context (Fernandez, 2008). The problems arise as psychologists attempt to conduct psychological tests that are culturally biased at the time of assessing individuals from the country of question. Additionally, the reliability and validity of tests that have been translated into other languages may not be the same as the original version of the same test (Allen and Dana, 2004). The purpose of this presentation is to identify the main problems and issues that occur through the use of three common psychological tests in the cultural context of Latin American countries – namely, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), the Rorschach Inkblot Method (RIM) and the Koppitz Developmental Scoring System for the Bender Gestalt Test, Second Edition (Koppitz-2). With the growing numbers of migrants around the world and, more specifically, the mass migration of Venezuelans to other countries in Latin America and the USA, the importance for both psychologists and test-takers to be aware of the potential cultural bias that a psychological test may hold keeps increasing. Recommendations for test developers and tests users will be given with the attempt to reduce the issues and limitations that occur from the cultural differences in the field of psychological testing and assessment.Ptolemy Banks (University of Warwick)To brief or not to brief: Problems and solutions of informed consentEthical code requires researchers to brief participants, but outlining an experiment can alter their behaviour. For example, telling someone you will measure their blink frequency may bias their blink rate, leading to inaccurate findings that can threaten a researcher’s credibility. Therefore, researchers commonly deceive participants (Sieber, Iannuzzo and Rodriguez, 1995). Now, decades of deception have led to distrust and participants commonly assume they are being tricked (Ledyard, 1995). Ironically, participants can become distracted by anticipating deception in an experiment, and I have anecdotally seen researchers have to assure participants to just do a simple task without being preoccupied with deceit.Myriad briefing is a new technique to obtain informed consent. Participants are shown the tasks they will do and a list of things they will not do in a random order. In this way, the participant can consent to all the tasks, but they don’t know which tasks the researcher will actually prescribe.This paper reviews the necessity of such a technique and tests its applicability in a fake blinking/reading speed experiment. Participants are enrolled in the fake experiment; some participants are briefed conventionally, deceptively or with Myriad briefing. Although data collection is ongoing, it is expected that telling participants their blinking/reading rate will be measured (conventional briefing) will lead to a significant difference in blinking/reading speed. However, deceiving and Myriad briefing should not lead to a significant difference. If Myriad briefing produces the same results as deception but is more ethical, Myriad briefing will hold potential as an instrumental briefing technique for research.Panel 8B Technology, Engineering and ModellingLaura Agosto (Baruch College, CUNY)Has Japan’s security posture significantly changed, and why or why not?In 2016, the Japanese government voted to expand the interpretation of Article 9 of the constitution – which prevents Japan from going to war – from only going to war in self-defence to include the defence of its allies as well, raising new concerns regarding its security posture. Japan’s security posture is of strategic importance to the USA, as Japan plays an important role in helping the USA balance against Chinese military influence in East Asia. I hypothesised that the role of public opinion, the influence of an iron triangle over the economic policy-making process, Japanese involvement in UN Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) and regional threats posed by China and North Korea are four political factors that exercise the greatest influence over Japan’s security decisions. I used Japanese Ministry of Defence documents, UN PKO reports, public opinion polls and news reports published by Japanese and Western media outlets to analyse causal mechanisms between the four political factors and changes in Japan’s security posture. I show that Japan has changed its security policies through increased defence spending, Article 9 reinterpretation and renewed security commitments with the USA. However, my findings suggest changes in security policy have not constituted a shift in security posture. Without the support that is needed to undergo the constitutional amendment process, Japan will continue to practise a ‘Goldilocks approach’, meaning this is neither to simple or too complicated, just right, to its security posture. Future scholarship could explore what kind of political factors are necessary to trigger re-posturing by the Japanese government.Farhan Chowdhury (Queens College, CUNY)An analysis of Big Data to curate, analyse and visualise the patterns of multiple atmospheric measurements in NYC to characterise urban air quality patternsGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air particles have been increasing at an alarming rate for the past few decades. Since 80.7 per cent of the US population lives in urban areas across the USA (US Census Bureau, 2016), atmospheric particulate matter and greenhouse gases are hazardous environmental threats to the health of urban populations overall, and specifically to New York City residents. Although federal, state and local regulations have reduced emissions from transportation, off-road and stationary sources, the city’s air quality still fails to meet federal standards, mostly due to ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels. Studying the patterns of various components in the atmosphere will lead us to better understand the NYC urban air quality and its spatial and temporal patterns.My research is to compile, compare and correlate data from sensors measuring PM2.5, CO2, O3, CO, NO, NO2, temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction. A large volume of data in multiple and different datasets has been generated in near real time for several years (~1GB/year/node x 100 nodes ~ 100GB). For data quality and consistency, we performed down sampling of the data when appropriate, checking ranges and scales, and filtering outliers/noises. The analysis consisted of correlating the different datasets through comparison plotting and linear regressions. Similar efforts can be found on the BEACO2N, Purple Air and Zentra Cloud included in this analysis. This analysis will lead to further measurements to determine the major sources and sinks of these components.Michelle Duong (University of Warwick)Effects of topic familiarity of 3D mental-rotation tasks between chemistry students and non-chemistry studentsConfidence is a known mediator of mental-rotation strength, influenced by factors attributing to familiarity. This study focused on the effects between stimulus familiarity and academic familiarity whereby familiarity was defined by experience, exposure and knowledge in chemistry.The study used 3D mental-rotation tests (MRT) to compare mental-rotation performance between Ganis and Kievit’s (G/K) 3D block stimulus and a newly designed 3D-molecular model stimulus between chemistry undergraduates (CS) and non-chemistry undergraduates (NCS). Three major comparisons were analysed and subjected to significance tests: 1) average performance per stimulus between CS and NCS, 2) performance difference between CS year groups and 3) sex differences.Overall, stronger mental-rotation performance was found for CS than NCS, particularly towards the molecular model stimulus. This indicated a degree of difficulty induced by an intrinsic mechanism within the chemistry-based stimulus, which impeded recognition and comprehension of the new stimulus, despite an isomorphic design to the block stimulus. Furthermore, performance improved with increasing year group for CS, demonstrating the importance of academic familiarity. Greater prior chemistry knowledge and experience allows rapid comprehension of complex spatial information; consequently, academic familiarity was deemed a significant feature of confidence-mediation. Finally, no significant performance differences between sex were observed. Therefore, direct correlation of data concentrated on factors pertained to familiarity of the subject of interest.Improvements were suggested to further define aspects of the chemistry stimulus that induced difficulty in recognition of the stimulus and the extent to which academic familiarity enhances this influence.Panel 8C Social Change Inclusion and EngagementFarida Augustine (University of Leeds)Identifying West Africans in the French ResistanceWest-African colonial subjects of the French Empire played a vital role in the French Internal Resistance during the Second World War (1940–1945). However, their contributions have been largely overlooked in historical narratives surrounding this period. This research aims to tackle this omission by identifying and telling the stories of West Africans who fought and played significant roles within the French Internal Resistance. Stories such as that of the Ivorian, Maurice Guede Logbo, who joined an internal resistance unit in Toulouse and rose through the ranks to become a sergeant, and Jeanne Vialle, born in the Republic of Congo, who joined the Resistance as a spy and went on to become a senator. A database of West-African Resistance fighters has been created using a range of French state online databases. Additionally, the Resistance accreditation files at the French military archives in Vincennes and other web databases have been used to delve into the details of their pre- and post-war life. This research also aims to explore the ways in which the racial identities of the West-African Resistance fighters influenced the treatment they received, both from their comrades and the enemy (French and Germans, respectively). This has been achieved by consulting the surveillance files in Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence. These have been useful in analysing the language and attitudes of the French state towards colonial subjects living in France. The project makes an important contribution to the commemoration of World War II in France by diversifying the range of stories depicted.Jasmin Kaur (University of Warwick)Bending the rules of geneticsAccording to the accepted model of meiosis in biology, reproduction between a male and female organism is expected to give 50:50 chance of female and male progeny. However, this ratio has been found to not always be true in nature. A recently discovered roundworm species, Auanema rhodensis, has a skewed ratio, where reproduction between a male and female, almost always produced XX progeny (which can be females or hermaphrodites). This is because males can only ejaculate X-chromosome bearing sperm. Cellular analysis has revealed that during the generation of sperm in males, the cell cytoplasm and important cell organelle divide asymmetrically towards the direction of the cell carrying an X-chromosome. Thus, a hypothesis was proposed that the X-chromosome in sperm carries the signal for asymmetric division of cell organelle. To test this prediction, mutant males (containing XX genotype) were crossed with wild-type A. rhodensis females. Both XX (female) and XO (male) offspring from the cross were genotyped, but the results obtained opposed the hypothesis, indicating that even sperm cells without the X-chromosome were viable and able to fertilise a female oocyte. To understand the molecular basis of nullo-X sperm viability, further experiments that stain the DNA and cellular components and observe their movement in meiosis need to be conducted. Given the importance of meiosis in producing genetic diversity for natural selection and its role in repairing genetic defects in germline cells, these results open up the field of developmental biology for further exploration that may have future medical applications.Ana?l Daoud (University of Warwick)Hijab and la?cité in contemporary France: The body of the French Muslim woman, a site of contestaion colonised by femonationalismOn Bastille Day 2003, the feminist and secular movement Ni Putes Ni Soumises (Neither Whore Nor Doormats) displayed ‘Mariannes d’aujourd’hui’, a series of 14 colour portraits, on the facade of the French Parliament. The models – mostly young women of immigrant descent – represent a twenty-first-century allegory of the French republican nation Marianne.The models represent the 1905 law on the Separation of Churches and State, the ‘la?cité’ on which the French Republic – and therefore its collective and national identity – has been built. They represent the independence of the state from any religious institution, freedom of conscience and free exercise of one’s beliefs. They represent the contemporary redefinition of the French la?cité, which involves gender equality and sexual freedom. But more importantly, the exhibition highlights a nationalisation of feminism, used as a tool by the state to implement its narrative on the Islamic veil as a patriarchal and anti-republican accessory.This research uses ‘Mariannes d’aujourd’hui’ as a lens to investigate the relationship between nationalism, feminism and the ‘Islamic veil affairs’ in France from 1989 onwards. It analyses the state endorsement of a movement that has not yet been organised into a non-profit organisation, and therefore an adherence to its philosophy and demands. Then, it studies the political recuperation of a feminist movement led by minority women. Finally, it considers the ‘re-inscription of a masculinistic symbolic order in which the state and its mostly male legislators assume this function of protecting (brown) women who are then asked to pay homage to their protectors’ (Fernando: 2013).Panel 8D Medical InnovationsJean-Pierre Laake and Jemma Parrat (University of Warwick)An audit of the initial management of newly diagnosed depression across six general practices in the West Midlands (UK)Background: First-line treatments for mild–moderate and moderate–severe depression according to the UK NICE guidelines for the management of depression in adults are psychological therapies followed by or alongside pharmacological treatment. Here we conducted an audit of patient records (as recorded by GPs) to compare practice to the guidelines.Method: Incident cases were retrospectively identified from electronic primary-care records (SystemOne). From 40,320 registered patients within the Birmingham and Solihull Clinical Commissioning Group, cases were identified based on previously coded new diagnoses of depression in the 2016–17 and 2018–19 Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) years. Patient notes were then screened for records of discussions of pharmacological and psychological therapies at the diagnostic appointment and against exclusion criteria. Recorded discussions were compared against the NICE guidelines.Results: In 2016–17 (n=315), the proportion of diagnostic appointments where psychological therapies for depression were discussed was greatest in those aged 18–29 (70.8%) but decreased in each age group to 56.3% in those aged >65. In 2017–18 (n=244) the discussion of psychological therapies had increased to 81.6% those aged 18–29 but had decreased to 39.4% in those aged >65. Discussion of pharmacological management was similar across all age groups.Implications: This audit demonstrates that for those aged >65, GPs management discussions around psychological therapies are being carried out or recorded less. The practices involved are circulating the results of the audit to their GPs and we will reconduct the audit for the 2019–20 QOF year to evaluate whether this has led to changes in practice.Mark-Joel Clovis (Uiversity of Warwick)Textural analysis of ischaemic strokes with TexRadAim: Patients with symptoms of stroke routinely receive a CT radiograph of the head; however, this imaging modality is significantly more sensitive to haemorrhagic changes than to ischaemic changes. Additionally, other clinical syndromes may present similarly to strokes. Research into ischaemic stroke detection by textural analysis has shown that it is possible to detect subacute ischaemic strokes, but none have explicitly detected acute strokes. This study aims to use TexRad to separate ischaemic and non-ischaemic tissue based on textural changes earlier than can be determined by visual inspection.Method: Follow-up non-enhanced CT heads of 39 patients showing areas of infarction were used to identify corresponding regions of ischaemia on initial scans. TexRad was used to analyse textural parameters of the ischaemic and anatomically corresponding non-ischaemic regions in initial and follow-up scans. The machine-learning tool Weka was then trained to recognise patterns in the data and to classify regions as ischaemic or non-ischaemic. The radiology reports of initial scans were used to assess the accuracy of ischaemic stroke detection by radiologists.Results: Use of machine-learning algorithms has revealed that it is possible to identify ischaemic strokes with an accuracy of 60.2% (p=0.017) vs 38.4% accuracy by radiologists. Use of textural analysis may be able to better identify those who do not have ischaemic changes. These patients may then undergo further investigations to more accurately diagnose and manage their conditions.Thomas Long and Jessica Smith (University of Warwick)Does a HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) specific community clinic reduce hospital admissions and mortality compared to those treated in a general heart failure clinic? An early analysis of the HFpEF clinic in Coventry, EnglandBackground: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is growing in prevalence. No definitive disease-modifying treatment that affects HFpEF patient mortality is currently available. It has been suggested that patients may benefit from a dedicated HFpEF clinic following a structured HFpEF management plan, but there is little research to evaluate its effectiveness.Aims: Our primary aim was to identify whether treating HFpEF patients in a specific HFpEF clinic rather than a general heart failure clinic made a difference to the number of unplanned hospital admissions to University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW). Mortality outcomes in these patients were also recorded for the same time period.Method: Patient records were retrospectively analysed, and 101 patients from the HFpEF clinic met our inclusion criteria. The number of admissions and mortality outcomes in 6 months, and where possible 12 months, from the patient’s initial appointment in the clinic, was subsequently recorded. These were then compared to 101 randomly selected patients treated in a general heart failure clinic.Results: We found no change in frequency of hospital admissions between the two cohorts, although the majority of admissions that did occur were due to non-cardiovascular causes. There was a significant increase in non-cardiovascular mortality seen in the HFpEF clinic after 12 months.Conclusion: The differences in mortality appear to have been driven by age-related non-cardiovascular comorbidities. While the dedicated HFpEF clinic provides treatment from a cardiology perspective, patient outcomes may be improved by the addition of a physician or gerontologist to maximise comorbidity control.Tristan Gallent (Monash University Australia)Mathematical modelling of a cohort of patients with multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosis (MS) affects over 2 million people worldwide, typically between the ages of 20 to 40 (). The disease impedes nerves’ communication with the brain, primarily causing loss of motor control and fatigue. Currently, there is no known cure to MS. Patients commonly experience a relapse of the disease after some period of stability. Neurologists treat MS with a range of drugs, such as Betaseron, Avonex, Rebif, Copaxone and others, in order to counteract the relapse and bring the patient back to a healthier state. However, neurologists have difficulty deciding when to give their patients a certain drug and what they can expect from it. This research attempts to construct a mathematical model to help neurologists administer MS-relapse drugs. The model has been developed using the Python programming language’s Numpy/Scipy libraries and with data provided by MS researchers at Melbourne University. Using probabilistic methods, an accurate simulation helps predict the rate of MS relapse, the dynamics of the cohort’s wellbeing and the effectiveness of the drug administered. As far as the researchers are aware, there has been no mathematical modelling of the effects of different drugs on MS relapses. The researchers believe they can obtain an accurate model of the effects of common drugs on patients using a database provided by a research team at the University of Melbourne. If successful, this work will allow neurologists to be more effective in treating and studying MS and provide some basis for future results to build upon.Panel 9A Migrants, Refugees and DevelopmentGeorgia Ellis (University of Leeds)‘You play well for a refugee woman’: Could grassroots football be a successful tool for integration of female refugees and asylum seekers in Leeds and the wider UK?Football at all levels has an incredibly wide appeal and following across the world (Long and Robinson, 2006; Stone, 2013; 2018), which leads many to argue that football, perhaps more so than other sports, has a significant scope as a tool for positive change (FARE, 2018). This research explores the utility of grassroots football for the integration of female refugees and asylum seekers in Leeds to contribute to the current gender-blind spot in existing literature on refugees and football. It broadens the approach of existing literature from a focus on social inclusion to looking more holistically at integration, building on a framework developed by Ager and Strang (2004). The paper takes a thematic approach to analyse research from existing literature, newspaper articles, reports and five qualitative interviews, exploring current levels of participation among asylum-seeking women, perceived barriers to their participation and, finally, suggesting some recommendations to help improve the accessibility of football for these women. Overall, it seeks to demonstrate that football could be a successful tool for integration on the condition that various structural adjustments are made in order to facilitate the agency of football to achieve these outcomes, including a women-only, familiar, safe space and, crucially, involving participants in the design of the project so as not to assume their needs and wants. This hopes to inform local projects in Leeds and potentially wider Yorkshire and UK by ensuring that an appropriate approach is taken.Ashok Manandhar (University of Warwick)Determinants of migrants’ decisions to settle permanently in the UKThe factors leading migrants to either settle permanently in their current home or return to their country of origin are extremely understudied by economists (particularly in the UK), resulting in a blind spot for policymakers. This research aims to use economic techniques to examine the relative importance of income, gender, ethnicity, human capital and mobility restrictions on the permanency of migration. This would have important implications for both immigration policy and policies promoting social integration as well as the wider narrative around migration. The implications of economic techniques are likely to be only heightened by the UK’s departure from the EU, which will lead to a radical change of the immigration rules for EU citizens.Two data sources, the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the Understanding Society survey (UKHLS), which includes extra data for immigrants, will be used to create a holistic picture of migration to the UK. Based on cohort analysis used by Dustman and Weiss (2007), the LFS will provide insights into the length of stay for each group of migrants arriving between 2002 to 2016, and how this varies between gender and country of origin, especially between EU and non-EU migrants. This will then be complemented by an econometric analysis of the stated migration intentions of foreign-born individuals surveyed in Wave 7 of the UKHLS between 2015–2016, controlling for the characteristics mentioned above.Bence Kovacs (University of Warwick)The effect of EU membership on the air traffic in Central Eastern EuropeIn 2004, 2007 and 2011, 11 Central Eastern European countries joined the European Union. Joining the EU and its common market required these countries to deregulate their airline market and allow free competition between airlines from the EU. The paper investigates the effect of this market liberalisation by quantitative analysis. More precisely, the paper uses a difference in differences method, comparing the increase in the number of passengers from Western European countries to these new Member States and to countries that did not join the EU. The dataset is extracted from Eurostat and uses passenger numbers between countries (instead of airports) and thus eliminates the often recurring problem of low-cost carriers using secondary airports.Joining the EU also lead to increased demand in the sector, so in order to find the true supply side effects, the paper attempts to control for this. The main controls are economic growth and immigrants in the Western European countries from the new Member States.The results show significant increase in the number of passengers even after controlling for the economic growth and increased number of immigrants from the new Member States.The main addition of the paper to the literature is extending the evidence for positive effects to the Central Eastern European market, which has not been investigated before. Even though these effects are smaller than in the Western European (Frankie, 2004; Dobruszkes, 2006; 2009) or in the US market (Morrison and Winston, 1986; Bennet and Craun, 1993; Dresner, 1995; 1996; Morrsion, 2001), they are still significant.Panel 9B Scientific Applications for HealthVanessa Yung (University of Leeds)Investigating and developing a measurement system for the detection and monitoring of Clostridium difficileClostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a bacterium found in the intestines and can cause colitis and diarrhoea, specifically antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Patients can then become dehydrated and, in more severe cases, develop pseudo-membranous colitis, which puts them at risk of a distended colon and subsequently bowel perforations.Infant and elderly patients are particularly vulnerable, especially those within nursing homes. Currently, there is no single test for the diagnosis of C. difficile and both a clinical manifestation and a positive laboratory test, which can take at least two days, are required. The standard protocol for treatment includes quarantine and antibiotics. This carries the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. Therefore, there is a need for rapid detection of C. difficile and continuous monitoring of at-risk patients to detect the infection as soon as possible.Within the identified at-risk populations, it is common for patients to be unable to communicate their symptoms, which is one of the reasons C. difficile is not diagnosed earlier.My research aims to implement a novel diagnostic system, embedded within a nappy or an adult incontinence pad, which will allow immediate analysis of urine and stool. This will simultaneously remove the need for the patient to communicate their symptoms and allow a clinician to continuously monitor the levels of C. difficile to aid in earlier detection of infection. To achieve that, I have used low-cost electronics, combined with custom biosensors.The outcome of my research will be used in developing a prototype for a proof-of-concept study.Nathan Khabyeh-Hasbani (Baruch College, CUNY)Changing bilirubin and assessing its impact on protein fluorescenceWhen combined with cholesterol in the liver, bilirubin forms bile, which is an enzyme used in the breakdown of fatty acids during digestion. The continuous use of bile in the body is instrumental for proper digestion and absorption of fatty acids. Therefore, bilirubin abundance and deficiency can cause serious health-related problems such as Infant and Adult Jaundice, Gilbert Syndrome and other liver-related diseases. In order to develop a new marker to test bilirubin fluctuations, we changed the structure of bilirubin to notice a difference in the fluorescence of a bilirubin-inducible fluorescent protein, chlopsid. Chlopsid was discovered and identified from Kaupichthys hyoproroides. To further understand how the binding of bilirubin promotes fluorescence in chlopsid, varying structural derivatives of bilirubin were synthesised to interact with the protein. Preliminary results illustrated dimethyl esters of bilirubin did not show any change in fluorescence compared to bilirubin, and investigations with the diethyl ester of bilirubin are underway. Additional bilirubin analogues will be synthesised to determine their structural implications on the fluorescence of chlopsid and possibly, when combined with chlopsid, be used as a marker of liver complications in human clinical samples.Gabrielle Yoonsae Han (University of Warwick)Synthesis of polymer conjugates to increase selectivity of anti-cancer drug deliveryCancer is the result of uncontrolled cell growth, leading to tumours. Many current anti-cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation are toxic to healthy cells, resulting in side effects such as hair loss and extreme nausea. By specifically delivering the drugs to the cancer cells, these side effects would be greatly reduced, improve treatments for cancer patients and increase wellbeing. Previous studies have shown that the selectivity of organoiridium anti-cancer complexes towards cancer cells increases when using polymer conjugates as a delivery mechanism, while the toxicity of the drug remains the same, providing the same therapeutic effect with less harm to healthy cells.This project focuses on the design of peptide polymers, which form tubular-structured nanoparticles that can be used to deliver anti-cancer drugs to specific diseased cancer cells. Initial work will be on the synthesis of nanotubes by a type of living polymerisation using thiols called Reversible Addition?Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerisation (RAFT), and characterisation by a number of spectroscopic methods and chromatographic techniques (e.g. NMR, HPLC, SEC, microscopy, etc.) Once they have been formed, in vitro biological studies will be conducted to assess the properties and interactions of the nanotubes, focusing on the toxicity in the presence of cancer and healthy cells and their mode of interaction with these various cell lines. The size and functionality of these nanotubes will enhance their circulation time in biological media and access to cells to deliver their payloads. These advantages increase the therapeutic effect of the anti-cancer drugs as well as minimise the adverse effects of the treatment, improving the overall success of the drug.Bogdan Padalko and Dan Nadasan (University of Warwick)Life-extension technologies and the (post)human conditionOur project is that of comparative reflection between death as conceived by various philosophies through time and the possibilities that current technological advances offer us for thinking about changing attitudes towards death. Even if not attainable yet, overcoming mortality is at the very least conceivable, and seems to drive a lot of technological research in the scientific community as part of a broader move for human advancement. Yet principal traditions of philosophy are built on self-betterment through changing our attitude towards what is conceived as the ultimate human condition – our own mortality. Our goal in the project is to provide a thorough, reflective analysis of how technological advances in life extension and the all-too human drives behind it advance our understanding of what it means to be human, and how prone such understanding might be to change in light of both our ever-increasing faith and reliance on technology as a solution to the ‘death problem’. We are planning to ground our qualitative, conceptual analysis by relying on a few relevant key thinkers: Nietzsche, Heidegger and Sloterdijk. They all explore our relationship with change in general and develop a human ethic of our disposition towards death and life. We plan to bolster our analysis by reflecting on our attendance at a conference related to the broader debates surrounding ‘Post-humanist’ philosophical movements: life extension being one of the flagship topics that those movements can be thought to advance, potential ethical consequences of which require a much deeper conceptualisation.Panel 9C Education and Student ExperiencesZina?da Sluijs (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)The European ‘refuge crisis’ in Dutch-speaking secondary schools in BrusselsIn relation to the recent ‘refuge crisis’, which this paper adopts as an alternative term to the mediatised ‘refugee crisis’, this paper analyses how the perception of a crisis has shaped civic engagement in Dutch-speaking secondary schools in Brussels and how they have incorporated the topic into their curriculum. A comparison between a public and a private Catholic school to analyse how a school’s identity influences the inclusion of civic engagement in the curriculum was made. Based on qualitative interviews, this paper aims to provide an overview of the schools’ projects and thereby provide a primary understanding of how secondary schools respond to societal changes. More specifically, the perception of a ‘crisis’ has caused schools to accentuate the importance of civic engagement in favour of good citizenship. Three levels of civic engagement were identified based on an extensive literature review and the interviews. Firstly, schools could explicitly encourage civic engagement in the curriculum. Secondly, they could influence it implicitly by encouraging volunteering. Thirdly, they could host refugee students. Beyond mapping civic engagement within secondary schools, the purpose of this study was to encourage respondents to be self-reflexive about their teaching methods. Their experiences could then inspire other schools on how to put civic engagement into practice while considering difficulties such as educational neutrality. To conclude, the research revealed that, within a multi-cultural school environment, the diverse student population diminishes the role of religion in civic education and is believed to enhance the integration of refugee students.Nariell Morrison (Univesity of Warwick)Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic medical students’ perspectives on the causes of the differential attainment gapStudents from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups across all higher-education institutions in the UK have been reported to attain lower-class degrees than their white counterparts. Medicine is no different. The exact cause is unknown, but this persistent difference in attainment between ethnic groups poses a huge problem for the medical profession.The aim of this research was to explore graduate-entry BAME medical students’ experiences of undergraduate training. It drew on qualitative semi-structured focus groups involving 24 MBChB BAME students.The study found that BAME students faced a range of difficulties they felt impeded their learning and performance. The relationships with staff and clinicians, although also identified as facilitators to learning, often hindered progress as students felt that a lack of representation and lack of understanding of cultural differences impacted their experience. Students also reported a lack of trust in the institution, with many not seeking support. They reported having to mask their identity to fit in amongst their peers as well as to avoid negative stereotyping.Although rare, BAME students faced overt racism from other students and patients. Several students described experiencing daily microaggressions and witnessing microaggressions against others. Many BAME students reported feelings of isolation, reduced self-confidence and low self-esteem that hindered their learning and performance.These findings suggest that future interventions should include improving peer relationships and implementing institutional changes to diversify student populations. Guidance on tackling racism and adequate training in anti-racism for both students and staff is likely to be key.Lara Demiroglu (University of Warwick)Entrepreneurial intention and motivation of university students in east and west TurkeyThe purpose of this project was to analyse the impact of location (east and west Turkey) on university students’ entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial motivation to observe if these attributes influenced them in executing entrepreneurial activity. Some scholars argue that entrepreneurial activity varies across countries because of disparate values and beliefs, which causes cultural values to influence entrepreneurial behaviour within society (Mueller and Thomas, 2001). Therefore, understanding the influence of national culture on entrepreneurship is of great importance to deduce how entrepreneurs behave and think.A descriptive and comparative study took part in two different cities in Turkey (Erzurum and Istanbul). Participants were selected through convenience sampling from a sample of 3rd and 4th year engineering or business administration/economics students. Data was collected using a survey method.The results demonstrate that although entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial motivation were observed to be closely related, the location did not have an effect on the entrepreneurial intention of Turkish students. However, it was found that location did have an effect on students’ entrepreneurial motivation. The students in the east were found to have higher extrinsic motivation than the students in the west.Panel 10A: Behavioural Science and SystemsPratyush Satyanarayan (University of Warwick)The Contribution of Legalised Casino Gambling to Singapore's Economic GrowthThis paper studies to what extent Singapore’s casino gambling industry has promoted economic growth. Without the timely introduction of casino gambling, travel and tourism in Singapore may have stagnated and it would not be the growing sector that it is today, totally accounting for 8.8 per cent of employment and 10.2 per cent of GDP in 2017 according to the World Travel and Tourism Council. Despite the commercial success of casinos in some countries, there are many negative social consequences. The blend in Singapore is very unique in that it combines resorts with casinos in what are called Integrated Resorts, which focus on tourism while reducing the negative ramifications on the local population. In my research, I consider the casino industry’s contribution using quarterly data from the opening of the first casino in the first quarter of 2010 to the fourth quarter of 2018. The dependent variable was Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is indicative of economic growth. The independent variable was total casino revenue, which acts as a proxy for casino performance. I aim to offer a welfare analysis of casino gambling and illustrate how the fusion with non-gambling activities makes Singapore special. I also use a multiple-regression analysis on the fundamental Cobb-Douglas production function to quantify the impact on the economy. In doing so, I apply my findings to other prospective nations. Countries like Japan who have recently lifted their long-standing ban would greatly benefit from understanding Singapore’s experience.Radu Racovita (University of Warwick)Engineering of Intelligent Microbial Communities Mastering the Game of Tic-Tac-Toe Through Reinforcement LearningThis research follows a Biophysics approach to engineer a novel type of neuromorphic computing in living bacteria, achieved via the development of a new genetic device that acts as a non-linear transcriptional logic gate able to adjust its gene expression based on its chemical history. This results in the foundation of a new type of artificial intelligence that is not based nor dependent on computer software but on the collective capacity of genetically modified bacterial ecosystems. This is done by engineering gene circuits that function as logic gates, which allow the bacteria to store analogue information and to communicate through synthetic synapses. The investigation approach uses iterative cycles of computational Biophysics design, synthetic Biology construction and high-throughput characterisation to adjust the system so it can perform as a general-purpose modular memory machine. The inter-device communication allows for the design of an advanced cognitive computing hardware made of living cells able to be programmed through reinforcement learning. The ability of the micro-organisms to behave as functional artificial neural networks is proven by the development of expertise in the game of Tic-Tac-Toe through self-play and reinforcement learning. The outcome will allow for the development of a precise experimental protocol for culturing the bacteria and for exploring their cognitive limits such as their ability to learn, attention and memory retention under different conditions. Furthermore, the experimental model can be redesigned to accommodate for further AI-specific implementations such as mastering more complex, well-known games (Hexapawn, AtariGO) or pattern generation and discrimination.Biling Chen (Queensborough Community College, CUNY)Cis-trans isomerisation of nitrodienesWe have previously reported syntheses of a number of pyrroles from nitrodienes based on an approach developed by Cadogan and Sundberg towards synthesis of indoles and carbazoles.Our work involves the use of a molybdenum catalyst, which considerably improves the yield of the cyclisation reaction. Our approach is novel in that, for the first time, we showed that pyrroles can be synthesised from nitrodienes. The aim of our present work is to investigate if our methodology can be used to make other important multi-substituted pyrroles of medicinal importance.Mark Tria (Baruch College, CUNY)Housing cares: Public–private partnerships; the future of public housingOver the last 10 years, the Federal Government has reduced spending on public housing by approximately 70 per cent, putting a strain on state and local governments to maintain current housing. While the demand for affordable housing has increased, the supply has not. We were tasked with finding a way to maintain an existing public-housing complex without additional public funds.We researched the problem using official publications, such as Housing Boston 2020 published by the City of Boston and The Greater Boston Housing Report Card 2017 published by Northeastern University’s School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs. Using demographic information from these publications to determine population and income statistics, along with funding sources, we devised a solution in the form of a public–private partnership to mitigate effects of the funding reductions and provide a recurring revenue stream to maintain the housing units in our charge. We formed a model public-benefit corporation to allow for this partnership while maintaining official oversight of the project.Panel 10B: Intersections of Conflict and TradePatrick Freyer (University of Warwick)The effects of land regulations on economic freedom and the relation to foreign direct investments in ultra high-density urban areasHong Kong does not sell land but instead offers land-lease contracts with possible but costly and uncertain extensions. Yet the country ranks number one on the economic freedom index and features high levels of foreign direct investment in real estate.My research questions how such alternative land regulations affect economic freedom and, indirectly, foreign direct investment. Is this model an exemplary solution to foster development and improve housing affordability in densely populated areas? Alternatively, is the regulation perhaps not sufficiently taken into account when creating the economic freedom index? To find out, I research the policies’ effect on public perception of the housing market, the degree to which financial models in the real estate market take these limitations into account, and the impact on investment financing. These three research focuses will clarify the policies’ effect on ordinary citizens and incentives for policymakers as well as investors.I am mostly taking a journalistic approach in reaching out to policymakers, real estate experts and investors to understand their different perspectives and compare them to the applied models in the market (particularly mortgages, which reflect assumptions about future value). Finally, I am looking at pricing and consumption data for Boundary Street, a dense area with varying contracts of lease, featuring 50-year lease property next to 999-year lease property. This will clarify whether the contract’s timeframe affects investor and consumer decisions.Alexander Milanovic (University of Warwick)Forecasting cryptocurrency price movements with deep-learning and sentiment analysisThe amount of cryptocurrency news data available is constantly growing, posing the question of whether this can be exploited to create profitable automated cryptocurrency trading systems. This research explores the viability of using deep-learning models to forecast changes in cryptocurrency prices using raw price data, 21.9 million Reddit posts and 80,532 news articles from CryptoCompare. A robust sentiment analysis model is used to extract sentiment scores, converting the news data into a quantitative dataset. Three different models are built with corresponding trading strategies to test their profitability over a 7-month test period of unseen data. All three models perform very well, especially during volatile periods, with the best model achieving an overall return on trades of 287.9 per cent, as well as 91.3 per cent profitable trades during the test period. One of the key findings is that models using news data as well as price data greatly outperform those that only use price data as input, suggesting that the Efficient Markets Hypothesis may not be applicable to cryptocurrency trading. Additionally, incorporating technical analysis indicators into the dataset seems to make a small impact on the profitability of the models, bringing into question their widespread popularity.Elina Spule (Queensborough Community College, CUNY)Origins of the Pacific War during World War II: Oil embargo and the China questionHistorians have offered different interpretations of the origins of the Pacific War. Interventionists have collided with revisionists over the ultimate cause of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. According to the Interventionists, the Pacific War started with a handful of Japanese militarists displaying such extreme aggression that the US had to resist. Revisionists assert that the Axis powers did not endanger American security; Roosevelt knew that his policies would result in war.There were numerous milestones that led to the Pacific War. My research provides an in-depth analysis of two: firstly, the freezing of Japanese assets and placing an oil embargo on Japan in August 1941, and secondly, the US final requirements to Japan in order to reopen trade in November 1941. These two milestones are important because they highlight two pivotal elements for Japan – its dependence on foreign oil and its historical interest in China.The first part of the research analyses the oil embargo, while the second part of the research reviews the US requirements to Japan to restart trade. Both parts start with a factual overview, referencing sources by such historians as Basil Rausch, Wayne S. Cole, and Minoru Nomura. Next, the oil embargo and the ultimate demands are presented through the lenses of revisionists (Harry E. Barnes and William H. Chamberlain) and interventionists (Basil Rauch, Forrest Davis and Herbert Feis). Finally, it is explained why the revisionist perspective is more persuasive: the USA provoked Japan so they could enter World War II through the ‘Asiatic Back Door’.Panel 11A PsychologyAlice Kunjumon (Monash University, Australia)Negative impacts of FoMO (Fear of Missing Out)Aristotle once stated, ‘the more you know, the more you know you don’t know’. This quote summarises the craving for knowledge and belonging, which leads to social-media addiction.Between 2018 and 2019, over 297 million individuals around the world have started using social media; with Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram and Snapchat being the most popular forms of networking platform. As a result, individuals have been spending an increasing amount of time on social media, thus leading them to become addicted. One reason for this addiction is due to ‘Fear of Missing Out’ (FoMO). FoMO is defined as ‘a pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent’ (Przybylski et al., 2013). This notion has various negative impacts on individuals. Previous studies have explored the interaction between social media and FoMO. However, there has not been a literature review that has examined the negative social, physical and mental effect on individuals. Therefore, this study aims to fill the gap of literature review as it explores the various types of effects (social, physical and mental) FoMO has on individuals.Francis Cheong (Monash University, Australia)How much should I sleep in on weekends? Modelling the intrinsic trade-off between social jetlag and sleep debtSleep regularity is an important predictor of health. Understanding factors that promote irregular sleep patterns is therefore valuable for the design of sleep interventions. People are often forced to wake at a particular time during the week due to social constraints; for example, work or education. This may accumulate sleep debt, which is often compensated for by ‘sleeping in’ on weekends (free days), resulting in what is known as social jetlag (SJL). Later ‘evening’ chronotypes struggle most with this, as their social times are not aligned with their preferred sleep/wake times. Night-time activities also delay sleep onset times, moving them further away from regular workday sleep times, increasing SJL. Mathematical models of human sleep/wake patterns have shown how exogenous factors, including work schedules, impact sleep regularity. However, endogenous sources of variability in sleep timing – including self-selected bedtimes – have not been explored. A previously validated mathematical model of human sleep/wake neurophysiology was extended to incorporate both sources. Exogenous factors were modelled as constraints on when sleep could occur, following a weekly pattern (five workdays, two free days). Endogenous factors were modelled as variability in the threshold for sleep onset. When exogenous factors were applied, the model reproduced empirical population-level patterns of sleep variability, including social jetlag. When endogenous variability was incorporated, the model reproduced empirical distributions of intra-individual wake effort, a need to provide greater conscious stimulation to maintain wakefulness. This suggests that for different chronotypes, there may be an optimal wake time or range on weekends.Ommiya Butt and Begzodjon Musaev (Baruch College, CUNY)In-utero exposure to DBP induces autism-like behaviourDibutyl Phthalate (DBP) is a developmental and reproductive toxin that causes a broad range of birth defects resulting in neurological impairments. Humans are directly exposed to DBP through a variety of manufactured consumer products. In a preliminary study, we evaluated the effects of DBP during early embryonic and post-natal development in mice. In the initial experiments, we tested the effect of DBP injection (1ug/kg s.c) into two-month-old male mice. We found that 15 minutes post-injection of DBP, mice showed a significant alteration in the open field and elevated maze that measure locomotor activity and anxiety, respectively. We found that mice were less ambulatory in the open field and their level of anxiety was elevated. In subsequent experiments, pregnant mice were injected with DBP (1ug/kg s.c.) seven days after the copulatory plug appeared. After birth and when mice were one month old, they were subjected to three different behaviour tests to characterise locomotor activity, anxiety profiles and fear conditioning: 10 minutes in an open field, 10 minutes in an elevated plus maze, and a two-day fear-conditioning freeze-monitor test. We found that, similar to the adult mice injected with DBP, offspring of pregnant mice injected with DBP showed similar behavioural profiles that appeared to be male-specific. These observations suggest that long-term exposure to DBP in pregnant mice causes gender-specific neurobehavioral abnormalities in their offspring that may be mediated by alterations in the neuronal circuits associated with these behavioural characteristics.Panel 11B Economic Policy and SystemNuraiym Kemelova (Baruch College, CUNY)Kyrgyzstan’s World Trade Organization Accession ResultsThe Kyrgyz Republic is considered to have the most liberal trade and investment policies among Central Asian (CA) countries. It was the first to introduce its currency, it removed the state monopoly on foreign trade and investment, and it was the first to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, despite these liberal reforms, the growth has been slow compared to other CA countries, and the integration into a world economy has been limited. The outcomes of the membership are complicated with exogenous shocks, such as the transition to the market economy after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the Asian Crisis of 1997 that spread to Russia and CA. However, it is still possible to conclude the Kyrgyz Republic’s membership results. The paper argues that the WTO membership did not generate significant growth in both exports and investments in the Kyrgyz Republic immediately after the accession. The results show that the membership alone is not sufficient, and it needs to be supported by the sound regulatory environment for services that are closely related to exports and investments, the improved infrastructure, and elimination of corruption. Even though the overall outcomes are not positive, the WTO accession still proved to be advantageous for some sectors due to greater access to cheaper imports used in the production of goods, and the emergence of the clothing sector in Kyrgyzstan is an example. However, due to high informality of the Kyrgyz economy, the results of the WTO need further research using field studies.Silvio Pantoja (Baruch College, CUNY)Doomed to fail: The unsustainable nature of AbenomicsJapan is the third-largest economy by GDP, yet it suffers from protracted economic stagnation that has led to a severe demographic decline. This has been one of the largest economic dilemmas in decades. Many policies have tried to promote growth in the Japanese economy – the latest being Shinzo Abe’s Abenomics, announced in 2012. My research explores the short-term results of Abenomics in the 7 years of its implementation and examines the long-term implications of the policy.My research focuses on the monetary, fiscal and structural policies implemented since 2012, noting the expected contribution to the Japanese economy of each. Then, using the data provided by the Statistical Office of Japan, the IMF and the World Bank, I show that the realised short-term impact of the policies in terms of consumer demand, inflation rate and total GDP growth is minimal, with demand declining, a stagnant GDP and inflation growth. In addition to the policies exacerbating long-term structural issues in Japan, my research highlights the disparities in the realised growth of the Japanese economy compared to the predictions Abe and his cabinet gave for the policies. Finally, it suggests that Abenomics will not be sustainable in the long term due to the rise of temporary workers in the economy, the declining population and the nation’s reliance on negative interest rates. By highlighting the ineffectiveness of these structural and monetary strategies, this research hopes to suggest new solutions that will allow for sustainable growth in the economy.David Young (Monash University Australia)Emerging global monetary systems for the twenty-first centurySince the GFC, various nations have begun constructing alternative monetary infrastructure; these include the International Monetary Fund’s Special Drawing Right, various prospective Cryptocurrency innovations and hard/soft asset-backed systems – for example, Gold/Energy. This development raises questions concerning the US Dollar’s position and enforceability as world reserve currency. This is not a geopolitical ‘housecleaning’ issue but a socially frictional one of approaching concern given the contemporary political climate. Focus is placed on the relative strengths/weaknesses of the various emerging monetary systems as opposed to declaring a victor.I am investigating monetary history to pre-empt analysis of modern monetary trends and Central Bank foreign holdings alongside shares of international trade. My research also seeks evidence of contrast throughout various institutions monetary outlooks. I am sourcing documentation from the US Federal Reserve, People’s Bank of China, International Monetary Fund and the Reserve Bank of Australia for this contrast analysis. Additionally, a wealth of established and unique commentary on this issue will be exploited.I anticipate that fundamental amendments to the current global monetary system would cause social, economic and political transitory frictions. Acknowledging this, the imperative outcome of this research becomes anticipating these frictions so as to minimise and/or mitigate extreme outcomes. Recognition of past structure, comparison of present alternatives and anticipation of future friction are the goals of my research.Panel 12A Stigma and Discrimination - Past and PresentEmma Clarke (Monash University, Australia)The effects of doubt: Wittenburg in 1550–1605Satan in the sixteenth century was treated by theologians as an exterior, physical threat who recruited adherents to an anti-Christian sect– these being, in the majority, witches. These supposed adherent’s ancient practices – holy enough to them – were framed as diabolical by their erudite betters. Hans Peter Brodel states ‘the sin of these learned men was not the fabrication of diabolical practices but viewing these traditions in the most negative way…’. However, one must question this perspective of the academic narrative that histories a singular thread of theological discourse as one of domineering thought controlled by the state and ecclesiastical bodies. Consequentially, it is imperative to analyse doubt and scepticism developed during the Early Modern Period that were marred by a true belief in the Devil, leaving sceptical theologians to critique existence of witches and their acts of maleficium or harmful magic. To understand the effect of sceptics upon sociological patterning, one must analyse popular thought of the masses who were under the influence of a maelstrom of demonology. This demands a psychoanalytical examination of microhistories of trial records in Wittenburg, followed by a comparison of results. Within these trials, the overwhelming reality was that, within the witch’s narrative, the Devil only appeared after the use of torture, and even then, many still maintained their innocence. The results of this research find that scepticism had a greater impact than initially understood by historians; this doubt is observable on a nascent level within the witch’s interrogational narrative.Rachel Sultana, Brooke Maat and Vanessa See (Monash University, Australia)The stigma associated with endometriosis pain management of working nursesEndometriosis affects 1 in 10 women of reproductive age in Australia, causing chronic pelvic pain. Current research has been directed towards new diagnostic tools for endometriosis, with a clear link between reduced mental wellbeing and management of chronic pain with medication. There is currently no research regarding the stigma associated with the management of endometriosis pain with medication in healthcare professionals, such as nurses. We will investigate the attitudes of nurses with clinically diagnosed endometriosis towards their ability to manage pelvic pain with medication within a hospital workplace, and the stigma they may be experiencing. An online survey will be distributed to Victorian nurses with clinically diagnosed endometriosis who have worked within a hospital for a minimum of 12 months. These results will be statistically analysed, with results presented to key stakeholders in a three-hour interactive workshop. The workshop’s guest list has been created in conjunction with the Victorian Government’s ‘National Action Plan for Endometriosis’, and includes state government, nursing unions and hospital workers. This workshop will promote multi-disciplinary discussion regarding the stigma associated with the use of medication to manage endometriosis pain within a health workforce, leading to investigation of how hospital environments can become more supportive towards nurses. This research will also provide a platform for nurses suffering from endometriosis to advocate for themselves. Overall, there will be further encouragement for open communication about chronic pain, its management and how workplace environments can become more supportive of healthcare workers.Noah Bloomberg (Baruch College, CUNY)The Thirteenth Amendment and its application for mass incarceration in the USAThe Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, passed in 1865, abolished slavery and indentured servitude in the USA. The legislators in favour of the Amendment expressed their intentions for it to eradicate all conditions of slavery and their prejudicial effects, such as ‘denial of the right to testify’ and denial of the right to ‘enjoy the rewards of [one’s] own labour’. The Amendment, however, contained an important exception clause allowing for conditions of slavery when serving as a ‘punishment for a crime’. This clause has made possible mass incarceration in the USA; 25 per cent of the world’s incarcerated people are currently in US prisons. Additionally, people of colour are disproportionately represented among the USA’s incarcerated population.My paper will examine how the exception clause of the Thirteenth Amendment created a loophole for the US government to permit the same civic and racial injustices towards African-Americans to take place that resulted from chattel slavery pre-Thirteenth Amendment. Drawing upon law reviews, the history of slavery, US federal court cases and Michelle Alexander’s acclaimed book The New Jim Crow, I will document how federal policies related to prisoners and the US penal system created a form of ‘second slavery’ in the USA under the guise of a criminal justice system. The Thirteenth Amendment ostensibly eradicated an institution that deprived enslaved African-Americans of their natural and civil rights. In reality, however, it has replaced it with a legal permission for US private prisons to exploit disenfranchised people for cheap labour, thus failing the goals of the Amendment’s original supporters.Gisselle Belia (Baruch College, CUNY)The construction of race in the census of the Dominican RepublicThis study departs from a statistical approach to examine a unique dataset that provides insight into Dominicans’ perception of race. Race can be defined in the context of being ‘an autonomous field of social conflict, political organisations, and cultural/ideological meaning’ (Omi and Winant, 1986: page number). The Dominican Republic National Census exemplifies how race can be used as a political tool. This paper analyses the historical modifications to the ‘race’ and ‘colour’ items in the Dominican Republic census survey while comparing it with data from the Latin American Public Opinion (LAPOP), which examines racial discrimination and racial self-identification during 2012–14. This comparison allows for the evaluation of the effect and consequences of removing ‘race’ and ‘colour’ items from the census survey. Since 1981, the Department of Statistics has severely constricted racial self-identification questions. These questions were substituted with a citizenship question, which has a broader meaning and allows for the differentiation of Dominicans from Haitians. In an effort to diminish the percentage of people who self-identified as black, during the dictatorship of Trujilo in YEAR, the item’ Indio’ or ‘Indigenous’ became a racial category. Since some Dominicans are reluctant to identify as black, many prefer, and classify themselves as, ‘Indio’. This paper examines this and other historical changes in racial identify, and aims to determine if there is a relationship between the census survey questions and the lack of racial identification in the Dominican Republic.Panel 12B Education and PrivacyMark Ranasinghe (Monash University, Australia)Evaluating a multi-disciplinary diabetes education programme for improving glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk: A retrospective studyWith a growing trend favouring fewer medications and greater emphasis on self-management through lifestyle change, health education programmes offer a cost-effective and easily implementable method that could pave the future for chronic disease management.Limited research exists on the efficacy of these programmes for improving diabetes and cardiovascular disease, particularly in regard to objective measures of glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk. Such programmes have the potential to be implemented across a wide variety of community settings.In this study, we evaluate a community-based education programme aimed at informing, engaging with and empowering patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to make effective lifestyle changes.The significant proportion of patients who underwent nil or positive change in relation to their glycaemic control medications highlights the value of education as both a supplementary and stand-alone tool. This is not only convenient and generally preferred by patients, but is also of financial benefit on a patient and government level. Beyond this, these programmes may translate to reduction in overall downstream risk associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular adverse events. This also acts to reduce the burden on resources and efforts focused on addressing these dreaded further complications in addition to improving patient prognosis.The research also draws attention to the significance of empowering patients to seize control of their health through supporting them in developing self-management strategies and healthy habits that potentially carry benefit for a lifetime.Debbie Clark (Monash University, Australia)Biometric information in the workplace: A legal perspectiveThe rise of new sophisticated office sign-in methods, such as fingerprint scanners, gives employers access to their employee’s extremely sensitive information. The law has never recognised biometric information as property, but the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) promotes the protection of the privacy of individuals and their sensitive information. Although biometric information is considered sensitive, it still can be obtained through notification and gaining consent. But as current privacy laws were drafted before the conceptualisation of new technology that collects sensitive information, how are employees to interact with, and protect their, biometric data collection? In this presentation, I will identify the current state of Australian privacy laws concerning biometric information and the unresolved issues surrounding whether the concept of sensitive information itself is property. I will then discuss the legal scholarship of the increasingly fraught intersection of privacy, technology and regulation, and the impact for employers and employees in light of the recent Lee v Superior Wood Pty Ltd [2019] Fair Work Commission decision. Finally, I will explore the common ground between the legal and philosophical debate on personal information, and imagine what ramifications for the workplace, and society as a whole, would occur if biometric information was recognised as property.Xin Yi (Tina) Cheng and Harleen Chohan (University of British Columbia)iCON: The impact of interdisciplinary, culturally tailored health education in stimulating positive health behavioural changes in South-Asian and Chinese populations in British ColumbiaApproximately 30 per cent of British Columbia’s population consists of minority populations, of which 26 per cent and 37 per cent are South-Asian and Chinese populations respectively. These communities bear a disproportionately large chronic disease burden compared to the general population, which can be reduced through modifying health behaviours. This project evaluates the effectiveness of interactive culturally tailored health education, delivered by interdisciplinary health professionals, in improving chronic disease health outcomes. Evaluation metrics included: improvement of knowledge and management of health conditions, willingness to adopt lifestyle changes, and confidence in navigating BC’s healthcare system. We conducted two, free chronic-disease management health forums in two communities with large Chinese and South-Asian populations and invited participants to fill out evaluation surveys at the completion of the events. Between 2018 and March 2019, 171 Chinese and 58 South-Asian participants completed the surveys. Part A of the survey explored demographics (e.g. age, level of education, income, English proficiency), healthcare challenges respondents faced and confidence in accessing healthcare resources. Part B evaluated the effectiveness of the health forums in improving respondents’ knowledge, self-management/prevention strategies and identification of specific changes they would like to make in their health behaviours. Post-forum interviews were conducted two months afterwards to assess actualisation of health-seeking behaviour. Our results demonstrate that this culturally tailored, interdisciplinary and interactive delivery approach to health education is effective in improving health outcomes in BC’s Chinese and South-Asian populations by encouraging willingness to make lifestyle changes and sustain them, and supporting improved access to resources.Stephen Enciso (Monash University, Australia)The importance of bilingual education to the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal people and the decolonisation of AustraliaIn the 1970s, the Australian Government funded a number of bilingual education programmes in Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory. These programmes were welcomed by communities who saw them as a way to preserve culture and identity across generations. Today, most of these programmes no longer exist, and the few that remain are fighting a constant battle against financial and institutional pressures to stay in place. In this article, I will argue that having properly funded bilingual programmes must be seen as a necessity for the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal people, and an important part of the struggle to decolonise Australia. Firstly, I will engage with the literature on language policy and nationalism, focusing on recent policies in the Northern Territory, such as the First Four Hours Policy and the roll-out of NAPLAN, to show how language policy is complicit in delegitimising Aboriginal culture and identity and creating pressures to assimilate. Then, I will turn to the theory of decolonisation, applying the concepts of Onkwehonwe scholar Taiaiake Alfred about the restrengthening of culture and identity as part of the refusal to submit to the assimilatory and destructive logic of colonisation to the Northern Territory context. I will argue that properly funding and supporting bilingual education programmes is necessary for enabling the Warrior Spirit that Alfred thinks will regenerate Aboriginal peoples and make it possible to achieve his notion of Peace.Panel 12C Health and DataSunjuri Sun (Monash University Australia)Respiratory management strategies and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely pre-term infantsBackground: Recent comparisons between different national neonatal registries have shown variations in clinical outcomes such as survival and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). There is often greater inter-centre variability in terms of clinical practices and respiratory management strategies, which warrants further investigation of how these variations influence neonatal outcomes.Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted for all extremely pre-term infants (born less than 28 weeks’ gestation) admitted to Monash Newborn at the Monash Children’s Hospital (Melbourne, Australia) and the Oxford Newborn Care Unit at the John Radcliffe Hospital (Oxford, UK) over a period of 3 years, from 2015 to 2017 inclusive.Results: A total of 492 infants were included in the study – 310 from the Oxford Newborn Care Unit and 182 from Monash Newborn. The overall incidence of BPD for extremely pre-term infants was 62.20% and was similar across Monash and Oxford (64.84% at Monash vs 60.65% at Oxford, p=0.355). There were significant differences in terms of clinical practices between the two neonatal units. Oxford had higher rates of intubation at resuscitation, surfactant administration and use of nitric oxide. Monash used nasal CPAP and parental nutrition more frequently than Oxford.Conclusions: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia remains a significant cause of neonatal morbidity amongst extremely pre-term infants. Despite significant differences in clinical practice, both units had similar rates of the composite outcome (BPD or mortality).Jeremy Wein (Monash University Australia)A novel alternative to antibiotic treatment in the age of multi-drug resistance: Understanding how Chi-like phages target bacterial flagellum of Salmonella TyphiOther than being causative agents of animal diseases, viruses have a paramount role in the biosphere. Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect prokaryotes. They are the most abundant lifeform in the biosphere, more abundant than all other life forms combined. They can attach to defined extracellular targets and inject their genome into the host cells.Most phages are comprised of a head, containing a capsid within which their genetic material is enclosed, attached to a tail, specialised for genome ejection. Some viruses are able to attach and travel down the flagellum of their host cell and translocate their genome through their long tail tube into the bacterium. Such a phage is YSD1, a Chi-like phage recently discovered in a waterway survey in the UK.This project aims to characterise the structure of the putative distal tail protein of the newly discovered phage using protein expression, purification, crystallisation and X-ray crystallography. Understanding this structure will shed insight into host recognition and migration of the phage down the flagellum. Moreover, there is the possibility of gaining information as to the mechanism of genome ejection that YSD1 and other Chi-like phages employ. This may have implications in our understanding of phage evolution, bacteriophage treatment for multi-drug resistant infections, or maintaining a symbiotic relationship with our gut microbiome.Nathaniel Zinda (Baruch College, CUNY)Attention and persuasion in information technology: Nudging users towards ‘time well spent’ through app ratingsThis thesis is concerned with the issue of attention and persuasion in information technologies. In particular, it is a rebuke of the common practice in Silicon Valley of designing products with the intention of maximising user ‘engagement’ – in other words, the time that users spend with the product. Part 1 of this paper is a conceptual investigation into this problem: its causes, characteristics and ethical effects. In response to this analysis, Part 2 offers an experimental investigation into the potential utility of using ‘digital wellbeing’ app ratings as a means to nudge users away from apps that contain these design practices. Through an incentivised survey experiment, this paper tests whether the ratings affect users’ perception of a fictitious social-media app, with perception being defined as a collection of four measures: trustworthiness, likeability, willingness to install and willingness to recommend. The study finds positive effects from the app ratings on all dependent measures, although this effect is confined to the transition from ‘medium’ to ‘high’ ratings, indicating that the perceptual salience of these ratings is not linear across all levels. The implications of this experiment are both practical and philosophical. The former suggests that these ratings (as a novel form of reputation system) can be useful in nudging users away from addictive apps. More broadly, however, this study lays an important foundation for our collective thinking about the costs associated with a particular technology: namely, that one’s time and attention are just as important considerations as usability and price.Basya Buchbinder (Baruch College, CUNY)Breaking biofilms: Synthesis of molecules in order to combat biofilm formationQuorum sensing is a way that gene expression is regulated in a density-dependent manner. The expression of genes that create biofilms will occur only once a certain threshold of signalling molecules are reached. Biofilms are extracellular matrices that help bacterial organisms proliferate. Certain species of virulent bacteria use biofilms as a way to cause disease in humans. The matrix environment helps protect the bacteria from being phagocytised by white blood cells or from being killed by antibiotics. Some bacterial diseases that become much more difficult to treat once a biofilm has formed include upper respiratory disease infections, urinary tract infections, catheter-induced and other device-associated infections, and periodontitis. The signalling pathway that allows biofilms to form can be disrupted by inhibitors. One such pathway is known as the AI-2 pathway. This signalling pathway allows different species of bacteria to communicate their presence to each other, thereby inducing biofilm formation. In this experiment, novel AI-2 inhibitors are created and tested on E.coli to determine their relative ability to disrupt formation of E.coli biofilms. If the molecules are found to disrupt biofilm formation, they can be used in conjunction with antibiotics to combat bacterial diseases.Panel 13A Changes in Australian Culture, Education and EnvironmentPhoebe (Shu-Ping) Tsai (Monash University, Australia)A culture of fear? An analysis of the media portrayal of offenders with mental illnessMental illness has become a public health issue in recent years with increased political focus in Australia. The Terms of Reference (ToR) published by the recently announced Royal Commission into Victoria’s Mental Health System (RCMH) highlights the political awareness of mental-health issues. This research aims to analyse media discourses from 2015 to 2018 on offenders with mental illness, focusing on three Victorian media outlets: The Age, the Herald Sun and The Conversation. Existing research tends to focus on the health component and little has been done on the discourse surrounding offenders. To rectify this, this research will examine whether the media portrayals of offenders with mental illness perpetrate a ‘culture of fear’, and if they do, how do they do this?Renate Plehwe and Caroline Cheng (co-researcher, not co-presenter. Research was undertaken at ANU as part of a Summer Research Scholarship) (Monash University, Australia)One hundred years of Australian English: Variation and change in modal verbs of obligationPrevious research on the modal verbs of obligation (must, have to, need (to), (have) gotta, ought (to), should) in Australian English has failed to address key questions regarding the link between socio-linguistic variation and overall changes to the system; alternative functions of these modals, such as the epistemic function, have also received comparatively little attention. The aims of this study were to track changes in the modal verbs of obligation in spoken Australian English over time and to examine which social factors may be relevant to the spread of these changes.The data on which this study is based was extracted from corpora from the Sydney Speaks project (Travis, 2014–2021). Participants (n=174) belonged to four ethnic communities (Anglo, Greek, Italian, Cantonese) and were born around Sydney between the 1890s and 1990s. The modals to be examined were selected based on previous research (Collins, 2005; Tagliamonte and D’Arcy, 2007; Tagliamonte and Smith, 2006). Over 3000 tokens of the target modals were extracted and coded for analysis to identify changes in the system over time.An increase in deontic ‘have to’ and a decrease in epistemic ‘must’ over time were observed, mirroring trends seen in other dialects of English worldwide. Other trends, such as an observed increase in deontic ‘need (to)’, do not appear to have been reported in other dialects. Ethnicity also appeared to be a relevant factor for certain changes, such as the increase in deontic ‘need (to)’.This study provides valuable insights on variation and change in Australian English.Tahnee Burke (Monash University, Australia)Investigation into the natural variation in sulphide distribution on xenoliths of metasomatised mantle from Lake Gnotuk and Lake Bullen Merri maarsMantle xenoliths – chunks of mantle rocks that have been brought to the surface in sudden volcanic eruptions – provide insight into processes that occur at depth in the Earth. Specifically, xenoliths can provide insight into chemical changes within a rock due to interaction with high-temperature and high-pressure fluids or magmas, termed metasomatism. By investigating the changes in minerals, compared with typical mantle rocks, information about the formation of ore deposits can be obtained. This assists in the discovery of new ore bodies by providing information about the conditions of formation. This information is crucial as society depends on ore deposit minerals; however, new deposits are becoming harder to find. Several xenoliths from Lake Bullen Merri maar volcano in Western Victoria were investigated as thin sections under a microscope and through various light filters and magnifications. As ore-forming minerals, sulphides, are carried in fluids rich in oxygen, it was assumed they would form in and around the hornblende crystals, which were formed by the infiltrating fluid. Results demonstrated that the sulphides were abundant in samples containing hornblende and magnetite, hydrous oxidised minerals, meaning oxygen-rich fluid must have been added to the mantle. Subduction of oceanic crust allows sea water to infiltrate the mantle and cause multiple types of metasomatism. The resulting sulphide-rich, high-temperature and high-pressure fluid is a key step in the formation of an ore deposit. This research provides information about processes that are not directly observable but are integral parts of ore-body formation.Elizabeth Leong (Monash University, Australia)Are you ready, kids? Perception of preparedness for first-year chemistry studies at Monash UniversityThe first year of university is by far one of the greatest challenges that a student will face in their educational career. It is a time in which students have to navigate and create a balance between learning new academic skills as well as obtain new social and independent living skills. Various literature has suggested that the success of their academic transition into university is highly dependent on their preparedness for the challenges that they will face in their tertiary studies (McInnis, 2010; McInnis et al., 2000). This research explores the perception of preparedness for academic success among first-year chemistry students at Monash University.An online questionnaire was administered to approximately 1400 first-year chemistry students; 845 students responded to the questionnaire, which revealed that 88 per cent have had prior chemistry knowledge and that 34 per cent of the overall surveyed cohort considered themselves prepared or very prepared – on a Likert scale – for university chemistry. It was also found that students with prior chemistry knowledge had a more positive perception towards university studies compared to students who have not had prior experience with chemistry.A post-survey is in process, aiming to compare the students’ perception in retrospect as well as that of educators. The findings of this research aim to demonstrate the impact of perception of preparedness on student success for the introductory first-year chemistry units. The interpretation of this data will be used to inform future teaching methods in the School of Chemistry.Panel 13B Pregnancy and Children?Miranda Quenby (Monash University, Australia)Maternal antibody in milk after pertussis vaccination: Report on the first nine patientsAntenatal pertussis vaccination protects newborn infants from pertussis safely and effectively. Optimal timing is unknown, and there are no studies investigating impact of timing on pertussis antibody levels in breastmilk. In this pilot study, we aim to investigate antibody concentration in the breastmilk of women vaccinated at different times. Here we report on the first nine participants.Breastfeeding women who had received pertussis vaccination in pregnancy were approached and given study information. After consent, a blood and colostrum sample was taken within 48 hours of delivery and a breastmilk sample at 14 days.Higher concentrations of anti-PT SIgA were found in colostrum compared to serum and breastmilk. The concentration of anti-PT IgG was higher in serum compared to colostrum and breastmilk. Anti-PT SIgA concentration decreased over the two-week period with a mean concentration of 16.95 EU/mL in the colostrum and 3.45EU/mL in the breast milk at 14 days. There was no relationship between the week of vaccination and concentration of SIgA to PT in colostrum (r=0.14).Anti-PT SIgA and IgG are detectable in the breastmilk of women vaccinated in pregnancy. Further work is needed to evaluate any relationship with timing of vaccination.Adi Raber (Monash University Australia)Predictors of cognitive enhancement following attention training: Evidence of compensation in children with developmental disordersRecent years have seen a growing interest in how cognitive-training interventions can enhance cognitive skills in children with developmental disorders. However, although investigating factors that influence training gains is vital in optimising this approach, evidence regarding who these interventions are most beneficial for has not yet been delineated. The current study aimed to examine the impact of daily living skills and symptoms of autism on outcomes of a cognitive-attention training intervention in children with developmental disorders. A total of 38 children aged 4–11 years with developmental disorders, attention difficulties and intellectual disability completed a cognitive-attention training programme, TALI Train, five times a week over a 5-week period. All children completed assessments of their attentional skills both before and immediately after training, while parents completed rating scales of their child’s daily living skills and symptoms of autism before training. Mixed-effects model analyses showed that while symptoms of autism did not predict any gains following training, poorer daily living skills at pre-training predicted greater improvement in selective attention – the ability to attend to particular stimuli while filtering out distractors. The findings suggest that lower-functioning children have more potential than higher-functioning children for improvement in this domain. Thus, the importance of pre-existing capacities in tailoring interventions to the individual’s specific needs is highlighted. This research provides encouraging evidence that cognitive-attention training may be especially beneficial for those who need it the most.Nicole Young (Monash University Australia)Impact of maternal ethnicity on neonatal outcomes of babies born smallBackground: Maternal ethnicity has been linked to differences in neonatal outcomes of premature babies. However, the relationship between ethnicity and neonatal outcomes of small for gestational age (SGA) babies is not clear.Method: Retrospective cohort study comparing neonatal outcomes of babies born SGA to mothers born in Australia, New Zealand (ANZ) to those born to mothers born in South Asia (SA) from a large metropolitan hospital network between 2013 and 2017. Uni-variate and multi-variate analyses of neonatal outcomes between groups were conducted, including resuscitation, respiratory outcomes, conditions of prematurity and outcomes of term infants.Results: A total of 1018 SA and 959 ANZ SGA babies were included. SA babies were significantly older (median (IQR) 39 (38–40) weeks) and heavier (2590 (2310–2780) grams) compared to ANZ babies (38 (37–40) weeks) and 2480 (2059–2740) grams; p<0.001 for both. There was no difference in perinatal mortality (0.5% vs 0.9%; p=0.2). After correction for differences in maternal and infant demographics, SA SGA babies were 1.5 times more likely to develop hypothermia (CI 1.1 to 1.8, p=0.001) but 60% less likely to be born with a major congenital malformation (CI 0.2 to 0.7, p=0.001) and 36% less likely to need gavage feeding (CI 0.4 to 0.9, p=0.02) compared to ANZ SGA babies. No significant differences in any other neonatal outcomes were observed. Conclusions: Babies born SGA to SA mothers have a different neonatal outcome profile compared to babies born to ANZ mothers. Further research into the influence of ethnicity on placental function, organogenesis and fat stores of SGA may be warranted.Ridmi Dolamulla (Monash University, Australia)Women’s use of contraceptive methods over a 12-month period: Insights from the ACCORd studyBackground: The use of and the reasons for the use of different forms of contraception at particular stages of a woman’s reproductive life is not yet widely understood. Analysis of data regarding women’s choice of contraceptive methods may assist in providing a framework to general practitioners (GPs) about a woman’s contraceptive journey.Aim: To investigate the contraceptive histories of women involved in the ACCORd study.Method: The ‘Australian Contraceptive ChOice pRoject (ACCORd)’ study was a cluster-randomised trial that took place between April 2016 and May 2017. Women recruited, through GP clinics, completed baseline, 6- and 12-month surveys based on the US Contraceptive CHOICE project and adapted for the Australian setting. Questions included past and present contraception, bleeding patterns, side effects, level of satisfaction and reasons for discontinuation. Data collected from women at baseline, 6 months and 12 months will be analysed using the logistic model.Setting: Melbourne metropolitan GP clinics.Participants: A total of 740 women participants were recruited from 57 GP clinics. Eligible women were aged between 16 and 45, had been sexually active in previous six months (or expecting sexual activity in subsequent six months), in need of contraception, not pregnant nor planning a pregnancy, spoke proficient English and were interested in discussing contraception with their GP.Implication(s) for practice: This quantitative analysis will help characterise the range of contraceptive products used and the reasons for their use by individual women, assisting GPs to provide better contraceptive advice.Panel 14A Human RelationshipsZhou Yu (Nanyang Technological University)A critical analysis of the values and ideologies portrayed in a selection of Roald Dahl’s most popular booksRanked as one of the top-selling children’s authors, Dahl’s books have reached many readers, children and adults alike. This paper aims to explore a representative selection of Dahl’s books by critically analysing the values of the main characters and the ideology of the author. In so doing, the paper seeks to draw out the differences in worldviews between Dahl’s Britain and contemporary Singapore that might affect the young Singaporean reader’s values. This study focuses on six of Roald Dahl’s best-known books that are likely to hold significance for children’s values education. Applying a political ideology framework of advocacy, attack and assent, the paper explores the characterisation of the main characters and the author’s ideologies (both explicit and hidden) in the books. A review of the literature and Dahl’s autobiography novel Boy highlighted three complexities in Dahl’s portrayal of values. These concerned power relations between adult and child, violence being cushioned by humour, and worlds with distinct extremes of good and evil. These themes were also applied in the analysis with particular reference to the politics of assent. The values and ideologies of the books were compared to the Desired Outcomes of Education and the National Pledge in order to evaluate the potential significant effects of reading the books on children’s values education in Singapore.Lim Jia Yi (Nanyang Technological University)The myth of herbalism: An interdisciplinary investigation of plant remedies used on Alor IslandHerbalism: truth or myth? For centuries, herbalism has been practised in societies as the means of survival – the only, perhaps in ancient times – against diseases that have plagued the Earth long before modern medicine found cures. For some, it continues to be a way of life. The Abui people, who have made their home on the remote Alor Island, Indonesia, have treated themselves for hundreds of years with herbs and plants in their natural environment, and continue to do so today despite access to modern medicine. In fact, given the choice, they prefer natural remedies to those offered by science and technology. Building on previous studies, this paper further investigates the use of plant remedies to treat a variety of ailments using techniques employed by field linguistics, before applying interdisciplinary analysis to propose the possible socio-cultural motivations behind the strong Abui belief in this healthcare system. The data collected with field interviews are compiled and presented in a botanical dictionary for plants in the Abui area, their medicinal properties and other relevant information. Using comparative methodology, herbalism practices in the Abui society is then cross-culturally dissected and compared to similar practices in other societies to identify patterns, and possibly, truth in the healing properties of these plants.Miguel Regalo (Monash University, Australia)Nurturing good friendships in schools: An Aristotelian response to bullyingBullying is the ongoing and deliberate misuse of power in relationships. Despite widespread and enthusiastic efforts to implement systematic prevention programmes, it remains a ubiquitous issue in schools and teachers often feel unconfident addressing non-overt incidents. Although there is broad recognition that fostering positive relationships is an essential component of an effective curricular response, many students (including bullies and the bullied) continue to find forming sincere friendships a challenge. In fact, friendships can be a source of bullying wherever there are experiences of conflict, peer pressure and social exclusion. Given such circumstances, it seems there is a need to reprioritise friendship in schools, for both teachers and students, as a response to bullying behaviours.Aristotle emphasised the cultivation of friendship as a central part of his ethical theory – he thought they were fundamental to developing as a virtuous person and living a meaningful life. Aristotle identified three kinds of friendship: pleasure, utility and virtue, and it is the third that is most preferable because it is based on mutual well-wishing out of concern for one another. Such relationships take time to develop, and depend on care and empathy.Can young people learn to redefine friendship? Can teachers help their students become better friends? Through a philosophical examination of productive and collaborative pedagogies, in light of the principles of Aristotelian friendship, the research intends to supplement contemporary approaches to student wellbeing with pedagogical strategies that place friendship at the centre of learning.Emma-Grace Clarke and Sarah Comley (Monash University, Australia)Student commensal practice: Monash case studyOur research explores the benefits of commensality (social eating) to university students’ wellbeing, with a focus on isolated students. These isolated students are overwhelmingly international and rural students who are separated from their families. This isolation impedes students’ abilities to benefit from commensality; yet these students have the most to gain. Benefits of commensality have been comprehensively studied within the family unit, with improvements to BMI, mental health and food choices identified. Furthermore, commensality represents an opportunity to share stories that reiterate socio-cultural value systems and establish cultural identities integral to daily life. Students who are isolated are unable to be involved in these cultural storytelling rituals as they lack the socio-cultural structures that are necessary to perform them. We claim that the cultural, social and health benefits of commensality can also be applied to universities with the creation of the necessary social structures.We aim to explore the impact of food sharing within the intercultural context of Monash University as a pilot study. This is achieved through nine co-designed workshops run over across the university semester, in which socially isolated students are encouraged to engage in commensality and surveys. Through qualitative data collection and regular commensal practice, we analyse student self-reporting in four categories: social, cultural, academic and health.These research workshops are expected to link the practice of commensality to improved student wellbeing, including mental health, social capital and educational agency.Panel 14B Neurology and Self IdentityManini Bhatia (Monash University, Australia) Evaluation of various labour factors that may influence the breastfeeding rate in healthy, term newbornsBackground: The Victorian Government has established performance indicators as a benchmark for all health services to improve their breastfeeding rates. Latrobe Regional Hospital (LRH) has one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in Victoria (Table 1). This study analysed whether different components of labour have an impact on the initiation of breastfeeding and at discharge.Method: We performed a retrospective cohort study from March to August 2017, including all babies >37weeks gestation born at LRH. Exclusion criteria were prematurity, transfer to another hospital and medical contraindications for breastfeeding. We established two study groups at the initiation phase and discharge time: infants either exclusively breastfed or not exclusively breastfed. Patients were identified using ICD-10 coding and data was statistically analysed with Stata using the score test for trend of odds ratio and chi-square test.Results: We identified 397 births. Respectively, in 80.1% (n=318), breastfeeding was initiated, and 56.8% (n=255) babies were exclusively breastfed at discharge. Induction of labour had a significant negative impact on the initiation of breastfeeding (p<0.05) but was not significant at discharge (p=0.058). Other clinical intervention such as elective (p=0.286) or emergency caesarean (p=0.377), epidural for vaginal delivery (p=0.546), or other type of anaesthesia (p=0.780) did not have a significant influence on breastfeeding initiation.Conclusion: These results changed the management in the antenatal clinic. We now provide early education about regular expressing of breast milk from 36 weeks’ gestation and have introduced a feeding sheet to improve compliance and uptake in women admitted for induction of labour.Sophie Huei Yi Thong (Monash University, Australia)A proposed model of altered time perception in unipolar and bipolar depressionThe subjective feeling of passing time, the speed at which time appears to move, has been reported to be distorted in people with mental illnesses. Specifically, time has been experienced as slowed in unipolar depression while in bipolar depression, during phases of mania, time has been felt to move rapidly. Yet, despite these reports, few studies have examined the mechanisms that may underlie such altered time perception in unipolar and bipolar depression. In the literature, a model that may explain this phenomenon is the Dynamic Occupation in Time (DOiT) model (Larson, 2004). This model proposes that feelings of passing time during a task follow a left-skewed bell curve that begins with feelings of slowness, peaks with timelessness and ends with slowness again. These feelings result from a combination of two components: how intensely one is engaged in a task and how well one’s capabilities match the perceived difficulty of said task. While not explicitly related to depression, after substituting the concept of a ‘task’ with the act of rumination, the latter component with emotional valence (negative to positive) and the ending slowness with time disruption, the model appears apt to describe altered time perception in both types of depression. Thus, by adapting the DOiT model with such substitutions, this research ultimately aims to offer a possible model of altered time perception in unipolar and bipolar depression. Additionally, the possible bidirectional relationship between time perception alteration and both depression types and its associated therapeutic implications will also be considered.Melissa Choo (Monash University, Malaysia)Fighting dementia: A literature review of interventions to improve overall mood and motivation in patients with dementiaBackground: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that, by 2020, the world population aged 60 and above would exceed the population of children under five, and by 2050, the population above 60 years would hit 2 billion. WHO also listed dementia as one of the most common health conditions associated with ageing.Dementia is a neurological disorder that deteriorates a person’s memory, attention, thinking and orientation to time, place and person. It affects patients’ quality of life due to their incapability to cater to their own daily needs as they previously used to. Dementia has a positive correlation with depressive symptoms, usually resulting in a lack of motivation (apathy) in dementia patients – one of the biggest challenges faced by cognitive interventions. Research shows high levels of motivation dwindles the likelihood of severe cognitive decline. Hence, an increase in positive mood could possibly encourage a higher level of willingness to participate in intervention activities and is a crucial factor of mediating cognitive and everyday functioning in dementia.Method: This review will critically examine the current literature of interventions that aim to improve mood and motivation of dementia patients and possibly contribute as a stepping-stone for future research on the current topic.Implications: Successful interventions of improving mood and motivation are important so that patients are more engaged in treatment activities, and this could be implemented in the design of future cognitive or therapy interventions. This would enhance the efficiencies of various therapy interventions and further recover the patients’ quality of life.Elizabeth Gerard (Monash University, Malaysia)How socio-economic status affects political self-identification among Malaysian youthsThis study aims to investigate political self-identification (e.g. socio-political conservatism vs liberalism) among Malaysian youths based on their socio-economic status. In May 2018, Malaysia experienced a revolutionary political change after 60 years of governance by the National Front, made possible by young voters who made up 43.6 per cent of the electorate. In the 2019 mid-year parliamentary session, the government will table an amendment to reduce the legal voting age from 21 to 18. Despite being a progressive move, Malaysian youths are ill-prepared to make informed political decisions. Youth political engagement literature rarely centres on multi-racial societies, such as Malaysia, to investigate socio-economic factors predicting political self-identification. Studying this will help Malaysian society to understand the changing trends of the electorate in forming more relevant and sustainable policies and initiatives. As such, the study aims to provide an alternative view to Western theory by investigating political self-identification in a society that is relatively racially segregated. Socio-economic factors that will be examined include annual household income, levels of education, ethnic identification, age, gender and moral values. A representative sample will be obtained from private and government universities. To be eligible, candidates must have completed secondary education in a local government school, be currently enrolled in a pre-university or undergraduate programme, and be within the age range of 18 to 24. Data collection will involve administering surveys – analysed using multiple regression – and conducting focus groups involving five to six participants each.Panel 14D Technological InnovationsTong Xie (Monash University Australia)Ionic diffusion within MAPbI3 perovskitesHybrid organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites have gained attention as high-performance thin-film photovoltaics. A two-step deposition is often used to obtain high-quality films. The diffusion of the halide salts into PbI2 films is the determining factor of the second step. The diffusion of MAI into the films can cause the mass increase of the PbI2 films. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) can record the dynamic mass change of a thin film over time with ng/cm2 resolution. This will be used to monitor ion diffusion into perovskite films to help understand the diffusion mechanism of sequential deposition. The insights gained could further increase the efficiency of perovskite solar cell and lead to a better approach to large-scale fabrication.Gan Beng Yee (Nanyang Technological University)Numerical simulation of spin-state spectroscopy in silicon double quantum dotsFuture solid-state based quantum-information processing will rely on binary quantum degrees of freedom that can be individually addressed by electronic or optical means. Electron spins confined to silicon quantum dots are promising candidates due to the abundance of nuclear-spin free isotopes and the weak spin-orbit coupling inherent to silicon. However, the quantum dot single-particle spectrum can be complicated by additional valley degrees of freedom, possibly obscuring the binary spin degrees. Detailed information on spin and valley degrees of freedom can be obtained by higher-order tunnelling spectroscopy in applied external magnetic fields. However, to date, spin-dependent cotunnelling in double quantum dots remains poorly understood. Here, we analyse spin-state spectroscopy, measured in a donor-based silicon double quantum dot by representing the cotunnelling current using a numerical model based on the Quantum master equation for Quantum dot transport (QmeQ) package in Python.Tang Xin Hui (Nanyang Technological University)Aerogel catalystCarbon dioxide is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Therefore, priority research attention has been given to removing this greenhouse gas from emissions and converting it to useful products such as methane. In this project, a series of Ce-doped, alumina-supported nickel aerogel catalysts were developed by supercritical CO2 drying of sol-gel precursors. Both the sol-gel chemistry and the drying procedure were optimised to yield aerogel catalytic monoliths. The catalysts with varying Ce:Al ratio and 1 per cent Ni loading were tested for CO2 methanation at 1 atm pressure between 200 and 500°C. Prior to reaction, the catalysts were reduced in pure hydrogen gas at 500°C for 3 hours. A benchmark catalyst of 1 per cent Ni on alumina was also prepared by incipient wetness impregnation. The results show that the addition of ceria on alumina support affects the structure of the catalyst-support and the metal-support interactions, which in turn lead to changes in conversion of CO2 and selectivity of CH4. At low ceria content, the optimum temperature for methane selectivity is 350°C. At high ceria content, both the selectivity towards methane and conversion of CO2 increase with temperature.Panel 15A Histories of Memory and TextsGavin Waldron (Monash University, Australia)Johanan Alemanno: A Jewish influence on the Florentine RenaissanceThe late-fifteenth century saw a growing interest in Jewish philosophy among Florentine humanists, with the appraisal of Hebraica Veritas, prompting Christian writers to work more closely with their Jewish contemporaries. Johanan Alemanno, a Jewish Kabbalist and philosopher, developed a friendship with the prominent humanist Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. This relationship enabled the exchange of ideas and textual resources, and directly contributed to Pico’s development of a Christian form of the Kabbalah. This paper will discuss the collaboration between these two figures, exploring the ways in which their respective streams of thought were adapted across traditional divides.Pico encouraged Alemanno to write a commentary on the Song of Songs and a piece on Solomon’s virtues. The Song of Solomon’s Ascents was completed between 1488 and 1490, while Pico was finishing his own Heptaplus, a commentary on the six days of creation. This research draws upon selected anthropological writings, comparing philosophical and theological aspects to chart the confluence and divergence in their interpretations. Although Pico and Alemanno’s religions and ideas ultimately differed, they shared a number of influences, and their fruitful collaboration can be traced in their respective works.Adam Weitzer (Monash University, Australia)Performing pasts: Constructions of memory in Dmitri Shostakovich’s Thirteenth Symphony in B flat minor, Op 113 ‘Babi Yar’ (1962)While the study of cultural memory has dominated the humanities since the 1980s, it has only been acknowledged in musicology in the last decade. This paper considers commemorative art music from the early 1960s, when collective understandings of the Second World War were crystallising. Dmitri Shostakovich’s Thirteenth Symphony in B flat minor, Op. 113 ‘Babi Yar’ (1962) commemorates the massacre of 33,000 Jews by Ukrainian forces in 1941, setting five poems by Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Coupling Pierre Nora’s monumental theory of collective memory with Edward Casey’s phenomenological theory, I argue that this symphony is not only a retrospective ‘site of memory’, but that it is a ‘site of remembering’, which enacts the processes of historical memory-making within the music. To do this, I explore how the symphony creates a cyclical sense of time, and how Shostakovich’s appeal to mimesis brings us closer to a direct re-experiencing of the subject matter. The presence of text, however, complicates issues of representation. On one level, I argue that Shostakovich’s use of separate poems from different perspectives in each movement contests the USSR’s silencing of individual voices. On another level, his linking of the movements through a recycling of musical motives implies a broader transnational unity, which characterised his ideal of ‘Russianness’. To date, most scholarship has focused on how music becomes a ‘site of memory’ through its consumption and reception; this study seeks to go ‘inside’ the music to better understand how it may embody lived historical experiences.Phoebe Ng Hui Yin (Nanyang Technological University)In defence of children’s fantasyFantasy has often been relegated to the domain of children because it does not fit the conventions of ‘serious’ literature, characterised as genre of the impossible, of inventive fiction, and of make-believe realms. In Children’s Literature in the 1890s and the 1990s, Kimberley Reynolds observes that contemporary fantasy utilises fantastical elements to make comments about the present state of civilisation and society. This is also echoed by Graham Martin in An Inquiry into the Purposes of Speculative Fiction – Fantasy and Truth, who refines the characteristics of fantastical elements into various metaphors for psychological states, ranging from human relationships to political systems. Paying close attention to the imaginative geographical landscape, The Neverending Story in particular reflects the use of fantasy narrative space tying closely to psychological states and how the individual relates to the world around them. Attempting a psychological interpretation of Michael Ende’s The Neverending Story (trans. 1983), this essay aims to deconstruct the bildungsroman narrative through how it is used in contemporary fantasy, examining the ways which fantasy – through the act of reading – affects the figure of the child reader. Taking material from Shoshana Felman’s Literature and Psychoanalysis and reverting back to the classic definitions of the fantasy and children’s genres respectively as outlined by Tolkien and C.S. Lewis, adopts the perspective that the use of fantastical elements are invaluable as an emotional bulwark when situated within the genre of children’s fantasy. As such, it carries therapeutic potential as a form of long-term emotional rehabilitation.Panel 15B Food and AgricultureThi Minh Chau Nguyen (Monash University, Australia)Intellectual property rights in restaurant food presentation: Appealing appearance, but ‘difficult to digest’?Intellectual property (IP) rights are part of a business’s goodwill, which can contribute significantly to its commercial values. Yet, the protection of these assets is usually undermined by most businesses in the high-end restaurant industry, as protecting novel creations such as dishes’ presentation and decoration techniques seems too unusual. Ironically, restaurant owners and chefs have become increasingly concerned that their unique and innovative techniques are imitated by knockoff businesses, which gain profits without authorisation. This research addresses the protection of IP rights of restaurant food presentation in Australia, showing how the current social norms are not sufficiently effective in response to this issue. A study of Australian legislation – in particular, the Copyright Act 1968 and the Trade Marks Act 1995, in light of a literature review in comparison with the USA – suggests two available legal tools: copyright and trademarks. A preliminary analysis indicates that current Statutes appear relatively flexible and open to recognise new categories of IP rights. Nevertheless, the Court remains reluctant to recognise and enforce such rights in practice due to lack of settled rules in this novel area. A literature gap in the high-end restaurant industry opens up avenues for future academic research and debates to address IP rights infringements in relation to restaurant food presentation. More broadly, this research also raises awareness of the law and of the public at large to turn their minds to and adapt to the evolution of new IP rights in modern society.Alisha Fulton (Monash University, Australia)A cost–benefit analysis of regenerative agriculture in AustraliaConventional agricultural methods rely greatly on non-renewable resources and impact heavily on soil health. Rising global temperatures and a growing global population make food security an increasingly important issue, and therefore it is vital that soil health is maintained in order to provide resources for future generations. Regenerative agriculture is a method of agriculture with the overall aim of sequestering carbon in soils; that is, pulling carbon out of the atmosphere and returning it to the soil as soil organic carbon. Therefore, conducting at least four of the six annual cropping practices involved in regenerative agriculture will have a huge impact on both human and climate health. This study aims to assess both the benefits and costs of regenerative agriculture in Australia as well as its potential as a tool for climate-change mitigation. This assessment was done through an analysis of the current literature on regenerative agriculture, with particular consideration of the organisation ‘Regenerative Australian Farmers’ as a case study for regenerative agriculture in the Australian context. It has been found that the initial set-up costs of regenerative methods can be significant; however, its long-term profitability outweighs this, particularly during times of drought. ‘Regenerative Australian Farmers’ is an organisation that provides financial packages and services to farmers wishing to implement regenerative agriculture. It is suggested that this type of service be replicated in other countries, particularly developing countries, in order to overcome the initial costs of regenerative agriculture and establish a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture.Shi-Cheng Tong (Monash University Malaysia)Effect of cumulative addition of natural antioxidant on the stability of deep-frying oilThe use of synthetic antioxidants in the food industry is a major concern nowadays. This concern causes many to seek naturally derived antioxidants. To further this, the effect of cumulative addition of three 99ppm natural antioxidants – namely ascorbyl palmitate, tocopherol and carotenoid – on the degradation of oil during the deep-frying process was examined. The frying process was carried out for 13.5 hours over a period of three days. At the end of this time, the quality of the oil was examined by analysing the total polar material (TPM), fatty acid composition (FAC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), free fatty acid content (FFA), peroxide value (PV), colours and viscosity. Results showed that performance of antioxidants during the deep-frying process was: ascorbyl palmitate > tocopherol > carotenoid with TPM increment of 7.7% ±0.50, 8.6% ±0.55 and 14.7% ±0.24, respectively. However, synergistic fortification (tocopherol + ascorbyl palmitate) appears to perform worst within all test groups. Result of FAC and FTIR had shown a similar trend in all set of oils with a decrease in carbon chain length and increase in the amount of trans fats upon deep frying, except for tocopherol and synergic fortified oil. Synergic fortified oil appears to have the largest increment in FFA content (0.338 ±0.0048%) and change in colour (3.66) while carotenoid fortified oil showed the greatest increase in viscosity (143.6cP) and PV (11.58 ±0.27meq/kg). In conclusion, the addition of natural antioxidants, particularly ascorbyl palmitate, at a concentration of 99ppm successfully reduced the degradation of oil during the deep-frying process when used individually.Panel 15C The Influence of Media and Media of InfluenceJolene Kong Ling (Nanyang Technological University)Who am I? Multiple identities on Instagram‘I’ is a collective creation of the many different aspects and facets of a self. It is the product of a continuous performance, where our repeated expressions, actions and thoughts make and remake who we are. With the advent of the internet and social media, ‘being’ online mediates how we express and form our identity. The phenomenon of the finstagram (fake instagram account) versus the rinstagram (real instagram account) in particular poses the question of why multiple distinctive identities are created. As such, this paper aims to explore how the experience of being online affects the negotiation of meaning behind the identities that make up who we are through semi-structured qualitative interviews. Interview results revealed that content differed based on its expected reception, as well as the audience it was intended for. In addition, recurring themes of journaling, expressive release and identity management were found to be motivating factors of maintaining separate accounts. Implications, limitations and future directions are discussed.Cheng Shao Meng (Nanyang Technological University)Virtual reality: Visualising an 1850’s Singapore river artworkThis essay discusses the research and work that goes into translating an 1850’s lithograph, Singapore River with Thomson’s Bridge, into a 3D environment and virtual reality (VR) application. This project is being done to commemorate Singapore’s Bicentennial, a critical look into Singapore’s past as the country observes Sir Stanford Raffles’ landing onto Singapore’s shore 200 years ago. This project will investigate published VR works, the history and depiction of the Singapore river during the colonial period, and the technical challenges of visualising a 2D artwork into 3D using Epic Games’ Unreal Engine 4. It will then conclude by putting all the elements together into an installation booth, with feedback gathered from participants using the first prototype of the installation. This essay will place heavy emphasis on the different methods of obtaining facts and information on visualising an 1850’s Singapore river u0073ing sources such as historical artworks, photographs, maps, books and online articles. It will also examine the usefulness, issues and limitation of these sources and how they help to inform the development of the application.Paris O’Rourke (Monash University, Australia)Communicating climate change: An analysis of framing methods through a case study of walrus environments in the mediaWhile there is a 97 per cent scientific consensus that climate change is anthropogenic, this is not reflected in the public and political agreement on the issue. The media have a large influence on how an issue is communicated and perceived by the public. This research aims to explore how current climate-change events are framed in the news through the examination of a case study. An integrative literature review of three theoretical papers and two news media examples will be used. The case study highlights the effect that the climate crisis has on the walrus, an issue initially explored in David Attenborough’s Our Planet documentary. The walrus’s natural habitat, the sea-ice, has moved north due to climate change; this causes the creatures to jump off cliffs into what they think is water and consequently die or seriously injure themselves. The three authors explored, Nisbet, Beck and Newell et al., underline that climate-change frames play on the idea of personal experience by reinforcing thoughts of terror and tragedy. The discussion will also look at the psychological disconnect between the general public and climate-change science through an investigation into how humans question traditional authorities. The framing of climate change has a direct influence on public opinion and action regarding social justice movements, voting and domestic practices such as recycling.Kathryn Quinn (Monash University, Australia)Ruth Bader-Ginsburg: A fan-created Instagram ‘influencer’?In a time where social media infiltrates almost every aspect of young people’s lives (Khamis et al., 2017), the presence of educational role models on social-media platforms could have far-reaching potential to inspire success. As role models in the academic sphere have not traditionally had a strong social-media presence (Mendick et al., 2015), there is a gap in existing literature. This study considers how Ruth Bader-Ginsburg, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and an iconic academic figure, has been celebratised and celebrated on Instagram to inspire young people. While Bader-Ginsburg herself does not have a social-media presence, a simple Instagram search of ‘#notoriousrbg’ returns over 75,000 results, predominantly posted by young females inspired by her brilliant career. This case study examined the 100 top posts on Instagram with the hashtag #notoriousrbg. Data was collected over a period of five consecutive days, with 20 images collected per day. A content analysis of the Instagram posts and captions was employed to identify four common themes: artwork, branding, occasion and feminism. The images were coded depending on the themes they had the strongest connections to. It was found that Bader-Ginsburg is generally depicted in two ways: either she is celebratised as a super-hero type figure, or she is admired for the positive changes she has made in the realm of gender equality. These findings indicate that Bader-Ginsburg is celebrated in a particularised and common manner by her fans and followers that is informal and relatable.Panel 15D Blood and MicrobesJoycelyn Khoo Yi Xin (Nanyang Technological University)Synthesis of a pH-indicating polymer via living radical polymerisation for wound pH monitoringThe surface pH of a wound (pH 7.5–8.9) is alkaline and it approaches the acidic pH of a healthy skin (pH 4.0–6.0) as it heals. As such, the recovery progress of a wound could be monitored via its pH level. Phenol red, a pH indicator, is suitable to monitor the changes in the pH of a wound as its pH range of 6.8–8.4 coincides with the decreasing pH of a recovering wound. In light of this, a biocompatible copolymer with pH-indicating properties was synthesised from methacryloylated phenol red (MA-PR) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) via organocatalysed living radical polymerisation (LRP). MA-PR is a compound that is modified from phenol red for the subsequent copolymerisation with PEGMA. To yield MA-PR, methacrylic acid was converted to methacryloyl chloride before the latter was reacted with phenol red. The conversion of MA-PR from phenol red was 28 per cent. The copolymerisation of MA-PR and PEGMA was carried out for 24 hours at a mild temperature (60°C). Its polymer molecular weight distribution index ranged at 1.4–1.8 and the highest MA-PR to PEGMA ratio obtainable in the copolymer is 1:21. As pH increases, the colour of the copolymer changes from yellow (pH 2) to orange (pH 7) to red (pH 9). The biocompatibility and the pH-indicating properties of this MA-PR/PEGMA copolymer demonstrate a potential to be utilised as a material to keep track of the healing progress of a wound.Lee Cai Ling (Nanyang Technological University)Thalassasmia testing and reproduction in SingaporeWith the advancement of technology in the past decades came the ability for foetuses to be tested. Such technologies play a vital role in reproductive decision making for couples. However, studies on the social impact of such technologies are only starting to catch up to these technologies. This paper presents a systematic review of South-East Asian papers on pre-natal genetic testing. Specifically, the author seeks to explore motivations behind genetic testing in cases related to the genetic blood disorder Thalassaemia. The paper adopts an online ethnography approach, termed netnography, where the author garnered observations through technology-mediated communications in online forums. Findings indicate a general support for screening for reasons such as knowledge and planning for possible termination of afflicted pregnancy. On the use of online-mediated communications in the process of reproductive decision making, users regard it as a way to seek out knowledge from other experienced people, and also to share their experiences with others in similar predicaments. This paper serves to reiterate the importance of social considerations in shaping the outcomes of genetic testing, and to also highlight the uses and limitations of netnography when used in such settings as the research paper.Regine Tiong Hui Yi (Nanyang Technological University)The absence of Neptune’s pearls changes the benthic microbial diversity on the substrataMarine microbes play a fundamental role in the health of habitat-forming species such as coral and macroalgae that support their respective ecosystems in terms of its biodiversity. Conversely, understanding how microbial community changes due to anthropogenic removal of these species would give us insight into their influence on the microbial diversity on the substrata. With the disappearance of Hormosira banksii from the coastlines of Australia and New Zealand, we used it as our target habitat-forming seaweed at Coalcliff, NSW, Australia. We removed H. banksii in densities of 100 per cent and 50 per cent, and we compared the microbial diversities of these manipulated plots with three controls, including bare rock, untouched H. banksii, as well as untouched with scraping. Controls had higher microbial richness and evenness than both treatments. Richness and evenness decreased with the increasing removal of H. banksii. Microbial communities with fully removed Neptune’s pearls were more similar to the ones found on the bare rock, with the exception of having a slightly higher proportion of Gammaproteobacteria. With increasing removal, Oxyphotobacteria was more prevalent while Verrucomicrobiae and Planctomycetacia were less prevalent. Yet, the community structure of the bare rock still remained distinct compared to the rest of the samples. The action of scraping was not significant in changing the microbial diversity of the substrata. The removal of Neptune’s pearls was not significant in altering the microbial diversity on the host itself. Through this study, we were able to highlight how the absence of macroalgae is able to influence the community structure of benthic microbes.Zahraa Al bander (Monash University, Australia)The relationship between the gut microbiota and inflammationThe gut microbiota encompasses a diverse community of bacteria that carry out various functions influencing host functioning. These comprise nutrient metabolism, immune system regulation and natural defence against infection. The presence of certain microbes is associated with inflammatory molecules that may bring about inflammation in various body tissues. Inflammation underlies many conditions, including obesity, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inflammation may be triggered by structural components of the bacteria, which can result in a cascade of inflammatory pathways involving interleukins and other cytokines. As the gut microbiota composition differs between individuals and is contingent on a variety of factors such as diet and genetics, some individuals may possess bacteria with pro-inflammatory effects while others may harbour those with anti-inflammatory effects. Recent technological advancement has allowed for better methods of characterising the gut microbiota. This cross-sectional study looks at the gut microbial species present within a sample of 41 overweight or obese individuals. It examines their faecal microbiomes for microbial species, and serum and blood markers to determine inflammatory molecules present, in attempt to identify a relationship between specific bacteria and inflammation while accounting for confounding from diet and exercise through outcomes of validated questionnaires. Through multiple-regression analyses, the species associated with inflammation can be identified. This in turn may inform clinical practice as anti-inflammatory microbes can be sought and utilised in prebiotic and probiotic therapy.Panel 16A HealthEmmaline Cher Chin Yeoh (Monash University, Australia)P53 and its altered presentation in cancerCancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Tumour suppressor genes, when inactivated by mutation, causes cancer and are usually inactivated by frameshift or nonsense mutation. However, it is mostly due to missense mutations in TP53 (located on chromosome 17p.13.1), a tumour suppressor gene that provides instructions for making a specific protein, p53. Based on literature review, p53 typically functions as a tumour suppressor, meaning it controls cell division by preventing cells from dividing and growing uncontrollably. By attaching itself to damaged DNA, p53 determines whether it should be repaired or undergo apoptotic cell death (self-destruction). In a repairable DNA, p53 initiates the repair by activating other genes. If the DNA is unrepairable, its division comes to a halt, preventing the development of tumours. Preliminary research has shown that mutations, in general, can be very different in terms of their type, position and structural impact. In TP53 mutation, it results in mutated p53, which can alter its presentation to p53-specific T cells, making it undetectable by the host’s immune system. There is a need for more information on how p53 is able to survive undetected. Therefore, this abstract calls for further research and analysis to be conducted on the ability of the protein that mutated TP53 produces. Insights of the research can then be a guide to the development of new cancer treatments, providing more sustainable options for cancer patients.Anjali Kumar, Sarvatha Mukundan and Kiera Taylor (Monash University Australia)The social, cultural and health implications of migration on Hindu Indian women’s menstrual practices in AustraliaHindu cultural practices often transcend religious significance and are ingrained in the everyday life of many Hindu Indian migrants in Australia. Among such practices, and of considerable interest to the current study, is the tradition of menstrual segregation – commonly practised in many countries – and its social, cultural and health implications. In a Western context, menstrual segregation is negatively viewed and has attracted attention via media outlets that have highlighted feminist and human rights perspectives on the practice. These perspectives contribute to negative generalisations about Hindu people, and furthermore neglect the meaning and religious significance Hindu women ascribe to their menstrual practices. The study will be conducted in partnership with local migrant resource centres and aims to understand the changes in Hindu migrants’ menstrual practices upon transitioning to Australia, as well as the factors that influenced or resisted change. This grounded-theory study will use semi-structured interviews to examine the perspectives of 20–30 migrant Hindu women aged 18–55 years old in Melbourne’s south-eastern suburbs, and will be analysed using the three levels of coding primarily used in qualitative studies: open, axial and selective coding. The results will highlight the individual experiences of Hindu migrant women, which may be beneficial in assisting other Hindu migrant women in navigating their new cultural landscape, balance acculturation and cultural preservation, and encourage positive mental and physical health.Sasha Hermosa (Monash University, Australia)The role of alcohol consumption in people who inject drugs treated for hepatitis CHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant global public-health problem causing liver disease, mainly through sharing of injecting equipment. In 2016, the introduction of highly efficacious treatment and a global strategy to eliminate HCV by 2030 ignited co-ordinated action. Australia is on track to HCV elimination by ensuring universal access to treatment, particularly among people who inject drugs (PWID), the most at-risk population of HCV infection. However, alcohol is an equally significant risk factor of liver disease that has been given scant attention in clinical practice, despite the magnified risks among recently treated PWID.Using an embedded, concurrent mixed-methods study and secondary data collected by the Treatment and Prevention (TAP) Study with PWID in Melbourne, patterns of alcohol consumption before and following treatment were compared. Additionally, predictors of hazardous alcohol consumption are identified. Then, in-depth interviews were conducted with treated TAP participants to explore their lived experience with alcohol consumption following HCV treatment.Patterns of alcohol consumption may be higher after treatment due to the following predictors: unstable accommodation, single, male sex, low socio-economic position. Lived experience may be informed by both internal factors and external social determinants of health. Findings would be integrated to inform future alcohol-based interventions in clinical practice.Ryan Sam Zhi Hao (Nanyang Technological University)Investigating the impact of physical activity on myogenesis through the gut microbiomeThe gut microbiome is tightly regulated by host physiological changes, such as disease, sex or exercise level, creating a unique gut microbiome composition. Consequently, the metabolites from the gut microbiome are heavily involved in host energy metabolism. Previous reports showed that germ-free mice had reduced muscle mass and that exercise influences gut microbiome composition changes. To understand the mechanism of gut microbiome on host muscle physiology, gut microbiome from active and sedentary young human donors were transplanted to germ-free mice. All active donors had higher butyrate levels compared with the sedentary group, suggesting a different microbiome composition. Although there was no difference in body weight and food intake, we found increased muscle weight in the active group and increased fat contents in the sedentary group. Interestingly, FGF21 mRNA levels in the tibialis anterior muscle were increased in the sedentary group. FGF21 is regulated by butyrate and known to lower blood glucose and triglyceride levels via neural signalling pathways. However, insulin and TG levels were not significantly different between active and sedentary groups. Lastly, serum FGF21 levels were variant by batch, suggesting that serum FGF21 does not accurately reflect TA muscle FGF21 mRNA levels. Overall, we have confirmed that host activity level and microbiome interaction had effects on muscle weight and fat contents. We found increased FGF21 in TA muscle; however, serum level FGF21 was variant by batches. This strongly suggests that microbiome does affect muscle mass and function, while further studies to uncover the correlation between microbiome and FGF21 changes are highly warranted.Panel 16C The Chemistry of PollutionJasmina Begam Khalikuzzaman (Nanyang Technological University)Development of new routes to hydrophosphination: An investigation into tandem hydrophosphination of conjugated systemsTandem double hydrophosphination of α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated-1,3–Indandiones has been established. The reaction conditions were optimised, and excellent diastereoselectivity has been achieved. Extension of the substrate scope and mechanistic investigations were performed. The stepwise manner of the double P-H addition was established, and characterisation of the intermediate monophosphine was completed. Based on the mechanistic investigation, the 1,6–addition product was produced first, which can be proven by analysing the 1H, 13C and 31P{H} NMR spectra.Lee Ming Yang (Nanyang Technological University)Too small to matter? Transformation and eco-toxicity of nanomaterialsNanomaterials encompass a novel class of materials that are gaining popularity in consumer goods and various industrial applications – most notably for their unique properties compared to conventional materials. However, over the course of the nanomaterials’ lifetimes, the body of the product inevitably degrades, releasing nanoparticles into the environment. These particles are then exposed to environmental parameters, undergo physiochemical transformations and finally accumulate in the environment, possibly leading to various eco-toxicity effects. As a result, a significant number of studies have focused on identifying the possible transformations and environmental risks of nanoparticles, with the ultimate goal of ensuring safe and responsible application of nanomaterials in everyday products. This review aims to consolidate the results from previous studies related to each stage of the pathway of nanoparticles from product to environment. We chose to narrow our scope down to the top five most prevalent nanomaterials (nano-TiO2, nano-silica, nano-zinc, carbon nanotubes and nano-silver) in the near future, based on recent market data. Subsequently, the review focuses on: 1) past models developed to estimate environmental concentrations of nanoparticles, 2) the possible physiochemical transformations and eco-toxicity effects specific to each nanomaterial selected, and 3) a discussion to identify potential gaps in the studies conducted and recommend areas where further investigation is warranted.Manimaran Sonali (Nanyang Technological University)What is the value of nature in tropical coastal cities? A systematic literature review of cultural ecosystem services in the urban tropicsNature performs various functions that accrue numerous benefits – ecosystem services – to human beings. Measuring these benefits is an effective way to ensure that natural resources are protected or managed for sustainable usage. Studying cultural ecosystem services (CES) allows for the evaluation of how ecosystems provide recreational, spiritual, educational and other cultural opportunities to humans. CES are a growing, but still largely understudied, area of research, particularly in tropical coasts. It is therefore imperative to assess the state of knowledge of tropical CES so as to 1) summarise the values of various CES in coastal ecosystems, 2) identify trends in CES studies, and 3) highlight existing research gaps. This study performs a systematic literature review of CES in tropical coasts, in which both explicit CES studies and other relevant studies (not framed as a CES study) were analysed. Through the review, more than 60 papers were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. Tourism and recreation were the services that were most studied, with the majority of studies taking the form of economic valuation, using many different and even novel methods. Studies were also most often conducted in South-East Asia and on coral reefs. Many studies have some management, conservation or policy objectives associated with their research as well. CES studies also frequently discuss the effect of user preferences on valuation outcomes. This review also highlights various other trends as well as some limitations of current CES studies and compares the extracted values of CES.Mathew Baker (Monash University Australia)Causal responsibility attributions in a unique pollution settingCausal responsibility attempts to assign a justified rating of responsibility to a cause of an effect. People attribute responsibility to causes constantly, and further understanding of how they do this is essential to legal reasoning, policy-making and causal cognition, among other reasons. Previous research indicates that whether the cause is necessary and/or sufficient for the effect to occur and the sensitivity of the cause–effect link to changes in background conditions are taken into consideration when attributing responsibility. This study explores how participants’ responsibility attributions interact with these concepts and provides a unique experiment setting in which to investigate further, described as follows: Two companies dump pollutants into a reservoir and probabilistic noise, emulating background factors, can increase or decrease the level of pollutants in the reservoir. An ecological disaster will occur if the level of pollutants in the reservoir reaches a certain threshold.Participants were shown a series of cases varied by the amount each company dumped and asked to rate the responsibility of the companies for the disaster. Two models to predict participant responsibility attributions are proposed. One apportions the probability of the effect occurring to the causes while the other uses a measure of the necessity and sufficiency of the cause to predict attributions.Preliminary analysis indicates that participants are sensitive to both the necessity and sufficiency of a cause. This could have implications for the numerous psychological and philosophical theories that only consider one of these factors. Evidence that the background conditions influence responsibility attributions would help explain the results of previous research.Panel 16D Culture and StoriesEliot Vogel (Monash University Australia)iDocs: The future of storytellingiDocs, or ‘Interactive Documentaries’, are a new and fascinating field of media presentation. They allow the viewer to engage with visual, aural and potentially more learning styles in the same narrative. By combining a multitude of stimuli, such as text, voice, animation and video, to a regular narrative, iDocs such as Bear71, the first-person story of a bear living in a Canadian reserve, and Snow Fall, a story about an avalanche and the people that were caught in it, can create an increased interaction between the story and the viewer. The highly positive ratings and comments given for both works indicate that they are extremely engaging. This begs the question: Can the iDoc format increase user engagement, enjoyment and the speed of learning and memorisation? While this format of presenting information is relatively new, this report aims to take Bear71 and Snow Fall and pair them with similar paperback narratives. Four stories, two of which will be iDocs, and two regular articles, will be part of a survey to test how interactive each of the stories was, and which one was more interesting and interactive for the average viewer, along with which format made the information more digestible and easily memorable. Owing to the multiple forms of engagement, one can hypothesise that the iDoc will be a valuable and effective method of portraying information in the future, and potentially a method that can be utilised to revolutionise the presentation of narratives in the modern digital era.Chia Hui Ning (Nanyang Technological University)Analyses of relationships between text and images in a series of three picture books by Jon KlassenThe aim of this paper is to examine the relationships between text and image in picture books for children. A series of three picture books by Jon Klassen were selected by personal taste, recognition and quality, and analysed from the dual perspectives of literature and art. A framework of text and picture interactions (reinforcing, complementary, reciprocal and establishing) was surfaced in a review of literature and used to explore the relationships between text and image in the books. The analyses found that only the complementary and reciprocal interactions exist between both semiotic modes and that often text–image interactions extend beyond each double-page spread and occur between the spreads. Thus, a reader’s developing contextual knowledge plays a critical role in the construction of the narrative, yet is unaccounted for by the framework. Furthermore, the reciprocal relationship often cues humour and irony, which rests on the reader’s ability to infer and predict from textual and visual cues. The analyses also highlighted the importance of wordless spreads in Klassen’s picture books, which are not reflected in the framework. These are thought to serve as reflective spaces for the characters, as well as for the readers, to reflect on the narrative. Therefore, this paper proposes a new category for the framework – the ‘reflective relationship’. While the text and image interaction framework proved useful in analysing the constructedness of the picture books, it could account for neither the reader’s building of contextual knowledge through reading nor the space for reflection provided by wordless spreads.Shaun Lim Tyan Gin (Nanyang Technological University)This paper provides an insight into the toponymy of the Abui community living in Alor Island. The Abui, translated literally into ‘mountains’ or ‘enclosed space’, are mountain people and the Abui language is a Papuan language spoken in the Alor-Pantar Archipelago (East Indonesia) by around 17,000 speakers. This paper aims to investigate the influence of Abui plant names on place names in Alor Island. Current research on how botany shapes toponymic patterns in Alor Island remains scant – an area this research intends to tackle. Using field linguistics and language documentation methods, the author, together with a local consultant, has collected a list of 12 horticultural and agricultural plants common to the Abui people and, thereafter, matched them with toponyms in Alor Island. The data was recorded in a database, which noted the type of place name, its location, the agricultural and horticultural use of the landscape and, where possible, the etymology and/or oral stories surrounding the place name. This paper proves that Abui toponyms in Alor Island are mostly transparent, named after horticultural and agricultural plants found in the area, with horticultural plants such as mea ‘mango’, wata ‘coconut’ and kanaai ‘canarium’ being the most common toponymic sources. It is hoped that the evidence and analysis in this paper can be used as a starting point for further research on the links between Abui botany and toponymy.Bernice Kay Leong Wan (Nanyang Technological University)Subtle racism in SingaporeIn Singapore, ethnic Chinese makes up the majority of the population, while Malays, Indians and other races are minority groups. Singaporeans are surrounded by the narrative that we are ‘multi-cultural’; however, there may be subtle racism of the majority group towards the minority groups. The Intergroup Contact Theory proposes that certain prejudices the majority group has towards the minority groups can be alleviated through more frequent contact between the racial groups. Furthermore, the Common Ingroup Identity Model proposes that the effectiveness of the Intergroup Contact Theory can be moderated by recategorising Singaporeans in their respective racial sub-identities into a single, more inclusive Singaporean identity. Therefore, this research examines three types of relationship between variables: 1) superordinate identity and sub-identity, 2) superordinate identity and frequency of contact between racial groups, and 3) superordinate identity and prejudice of majority group towards minority groups. Interviews and two stages of survey launch were conducted. Thereafter, results were analysed and their implications on subtle racism in Singapore are discussed.Panel 17A Medicine and BiochemistryNatasha Miles (Monash University Australia)Ultrasound on the threshold of change: The transformation of general sonography in ThailandGeneral sonographic practice in Thailand is undergoing major reform. Previously, comprehensive sonographic examinations – performed by sonographers in Australia – were undertaken by radiologists. Ultrasound imaging was expensive, rurally inaccessible and strained the radiologist workforce. A postgraduate programme formed in collaboration with Monash University was created to address these issues.This research, carried out between 10 and 21 December 2018, aimed to examine the necessity, the pedagogical methods and outcomes of this programme, and the scope of practice of sonographers in Thailand. The inaugural class of three students, their programme coordinators and instructors were observed delivering the programme onsite in Bangkok. Anecdotal evidence was collected through informal, non-participant observation and interviews, with data used to formulate a reflective journal. The collected data forms the basis of a fourth-year capstone research paper being written and developed in 2019.Onsite in Bangkok, didactic, Thai–English lectures and scanning workshops provided clinical knowledge for programme participants. Student sonographers performed preliminary comprehensive exams, with physicians reviewing and rescanning abnormal ultrasound appearances. The primary challenges appeared to be selection and dissemination of graduates into rural areas, and workplace adjustment to the shifting sonographer role.The current paper informed by these findings is being developed in conjunction with an international professional body, the International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists (ISRRT). It is an ethically approved survey examining the scope of practice for sonographers worldwide, and its impact upon global standards of practice.Sallu Dawo and Sophie Haughton (University of Warwick)What influences medical students in choosing a surgical career?Background: In 2016, Higher Education England reported a 24 per cent decline from 74 per cent of FY2 doctors entering higher training over 5 years with an increasing proportion taking a career break from medicine [1]. General and Vascular Surgery ST3 posts experienced the lowest fill rate at 86.5 per cent compared to 100 per cent in previous years. [2] Two systematic reviews on factors dissuading a surgical career highlighted poor work-life balance, limited theatre exposure and gender discrimination [3,4].Aim: A cross-sectional study aimed at exploring factors affecting surgical career choice, career aspirations and confidence levels in managing surgical presentations at a UK-based medical school.Method: A total of 58 medical students from Warwick Medical School attended a one-day course organised by foundation doctors involving case-based discussions, simulated post-operative complications and surgical skills. Candidates consented to complete pre- and post-course questionnaires on career aspirations, deterring and promoting factors to a surgical career and confidence levels on six surgical presentations.Results: Theatre experiences were most memorable with 65.1% observing and 32.6% assisting. Poor work-life balance was the major deterrent (58.8%) followed by high competition rates (27%). The ratio of pre- and post-course career preference was not statistically different (0.41, p=0.991). Confidence levels increased in all six surgical case presentations.Discussion: Approximately 25 per cent of this cohort were interested in pursuing a career in surgery, a majority of which were women. Poor work-life balance was the major deterrent (58.8%) followed by high competition rates (35.3%). Facilitating hands-on theatre exposure for medical students and junior doctors may tackle declining recruitment rates.Joohee Kim University of Warwick)Inheritance of adaptive maternal effects through the germlineThe research is based on the inheritance of adaptive maternal effects through the germline. This is based on the trauma experienced by the parental generation that can cause the transmission of psychiatric diseases to the offspring. However, little is known about how neuronal activity results in diseased offspring. A new model system, which will allow the easy monitoring of how environmental stress affects neuronal activity and induction of visible characteristics in the offspring will be used. The hypothesis is that the environment of the mother Auanema freiburgensis (roundworm) determines the type of offspring produced. Under normal conditions, the mother produces stress-susceptible progeny. However, when the mother is stressed, she produces stress-resistant offspring. In this project, a variety of candidate chemicals will be experimented on in the roundworms to disrupt neuronal signalling to identify chemicals that are involved in the production of stress-resistant offspring. Alternatively, modern genome-editing technologies (CRISPR-Cas9) will be used to disrupt candidate genes involved in this process. These offspring are easy to distinguish because of their shape and colour. This data indicates that an environmental signal is detected by neurons, which transmit the information to the germline. The goal of the project will be to test candidate molecules that mediate the transmission of information between the neurons and the germline. Since there is an international community of researchers examining roundworms as model organisms for physiological study, the data obtained in this project may be used as pilot results and may add to the existing knowledge base.Sarah Bunnewell and Emma Honess (University of Warwick)Diminished ovarian reserve in recurrent pregnancy loss: A systematic review and meta-analysisBackground: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) affects 1 to 2 per cent of women of reproductive age. Unfortunately, around half of these cases remain unexplained. Women with Diminished Ovarian Reserve (DOR) are suggested to be at increased risk of RPL. Therefore Ovarian Reserve Tests (ORTs), used as an investigative tool in women with RPL, have the potential to optimise targeted patient care.Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association between DOR, as measured by ORTs and RPL.Method: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus from inception until May 2019 for all studies evaluating static ORTs measured in women with unexplained-RPL (URPL) compared to non-RPL or explained-RPL (ERPL) controls. Screening, data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken by two independent reviewers.Results: A total of 15 studies were analysed, reporting on 3082 women and six ORTs. Six studies reporting five ORTs were included in meta-analyses. There was a significant association between DOR and RPL, as measured by low Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) levels (OR=2.77[1.41,5.46], p=0.03, I2=0%) and Antral Follicle Count (AFC) (OR=2.45[1.16, 5.19], p=0.02, I2=59%), when compared to non-RPL women. Women with URPL were significantly more likely to have DOR, as measured by AMH levels (OR=3.23[1.81, 5.76], p<0.0001, I2=0%), when compared to women with RPL of known aetiology. No differences were found in the remaining ORTs; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), oestradiol and FSH:LH ratio.Conclusions: This systematic review demonstrates that there is a significant association between DOR and RPL, as measured by low AMH levels and AFC.Panel 17B Long Term Health ConditionsPaige Stevenson (University of Leeds)Controlling the immune response in the Alzheimer’s-diseased brainMicroglia cells are immune cells of the central nervous system; they play a key role in responding to infection and damage within the brain where they become activated to respond to the insult and restore conditions to normal. However, chronic activation of microglia is thought to be damaging and contribute to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, which are ultimately fatal and have no cure. Microglia can exist in a number of phenotypic states, including a quiescent non-activated state, an anti-inflammatory state and a pro-inflammatory state. The pro-inflammatory state is believed to be the phenotype that contributes most to neuronal damage, and chemicals that can promote the anti-inflammatory state appear to potentially have therapeutic value. We will use various inhibitors of specific pathways in microglia cells to characterise the extent that these compounds influence the resting microglia phenotype as well as the microglia response to activating stimuli such as lipopolysaccharides and oligomeric amyloid beta. We will measure the expression levels of specific markers associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory states, such as the cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 respectively, to determine the responses of microglia to specific chemical treatments. Work will be conducted in a laboratory environment using cell cultures and techniques such as PCR, a method of producing multiple copies of DNA. Currently, available drugs for neurodegenerative diseases only improve symptoms or slow down their progression, so it is hoped that this research could contribute to the production of innovative drugs that halt the progression of or even ameliorate neurodegeneration.Haydn Simper (University of Leeds)A physical simulation of the human defecation system for the investigation of treatments for faecal incontinenceFaecal incontinence is a huge problem globally. With an array of causative factors contributing to its prevalence, the condition is complex, with a limited choice of treatments to improve the quality of life for those it afflicts. A common factor in the pervasiveness of this disorder is the weakening of co-ordinated defecatory muscles such as the puborectalis, pelvic floor and the internal/external anal sphincters.To improve the quality of life of patients who exhibit faecal incontinence, numerous innovators have developed novel ways to restore function to defective defecatory systems. These treatments frequently exhibit implants that either actively or passively mimic the function of the anal sphincters, such that control of defecation is somewhat restored. One proposed treatment, undergoing exploration by a medical textiles company, affects a passive constriction around the anal canal. The implant, currently in a development phase, employs a complex woven structure that will be introduced in a minimally invasive surgery and, over time, integrate with tissues to mimic the occlusive pressure normally exhibited by a healthy sphincter.In order to test such a proposal, this research involves the construction of a defecation simulator, enabling the proposed device and existing treatments to be compared to healthy and diseased baselines. The system will be used to evaluate: the occlusive pressure of the sphincter, mass retained, and time elapsed until breach of occlusive pressure in each treatment scenario. Resultantly, development of the proposed device can be informed, potentially delivering a much-needed long-term improvement in the treatment of faecal incontinence.Kevin Wang (University of Leeds)Deep-learning algorithm for colorectal cancer detectionColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-largest cause of cancer mortality in the UK. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, 57 per cent of patients can survive for 10+ years. Both diagnoses and treatment decisions are made manually on glass slides or digital slides. Manual analysis of tissues requires visual inspection of highly complex cellular structures, which is time-consuming, subjective and prone to error. Deep learning (DL) has the potential to automate this task, improving on speed, objectivity and accuracy. Current research at the uses DL algorithms to classify CRC tissue in order to automatically predict response to therapy. However, it requires cancer tissue to be annotated by a pathologist prior to analysis, which has the same disadvantages.This project aims to develop a DL algorithm to detect CRC on digital slides as a pre-processing step for downstream image analysis.Method: 11,977 images from UMM and NCT tissue banks, manually annotated as either tumour (colorectal cancer and stomach cancer epithelial tissue), stroma and muscle or adipose and mucus, were used to train the Resnet18 network. The model is trained with a 5-fold cross-validation to identify the aforementioned three categories. A heatmap is generated to representing probability of cancer cells on a whole-slide image and compared with existing pathologist annotations. Jaccard and Dice similarity and confusion matrix will be used to assess efficacy.Results: The model attained excellent validation of accuracy of with an AUC of lowest 0.989. The preliminary tumour heatmap included almost all pathologists’ annotation with a Jaccard and Dice similarity of 0.69 and 0.67 respectively. The confusion matrix will be done and extra areas detected by tumour heatmap will be explored.Mohammadmehdi Adhami (Monash University Australia)Utilising markers of thyroid function and autoimmunity: A step towards personalised thyroid cancer managementBackground: Indeterminate fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) imposes challenges in the management of thyroid nodules.Aim: This study aimed to examine whether pre-operative anti-thyroid antibodies (Abs) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are indicators of thyroid malignancy and aggressive behaviour in patients with indeterminate FNAC.Method: This was a retrospective study of thyroidectomy patients from 2008 to 2016. We analysed Abs and TSH levels, FNAC and histopathology. Serum marker levels were categorised as ‘Undetectable’, ‘In-range’ if detectable but within normal range, and ‘Elevated’ if above upper limit of normal. ‘Detectable’ levels referred to ‘In-range’ and ‘Elevated’ combined.Results: There were 531 patients included. Of 402 patients with pre-operative FNAC, 104 (25.9%) had indeterminate cytology (Bethesda III-V) with 39 (37.5%) malignant and 65 (62.5%) benign cases on histopathology. In the setting of indeterminate FNAC, an increased risk of malignancy was associated with ‘Elevated’ thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) (OR 7.25, 95%CI 1.13–77.15, p=0.01) and ‘Elevated’ thyroid peroxidase antibodies (OR 6.79, 95%CI 1.23–45.88, p=0.008). Similarly, while still ‘In-range’, TSH>1mIU/L was associated with an increased risk of malignancy (OR 3.23, 95%CI 1.14–9.33, P=0.01). In all patients with malignancy, the mean tumour size was 7.79mm larger in those with TSH>1 (p=0.03); furthermore, in PTC patients, ‘Detectable’ TgAb conferred a 4x risk of lymph node metastasis (95%CI 1.03–13.77, P=0.02).Conclusion: In this cohort, in indeterminate FNAC patients, Abs and TSH were associated with an increased risk of malignancy. Additionally, TgAb and TSH were potential markers of aggressive biology. As such, they may be diagnostic and prognostic adjuncts.Panel 17C Innovations in TechnologySantiago Beltran Diaz (Monash University Australia)Bone automated segmentation and interactive length interrogation in standardised ?CT-scans (BASILISC)Analysis of skeletal components of model organisms is essential for the understanding of limb development and repair. Differences between samples can be quantified using limb-bone length as a parameter for comparison. Current approaches are very labour-intensive, as they require careful dissection, skeletal preparation, flat mounting and imaging, and manual measurement. Alternatives include microCT (?CT) scans for visualisation of skeletal components, followed by 3D modelling and analysis. Nonetheless, these techniques require heavy user interaction, thus making them time-consuming. We propose standardised ?CT scanning, followed by image processing with Mimics software, which also allows for data exporting, facilitating subsequent analysis.The pipeline consists of acquiring ?CT data as DICOM files, followed by segmentation of long bones of the limbs and measurement of each element. These steps have been optimised, ensuring the orientation of the samples and scanning parameters are standardised, which allows for a common threshold range across different samples for ease of automation through Python scripting. Once segmentation has taken place, a centre-line is fitted to each element, and the length of all the lines is exported within a comma-separated-values file. The developed approach is semi-automatic, where limited user interaction is required, significantly reducing the time taken from sample collection to bone measurement. Another advantage of using DICOM files is that metadata is preserved, including scale information. As proof of concept, mouse models with left–right asymmetry at different developmental stages are being used in the optimisation of the script designed to execute image processing and analysis.Akash Romesh (Monash University Australia)The past, present and future of rechargeable technologyWith the advent of portable smart devices and electric vehicles, rechargeable batteries have secured the attention of the scientific community. Battery storage power plants have been used to store power temporarily and control power in peak demand times to stabilise the grid. Current lightweight rechargeable lithium-based batteries are ideal for use in planetary landers and rovers. Rechargeable batteries – lead-acid batteries, specifically – have been used since 1859, first invented by French physicist Gaston Planté, and are still used in vehicles due to their low manufacturing cost and ability to provide high-starting currents. Over time, rechargeable technologies have evolved from lead-acid batteries to nickel-cadmium, leading to nickel-metal hydrides and finally lithium-ion batteries. Global interests to develop powerful portable electronics have sparked research races between companies to produce the ‘better’ battery and has led to lithium-sulphur and sodium-ion batteries. Present research focuses on increasing battery capacity, energy density and specific energy while focusing on materials that preserve optimal performance for a greater number of charge cycles. Perfecting these parameters requires extensive research in controlling internal reactions, preventing deposition of material and selecting suitable electrodes and stable electrolytes, resulting in an efficient battery capable of being used in portable devices, and small- and large-scale power storage. This research focuses on analysing the history of rechargeable batteries up to present technologies and discussing current developments while searching for common links between previous literatures to predict the future of rechargeable technology.Ingrid Ferrer (Pompeu Fabra University)Dos Punts (Two Dots)Dos punts is a non-profit multi-media project that seeks to recover the habit of exchanging correspondence. This type of exchange enables slow and reflexive dialogues, giving value to the messages and the waiting time between each response.In the midst of the current information saturation and the huge amount of instant messaging, we believe it is necessary to rescue this format in order to achieve more introspective, reasoned and meaningful dialogues.For this reason, we are giving some workshops to promote the creation of a renewed correspondence model that allows the use of plastic arts and audiovisual formats to express and exchange ideas, thoughts and impressions of everyday life, as it was done in traditional written letters.Every correspondence project created within the framework of Dos punts will be shared in our website () to inspire all visitors to create their own project, thus seeking a new dimension to our usual forms of communication.Our first project took place during the first half of 2018 and it is available to watch on our website. It is a compilation of film correspondences between users of the Rutigliano’s Day Centre for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, located in the province of Bari – southern Italy – and the Ciutat Vella’s Community Rehabilitation Service in Barcelona. These letters shorten distances, open the way to new voices and sensitivities, and connect two groups of people in similar situations, enabling them to get to know each other, experiment with language, exchange culture and share thoughts creatively.Jessica Coldrey (Monash University Australia)From art to infrastructure: Creativity and the plastic waste crisis in AustraliaWith the emergence of new technologies for manufacturing with recycled plastic, we are presented with opportunities for innovation that can assist us in bettering society and our shared environment. This body of research draws on Australian case studies that capture the ingenuity and creative spirit of professionals working in the recycled plastics sector through an integrative literature review. Projects selected are provided as examples of industry best practice due to their focus on local resource use, significant project scale, feasibility for replication and positive environmental impact. Information is sourced from journals, media releases and statistics on recycling from the Australian Department of the Environment and Energy. Framed from a sustainability and social science perspective, this project heralds the essential role creativity plays in the future of recycled plastics – one of the key environmental issues of our generation. The circular economic model is emphasised with reference to the success of featured projects ranging from artistic and design settings to engineering and infrastructure. In highlighting the imagination required to build a greener future, a path forwards is outlined for finding new and beneficial ways to stimulate manufacturing with recycled plastics in Australia.Panel 17D Cultures of HospitalityAng Shu Liang (Nanyang Technological University)Japan: A conservative insider-outsider cultureThe purpose of this research is to study the social environment in Japan, in particular, the insider-outsider cultural dialectic of this Asian country known for its ritualised and scripted politeness. In Japan, the label ‘haafu’ (half-Japanese) and its derogatory connotations suggest a general aversion for things not purely Japanese. This research examines Japan’s history as an agrarian society, compares Japan with the Western countries and explores how this insider-outsider culture may impact Japan’s future. The methodology of this research entails surveying and reviewing works of prominent Nihonjinron analysts and critical writers, collecting newspaper articles on Japanese society, interviewing Japanese living in Singapore and non-Japanese in Japan. From this research, it was found that Japan’s early days as an agrarian society contributed to ‘groupism’ behaviours, which, as an important part of history, has legitimated the value of homogeneity, relevant even today. Throughout the course of Japanese history, comparisons with countries perceived to be superior to Japan have seen multiple phases, with the current focus of comparison being America. Moreover, as a characteristic of the rigid formalities, superior–subordinate relations and other formalised or institutionalised power and social relations continue to be taken seriously. From these findings, it can be concluded that the insider-outsider culture of Japan will persist, albeit less strongly compared to the past due to modernisation and globalisation. It must also be noted that although Japan is not the only country with a disinclination to ‘outsiders’, it remains a very suitable context for such research due to its past.Anoshamisa Gonye and Dan Nadasan (University of Warwick)The only way is research: Transforming the undergraduate experience for all students through undergraduate researchUndergraduate research (UR) can be a powerful tool for transforming the undergraduate experience for all students. Theoretical work and empirical findings in the literature inform that through UR, students can integrate into communities of academic practice, develop researcher identities and transition from being passive consumers to partners in the production of knowledge.The literature also informs, however, that students can face barriers to participating in UR. Our research objective was to enquire into students’ perceptions and experiences of UR at Warwick, focusing on the barriers that affect the availability and accessibility of research opportunities for students. Drawing from Warwick’s undergraduate population, our primary data collection comprised an online survey, with 155 respondents; four focus groups, with 15 students total; and nine semi-structured interviews. Participants answered questions that explored their conceptualisations of research, their awareness of, and engagement in, UR opportunities and their experiences of barriers to participating in research.In this presentation, we build on the literature and our primary data to argue that effective supervision allocations, more intra- and extra-curricular research opportunities and greater dissemination of these opportunities are integral to improving students’ UR experiences. Our thesis is that this would positively affect academic engagement, retention and outcomes, particularly for students from under-represented backgrounds.The implications of our research are relevant to Warwick and beyond; UR embodies the type of learning that can empower students to engage in innovative, critical thinking. Ultimately, our presentation encourages discussion of how we can create inclusive cultures of UR to facilitate this.Grace Mapstone (University of Warwick)Two-site binding of guest molecules inside larger cage moleculesSome molecules are large enough to have spaces in which smaller molecules can bind to the internal surface. The latter are called guest molecules and typically bind through a single atom. My research investigates where the guest molecule, unusually, can bond through two atoms. The question here is how the relative positions of the two atoms affect secure binding to the cage.In order to investigate the type of binding taking place, isomers of the same guest molecule can be used. This is where the guest molecule has the same atoms but arranged in a different structure. A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) titration can measure whether or not a specific isomer can bind to the internal surface as well as the strength of that binding. By analysing the signals given off by the hydrogen atoms in the guest molecule, the binding constant can be calculated as a measure of the strength of the binding. The hypothesis is that only one specific isomer of the guest molecule will bind strongly within the cage shown by the largest binding constant.The conclusions from this research have the potential for many applications, including purification of mixtures and catalysis. The rigid two-site binding of the guest molecule could provide more selective conditions for catalytic reactions to take place. This would reduce waste and the number of steps to purify the product. Ultimately, the insights of the research could lead to cleaner chemical processes and reduce pollution.Eleni (Helen) Psatha (University of Warwick)Facing the wrath of gods: The necessity of hospitality in Archaic GreeceThe Greeks of the Archaic period (800–479 bce) believed that gods roamed towns posing as strangers to test people’s faith and morality. Although the incentive of divine punishment may have helped to reinforce the establishment of hospitality as a custom, it does not offer a plausible justification to the custom’s necessity (Pitt-Rivers, 1977). Thus, this presentation aims to identify the reason(s) hospitality became a necessity during the Archaic period. Understanding the above could lead to a deeper understanding of the socio-political institutions preceding our own.The research is methodologically based on questioning the following hypotheses: 1) hospitality became necessary because travelling and communication were difficult, and 2) hospitality was needed as a method of protection and informal border control. Subsequently, primary and secondary sources will be consulted to test the validity of the above hypotheses.Wishing to capture the mentality of the era, the main primary sources utilised will be Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. Although partially fictitious, they offer valuable insights into their contemporary’s daily life. Their validity as sources is confirmed through the works of the Greek storyteller, and often cited as ‘Father of History’, Herodotus, and the historian Thucydides, who lived during the Classical period (579–323 bce). Their works are also invaluable as sources, given that attitudes linked to the above hypotheses did not change dramatically through the years. Proof comprises Plato’s (427–348 bce) characterisation of Homer as the poet who ‘educated Greece’ (Republic 606e1–5).Panel 17E New Applications in ScienceZhang Zeyu (Nanyang Technological University)Novel quantum-information processing method and investigationQuantum-information processing and its subfield, quantum image processing, are emerging fields as a result of advancement in the practicality of quantum mechanics. Among various implementations, an optics-based approach is promising due to its universality in terms of computing and its versatility in terms of interfacing with the quantum communication paradigm. In this paper, a proposed grid-labelled graph representation of quantum states is adapted to investigate the properties of a four-qubit entangled photon system. This paper further proposes an approach that can be potentially used to process information such as one-dimensional time series and two-dimensional images in the frequency domain. The information of interest is encoded into the magnitude of probability amplitude of each basis state. The oracle for filtering has an explicit form based on phase inversion and inversion-about-the-mean inspired by Grover’s search algorithm. This oracle is able to perform all basic filtering, namely high pass, low pass, band pass, band stop and many other processing techniques. The oracle’s architecture is also versatile enough to be constructed from more basic components based on the post-selection results. Finally, a novel method for transposing matrices is presented in this paper. The encoding method is similar as aforementioned but with a deliberate choice in terms of choosing basis states. This method could be potentially useful for other quantum-information processing tasks such as edge detection. The proposed techniques are conducted on a quantum processor and quantum simulator. Some of the results are compared with the technique’s classical counterpart to verify its correctness and presented in this paper.Anam Mohsin (University of Leeds)Extraction of proteins from tomato-seed waste and their formulation into particles for emulsion stabilisationWaste management is a serious concern in the present day, specifically in the food industry, mainly due to large amount of waste produced during food processing. A third of the food produced globally is wasted, amounting to 1.3 billion tonnes annually. Fruits and vegetables produce 45 per cent of the total waste in the food industry, and it is nutrient enriched. Waste reduction by extracting nutrients from food processing by-products has become an area of increased interest as it provides an opportunity to generate revenue from waste. Tomatoes form the second-largest crop, with an annual production of 170 million tonnes; hence, they were considered a suitable resource for nutrient extraction. This project aims to extract proteins from tomato-seed waste by optimising the extraction process and converting the protein into microgel particles, which were subsequently tested at oil–water interfaces to stabilise food emulsions. A protein yield of 28.4 per cent was obtained, and tomato-seed protein gel (TSPG) particles were prepared within the desired size range of 20–200nm. Their ability to stabilise oil-in-water emulsions was compared against whey protein gel (WPG) particles at different concentrations. The evaluation of the emulsions prepared using five different concentrations (0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt% and 2.0 wt%) of both types of gel particles showed TSPG particles demonstrated better emulsifying and stabilising properties compared to WPG particles. This proves tomato-seed protein has the potential to be used as a vegan alternative to the standard benchmark used in the food industry: whey protein.Panel 17F Decision Making in HealthLeong Yih Shan (Nanyang Technological University)Strategies to improve parents’ decisions on HPV vaccination in SingaporeHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is a primary cause of cervical cancer, which affects women globally. There has been much research conducted to find out the motivations behind an individual’s intention of taking up the HPV vaccination, but few are focused on the parents’ decision-making process to vaccinate their daughters against HPV. Moreover, not much research is done in the Asian context, specifically in Singapore. As such, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model is used in this study to find out the underlying reasons why mothers do or do not decide for their daughters to take up the HPV vaccine in Singapore. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Singaporean mothers who have daughters aged between 9 and 26 years old. Results showed that one of the main reasons for the low uptake of the vaccine was because the mothers do not believe in the effectiveness of the vaccine. Due to the vaccine’s novelty and its possible unknown side effects, they have a negative attitude towards the HPV vaccine. Moreover, since their daughters are not sexually active, the vaccine seems unnecessary to them. Together with the high cost of the HPV vaccine and the multiple trips needed for their daughters to take the vaccines, the mothers are reluctant to spend the time and money on the vaccine. Therefore, the results suggest a need for intervention strategies to improve the attitudes of mothers towards HPV vaccination in order to encourage their daughters to take up the vaccine.Tan Zhi Shien (Nanyang Technological University)Rethinking sexuality education: A comparative study of sexuality education in Singapore and Western AustraliaAmidst #MeToo movements around the world and increased awareness of sexuality issues, the spotlight has turned to sexuality education. This paper provides a comparative study of sexuality education in two countries in the Asia-Pacific: Australia and Singapore. Through a qualitative analysis of the sexuality education of the two countries, the similarities and differences of approaches, content, embedded ideological beliefs and theoretical frameworks are examined. Sexuality education is situated in the interplay of competing cultural, historical and political contexts. Thus, an analysis of key socio-political events, political climate and history is conducted to situate sexuality curriculum in different contexts. This paper argues that differences in political, historical and cultural values among these countries set the foundation of ideological beliefs and frameworks in sexuality education. The paper contrasts Singapore’s Abstinence-Only approach with Australia’s Comprehensive Sex Education approach. It explores how the former, founded on Confucian values alongside economic rationality, is contrasted against the latter, embedded in more liberal values. The political environment of these countries has also impacted the ability to augment change. While Singapore’s competitive state-managed political regime impedes citizenry participation in sexuality education, Australia’s sexuality education has been marked by shifts due to pressure from an active civil society. This paper offers a detailed and comprehensive understanding of sexuality education through a comparison of the two countries. It contributes to the literature on sexuality education by tracing the development of sexuality education in relation to different socio-political and historical factors of Australia and Singapore.Sophie Boulton (University of Warwick)Concussion knowledge and attitudes among male and female university rugby playersBackground: Sports-related concussion (SRC) is a traumatically induced brain injury brought on by biomechanical forces, resulting in a functional disturbance. The incidence of SRC in rugby has been rising steadily over the last decade. A large proportion of amateur players participate at school and university, with a growing number being female.Aims: To evaluate the concussion experience, knowledge and attitudes of university rugby players in the UK.Method: A cross-sectional study was used where 234 university rugby union players (71% female; 28% male) from 52 UK universities completed a questionnaire.Results: The results showed that 46% would continue playing an important game if concussed and 24% would return to play while still experiencing concussive symptoms despite 98% knowing they should not do so; 92% of participants identified true symptoms of concussion correctly, and 63% reported previous history of serious head injury, of which, 73% were removed from play. There was little variation of attitudes and knowledge between gender.Conclusion: There was a clear discrepancy between concussion knowledge and player attitudes. Athletes may continue to engage in unsafe playing behaviour despite possessing an awareness of the long-term effects and symptoms of concussion. The Concussion in Sport Group (CISG) have encouraged schools to put ‘return-to-learn’ guidelines in place for students to safely return to the classroom following an SRC. Yet, there is an apparent lack of such practices for adults within further education. Although current concussion education programmes, such as Headcase, seem to have been somewhat successful, a multi-dimensional approach should be adopted to facilitate attitudinal and behavioural change.Panel 17G Social StructuresRaphael Morris (Monash University Australia)How it could have ended: Why choices matter in fictionThere is much philosophical work about truth in fiction. However, no existing work explains why, for example, without the hero, the villain would have won.Fortunately, there are philosophical frameworks to address similar questions about the actual world, such as why a glass would break if it were dropped. In this presentation, I apply these frameworks to the fictional case to develop a philosophical foundation for discussions about how some details of fiction depend on others. Specifically, I draw on the work of David Lewis (1973) on how to understand sentences of the form ‘If it were X, it would be Y’. Lewis suggests we understand these as claims about alternate realities called ‘possible worlds’. For example, ‘If I were to drop a glass, it would break’ is true only in the cases of all the possible worlds most like our own world where when I drop a glass, the glass breaks.If we consider fictional worlds as possible worlds much like our own, we can use a similar strategy. Consider the world’s most like the world of the story, but where the hero just stays home. In all these worlds, the villain wins. This explains why, without the hero, the villain would have won.Actions and events in fiction matter to us because of how the fiction would have gone without them. Explaining the effects of changing details of a fiction justifies why those details are meaningful and provides a philosophical basis to understand narrative themes from heroism to tragedy.Aidan Ryall (Monash University Australia)The social ontology of historical objects: How to avoid destroying the Lewis ChessmenFor an object to be acquired by the British Museum, it must first meet one obvious criterion: it must be a historical object. The Lewis Chessmen, for example, must actually be the set of chess pieces that were made in the twelfth century out of walrus tusk by some specific craftsmen. Curiously, there seems to be a distinction that must be made between the Lewis Chessmen as they exist today and the chess pieces as they originally existed in the twelfth century. Although well-crafted and clearly valuable in a financial sense, no contemporary of their original creator would have argued they deserved to be treasured and preserved for their historical value: that value did not exist yet.Drawing on ?sta’s conferralist account of social construction, Amie Thomasson’s ontology of artefact kinds and using philosophical analysis, I argue that these differences are not insignificant changes in relational properties; they are a change in kind. This presents a problem for our study of history. Historians traditionally look to material objects as a way of authentically accessing the past, and emphasising continuity of identity across time. The Lewis Chessmen must be the original chess pieces, and they are in a material sense, but in classifying them as ‘historical objects’, historians have arguably engineered a transformation in their ontological status.I argue that each Lewis Chessman must consist of two coincident, entirely overlapping objects: one ordinary object (the chess piece), and one historical object (the ‘Lewis Chessman’). Little philosophical attention has been paid to the ontological consequences of historical practices, nor has historical practice typically been viewed as a fruitful enquiry for social constructionists. This paper, therefore, presents an entirely novel problem and a new argument for the necessary existence of coincident objects under specific social circumstances.Kwetsimani Mathebula (IIE-MSA)The inadequate land tenure system under South African lawThe failure of the South African legislature to pass a land tenure legislation to formalise communal land rights of residents of tribal lands is worrying. This is particularly concerning in light of the need for security of land tenure among residents of tribal lands who still live on these lands on the basis of permission to occupy, which get issued by tribal authorities pursuant to communal land-right arrangements in terms of customary laws of South Africa.Since the enactment of the Communal Land Rights Act 11 of 2004, which was intended to offer redress to people whose tenure of land is legally insecure as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices, the lawmakers have failed to bring it to fruition because of constitutional concerns.Although the need for redress was identified in terms of Section 25(6) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, the limited promotion of economic development in terms of the Interim Protection of Informal Rights Act 1994 is not enough as it comes short of providing individual ownership rights to the residents of tribal authorities.This paper argues for the reform of land tenure in a way that will protect land tenure on a large scale.Kamohelo Ngati (IIE-MSA)The utility of ‘piercing of the corporate veil’ in addressing corruption in state-owned enterprises with particular focus on state captureRecent revelations at the Zondo Commission on State Capture in South Africa concerning rampant corruption in key state-owned enterprises such as Transnet SOC Ltd and Eskom Holdings (SOC) Ltd starkly shine a spotlight on the need for holding the wrongdoers personally responsible for the loss suffered by these enterprises.Any efforts to hold the wrongdoers personally liable can be facilitated by the application of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 to those entities that are incorporated in terms of that Act.According to Section 20(9) of the Act, a court may declare any company not to be a juristic person and make any further order that the court considers appropriate if the incorporation of the company, any use of the company or any act by or on behalf of the company constitutes an unconscionable abuse of the juristic personality of that company as a separate entity.Since both Transnet and Eskom are incorporated in terms of this Act, the current boards and/or the state can use this Section to hold the wrongdoers liable, since what they did in perpetrating fraud and state capture constituted unconscionable abuse of those companies as separate legal entities, with rights and obligations appropriate to themselves.This paper argues that the Act should be used to retrieve some of the misappropriated funds from the wrongdoers.Panel 18A StorytellingMargaret Louise Devadason (Nanyang Technological University)Code-switching by class in a bilingual corpusThis paper investigates the code-switching behaviour of bilingual speakers of English and Mandarin Chinese in Singapore and Malaysia. In doing so, it makes use of corpus analysis methods, a relatively new approach to investigating code-switching behaviour, in seeking to understand and characterise patterns of code-switching by word class. It works on data from the SEAME Mandarin-English code-switching speech corpus in Malaysia and Singapore, using natural language processing tools such as automatic tokenisation and part-of-speech tagging to identify systematicity in the alternations between languages. This corpus is of particular interest as it consists of spontaneous rather than scripted speech, allowing for insight into actual patterns of code-switching present in the highly dynamic, multi-lingual environment of countries such as Malaysia and Singapore. It is also the first unscripted Mandarin-English code-switching corpus from the region to focus on adult, rather than child, speech. In analysing code-switching patterns by word class, we identify several trends that do not appear to support the traditional Matrix Language Frame Model proposed by Myers-Scotton (1993). The findings challenge some traditional theoretical frameworks for code-switching, and may provide insights into new theoretical frameworks such as translanguaging.Thaddee Chantry-Gellens (University of Warwick)‘Non-action’ and Daoism: A political reading and review of Wu-WeiWu-wei (無爲), often translated as ‘non-action’, is a prevalent theme in Daoism – one of the great religions/philosophies of China, which emphasises spontaneity and harmony with the Dao (lit. ‘Way’). Although other schools theorised about wu-wei, Daoists formed a specific view on it. Scholars sometimes treat it solely as a psychological state, one that enables people to act spontaneously and successfully. However, wu-wei retains important political aspects, which this paper proposes to explore via a comparative review of the uses of this concept in Daoist literature. This research used canonical Daoist texts and other records influenced by Daoism: the Laozi, the Zhuangzi, the Guanzi and the Annals of Lü Buwei. All the occurrences of the term wu-wei within relevant sections were found and analysed. Although these texts do not use wu-wei in the same manner, common objectives and themes can be drawn. These include decreasing governmental action, eliminating purposes and intentions in society, and letting people find the way that suits them best. These political recommendations originate from and are maintained by the physical and psychological state that wu-wei also describes – notably for the ruler. Relatedly, both political and psychological facets are intertwined and should not be separated. As a consequence, this paper suggests that a multi-disciplinary approach would be an interesting way to further tackle the subject of wu-wei. This conclusion should be taken within the context of the broader debate on the philosophical nature of ancient Chinese thought.Sofya Durneva (University of Warwick)Perception of food characteristics as a function of marketing strategy typeHealth organisations and governments worldwide devote a lot of resources to encourage people to make healthier decisions when choosing food. Nutrient-focused advertisements are among the most commonly used marketing strategies employed to influence consumers’ selection of healthy food products. The most prolific intervention of this kind is the traffic-light labelling system, which has been successful in encouraging people to lead healthier lifestyles (Emrich, Qi, Lou and L’Abbe, 2017). The focus of the present research is to test whether marketing strategies that focus on experience of consumption, rather than foods’ nutritional composition, can better influence people’s willingness to purchase foods.The current study will investigate the difference in effects nutrient- and experience-directed marketing strategies have on people’s perception of several characteristics of food products. Participants will be presented with an image of either a healthy or junk-food item and a short description of it. The short description will contain adjectives describing the food item using terms highlighting the nutrient composition or experience of consumption. In the experiment, participants will be asked to rate the food on healthiness, taste and their willingness to buy it. Ratings on the three parameters will be compared against the type of marketing strategy implemented as well as the type of food considered. Analysis will also look at the interaction of the two factors: do characteristics of healthy and junk foods depend on marketing strategy type differently?Sarah Yap Sze En (Ye Shien) (Nanyang Technological University)Bibliotherapy through depression memoirsResearchers have argued against the use of illness narratives in bibliotherapy practices. Their concerns centre on the potential difficulties depressed readers face while reading and relating to them. For example, it has been suggested that the reading of illness narratives could instil and worsen hypochondria amongst its readers, who are already struggling with mental illnesses. In response to these arguments of how illness narratives are not beneficial to its readers, this essay will argue that depression memoirs – unlike their fictional counterparts – have therapeutic benefits. By doing a close-reading on Elizabeth Wurtzel’s Prozac Nation, Brent Runyon’s The Burn Journals and Matt Haig’s Reasons to Stay Alive, this essay will begin by examining the key differences between depression memoirs and fictional illness narratives. Directly putting their lived experiences into words, the authors of these memoirs free their narratives from the trappings of aestheticisation. The result is a raw account of the illness in which readers suffering from depression can relate to and learn from. The essay will then proceed to explore the therapeutic exchange experienced between the writer and reader that is rooted in the act of reflection. Ultimately, this essay aims to reveal how the ‘authenticity’ of depression memoirs can offer therapy to both writers and readers who have suffered or are suffering from depression.Panel 18B Art and LiteratureNurul Shamin Binte Mohamed Ekbal (Nanyang Technological University)Social norms in Malay children’s storybooks: What are we really telling our children?This study aims to investigate the social norms – in particular, gender portrayal – that have been taken for granted in Malay children’s storybooks. Previous studies on children’s storybooks show that traditionally assigned gender roles were present in the text and graphics of award-winning English children storybooks. In contrast, research of a similar nature on local Malay children’s storybooks is scant, a gap this study aims to fill. Four local Malay children’s storybooks written by two writers were selected for this study. Hallidayan transitivity was employed to analyse the clauses in the books. Six processes were identified: verbal, mental, material, relational, existential and behavioural processes. The results show that both writers made use of relational and material processes to foreground male dominance and male-active participation in society, respectively. The examination of field, tenor and mode showed that the writers used the third-person narrative, centring around real-life experiences that are relatable to the young readers. However, both authors preferred male characters to be the centre of the messages in the books. References to relevant discourses suggest that Singapore and the Malay society had an influence over the writers in producing their works. It is imperative for educators to be aware of the existence of subliminal messages in children’s storybooks so that they could use teachable moments to rectify unquestioned social norms that may be favourable to certain groups of people in the society.Veronica Soh Jia Ying (Nanyang Technological University)Exploration of methods for teaching Chinese grammar to Chinese–English bilingual childrenLanguage acquisition is an important field of research in linguistics. Many studies on child-language acquisition can be found, but studies on grammar acquisition by children, particularly by bilingual children, are rare. Grammar acquisition is important as it helps one to form a proper sentence in both spoken and written language aspects. Therefore, this study aims to examine the features of Chinese grammar acquisition by Singaporean Chinese–English bilingual children who received education at local pre-schools and primary schools. There are two parts in the design of the study: 1) a questionnaire for children’s parents to provide demographic information of their families, and 2) a bilingual grammar test designed in a child-friendly fashion for the children to complete. After the analysis of the data collected from the questionnaire and the grammar test, results showed three main findings. Firstly, most children were able to identify and form a proper sentence with appropriate grammars. Secondly, children who were unable to form a proper sentence with appropriate grammars were still able to identify some of the corresponding Chinese phrases. Thirdly, some participants used different phrases to express a same idea. Three main factors that led to the above findings were: frequency of language usage within the home environment, participants’ different education level background and the frequency of participants’ contact with relevant media. By understanding the factors affecting children’s Chinese grammar acquisition, local educators can improvise on teaching methods in school while researchers and parents can brainstorm on ideas to enhance children’s degree of grammar acquisition.Amal Malik (University of Warwick)Women in cartoon and caricatureResearching between 1815 to 1850, my project focuses on the ‘Woman in Cartoon and Caricature’ in an age of political revolution. The project traced the changing form of political protest over the nineteenth century as part of a wider research ‘To The Barricades’ within the University of Warwick’s history department. In the nineteenth century, there was a growth of female intellectuals and radicals who had used the 1790s’ ‘Age of Revolutions’ as a platform from which they could enter the public sphere. The emergence of a public sphere – an intellectual culture that upheld political debate – allowed for women to take a political identity in a more pronounced position. The fear of the emerging female spaces was instigated by the challenging of the patriarchal values of the private domestic sphere. With prints being widely accessible at a public level, often with cartoons being displayed in shopfronts, they became a medium of social commentary. In depictions of women in this period, they became reflective of patriarchal anxiety towards women’s increasing autonomy. In an era of changing censorship standards, it birthed a dynamic new print culture, one that explored the relationship between the rise of satirical art and popular politics. Overtly patronising, male critiques used caricatures to undermine the growing women’s emancipation movement of the nineteenth century. The project recognised how the naturalised domestic constructs of women were seen to be threatened. Looking at the critical tropes of the juxtaposing hyper-feminised and de-sexualised women, I consider how male critiques used satire as a vehicle of public mockery in popular culture.Jasper Roscoe (University of Warwick)Modigliani and the ‘Lived Experience’At a glance, Modigliani’s paintings are enigmatic. They display bizarre elongations, irrational perspectives, un-naturalistic colours and distortions that seem varied in unexplainable ways depending on the sitter. The literature on Modigliani frequently focuses on his bohemian lifestyle, his representation of women and his portrayal of iconic members of the avant-garde, leaving few explanations for his unique style. This unique style is the focus of my investigation.Modigliani committed little to paper. As a result, I began my investigation by studying his greatest influence, Cézanne, whose work presents the way that the world is experienced from a phenomenological understanding. Phenomenology is the study of the way things appear to our consciousness that led to a new understanding of the notion of realism, which more accurately understands our interaction with the world. It is my contention that Modigliani’s style can be understood as an extension of Cézanne’s approach. We know that Modigliani was an avid reader of Henri Bergson, whose philosophy was pioneering in the development of phenomenology. Through studying Cézanne’s paintings in search of phenomena described by Bergson, I found a wealth of parallels that offer some explanations for Modigliani’s painterly devices. If my contention is correct, it would change our understanding of Modigliani and elevate his reputation from a mysterious avant-garde figure to a pioneering genius who extended Cézanne’s approach into new realms.To substantiate this theory, I would like to dig deeper into contemporary archives, gain access to more of his work and make deeper research into phenomenology.Panel 18C Social Change Inclusion and EngagementMireia Aragón (Pompeu Fabra University)Latentes as a transmedia interactive projectLatentes is an interactive short film where the viewer can be an active part of the story, making decisions for the characters and accessing events that could only be accessed from an interactive experience. In turn, Latentes is a theatrical project that aims to mix performing arts with audiovisual and interaction. On 27 December 2019, we will begin the experience at the Tantarantana Theater.Synopsis: In a dystopian society where the only possible social bond is imposed, Mila, Vera and Leo, life partners since they were 10 years old, will begin to consider their roots individually when they see a single person walking down the street.Gregory Segal (University of Warwick)Sir Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists: A study of political propaganda and policy from an art historical perspectiveDuring the inter-war period, the Western world was on the verge of collapse. With both Europe and Britain suffering steep economic decline, inflation and unemployment due to the chaotic effects of WW1 and the Great Depression, political upheaval inevitably ensued.Oswald Mosley founded the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in 1932 in response to this social cataclysm and the failure of party politics to solve this impending crisis.From the organisation’s inception to 1939, both the party and Mosley would attempt to convert the British populous to their position through a variety of propaganda. Periodicals including The Fascist Quarterly, The Blackshirt and Action were but one of many methods used to propagate BUF ideology. These magazines contained not only literary, film, musical and sport reviews, alongside current affairs and political information but also political cartoons.The cartoonists John Henry Gilmour and Alexander Bowie would be the predominant architects responsible for each publication’s artistic components. Remarkably, very little has been written about these two artists, both in terms of their personal history or commentary on their works, before, during and after their involvement with the BUF.This presentation will examine a range of works from these two artists through the paradigm of Jakub Drábik’s notion of Crisis and Salvation. Furthermore, the philosophical ideas of Oswald Spengler and Friedrich Nietzsche will be discussed in relation to this model and these works. This discussion will aim to highlight the BUF’s ideological core, with a particular focus on their fears and hopes for the future.Martha Hernandez (University of Warwick)The making of the ‘complete climber’: A study on gender, climbing and (plastic) bodiesThis work is a study of gender, climbing and (plastic) bodies in Ecuador. Using online, semi-structured interviews, this project explores how gender influences indoor climbing competitions and the experiences and abilities of the young athletes taking part in them. Following this, this study has focused on exploring the ways in which climbers challenge established ideas of gender embedded in the Ecuadorian context and how they renegotiate the social expectations and self-prophecies about their bodies and abilities in order to have more chances of succeeding at international competition events. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that the materiality of the climber’s body is, in essence, the materiality of gender. This further demonstrates that the body is lived and shaped in relation to the socio-cultural expectations surrounding it. A shift of the competition venues from the national to international events exemplifies the ways in which gender and bodies are interpreted differently. This shift of the competition venues and standards means a transformation of the materiality of the climber’s body. Ecuadorian athletes have on sight new challenges and dreams that require the modification and remodification of their bodies and abilities. Thus, this study is a close look at the reinterpretations and renegotiations of the climber’s own bodies and abilities.Panel 18D Business and the StateNidaa Ahmed and Sara Reji (IIE-MSA)The cashless business landscape: The adoption of Bitcoin across AfricaBitcoin is the most famous name in cryptocurrency; it has created a world of opportunity for business transactions. Organisations such as Microsoft and The New York Times Company are capitalising on the non-taxable benefits by seeking third-party affiliates who could carry Bitcoin as legal tender. The lack of understanding of Bitcoin’s algorithm and the absence of standardised regulation of cryptocurrency could pose a challenge to its wider adoption by businesses. Nonetheless, Africa has the highest number of new subscribers in online-banking facilities and cryptocurrency portals. This research aims to investigate the attractiveness of Bitcoin in business transactions among small- to medium-sized organisations and new entrepreneurs. This investigation can be achieved using secondary sources such as academic journals, newspaper articles and credible websites which stipulate that Bitcoin could potentially maximise economic growth within the African continent. These sources can be retrieved from financial entities and media outlets to analyse the performance of existing digital currency-based transactions in order to estimate Bitcoin’s contribution to the economic growth of the following countries: South Africa, Ghana, Egypt, DRC and Kenya. Although Bitcoin allows the transferring of cryptocurrency without the need for explicit permission from banks or the government for the increased pace of business transactions, it could pose as a threat for the research as certain entities may not have sufficient and relevant records for analysis. This research speculates that the utilisation of the available resources can help understand how Bitcoin will replace traditional payment methods in the next decade due to its accessibility.Joseph Beaden (University of Durham)Nation of the self: Interaction visions of nationhood in twentieth-century KoreaAt the dawn of the twentieth century, Korea faced a uniquely perilous political situation. Surrounded by three much larger states, the country had yet to undergo the kind of economic transformation experienced by its neighbour, Japan. Without a modern military, the peninsula was vulnerable to the imperial ambitions of its neighbours – ambitions that were to define the history of the region in the forthcoming century. The delicacy of the situation was reflected in the content of the nationalist movements that rose and fell from the opening of the country in 1876 to its liberation in 1945. Unable to see an obvious route to constructing a Korean nation-state, and largely ignored at the Paris Peace Conference, these movements took on a vast range of different ideological forms that often reflected the context and perspective of their individual members.Influenced by Sini?a Male?evi?s focus on organisational continuity and ‘micro-solidarities’ (2013), and Eric Kaufmann’s proposed ‘optical model’ for understanding nationalism (2008), this article compares various nationalist movements within Korea, around the turn of the twentieth century. From the ‘Independence Club’ of the 1890s to the cultural nationalist journal ‘Kaebyok’ of the 1920s, the article attempts to understand how the context of nationalist movements, and the strategic necessities of the Korean situation, shaped the outcomes of those movements. It argues that, although the content of a particular nationalism was defined by individual context, that content was always tempered by the practical necessities of Korea’s political, economic and intellectual context.Panel 18E BiologyMaria Lee Wei Yee (Nanyang Technological University)Working on optical characterisation set up for cutting edge silicon photonics technologyCurrent CMOS technology has advanced to the point where the bottleneck in further transistor speed increases lies in the interconnections between transistors. To circumvent this problem, optical interconnects in the form of electrically pumped lasers have been proposed. This can be achieved through the use of tensile-strained germanium-on-silicon devices as they are able to achieve pseudo-direct bandgap behaviours while maintaining compatibility with current CMOS fabrication technology. To characterise the optical performance of these devices, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy are conventionally used. Raman spectroscopy is utilised to characterise the amount of strain that is correlated with the measured Raman shift, enabling fabrication of structures to be tailored for optimal strain. Photoluminescence spectroscopy is then used to characterise the emission characteristics from the device; however, it is unable to characterise the loss mechanisms of the devices, necessitating the development of new characterisation techniques such as pump-probe spectroscopy. This project thus develops an architecture for a new pump-probe measurement system in Si-CoE, via the integration of an additional probe laser with an existing 532nm laser.Tay Kai Yi (Nanyang Technological University)Deciphering contributions of genetic risk variants in coronary artery disease through CRISPR-Cas9 genome editingIn 2017, cardiovascular disease accounted for 30.1 per cent of all deaths in Singapore. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease. Genome-wide association has identified a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs6903956, in chromosome 6p24.1 to be associated with susceptibility to CAD in Chinese Han Population. The present study aims to investigate the mechanisms through which they influence vascular health and their contributions towards the development of coronary artery disease. CRISPR-Cas9 technology was used to genetically edit the risk variants in healthy and patient-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Cas9 guide RNAs (gRNA) were designed using Benchling and selected for their specificity and efficiency towards the targeted regions. To give higher editing efficiency, flanking pairs of gRNA were designed for each region of interest to induce deletion. After nucleofection of iPSCs followed by FACS, individual clones were isolated and genotyped for editing status using PCR and by Sanger Sequencing. At least two clones with successful deletion of each target genomic region were obtained. Using these genetically edited iPSCs, we aim to eventually determine the contributions of rs6903956 and its associated SNPs in the development of CAD. This would be done through discovery studies such as RNA-sequencing of endothelial cells derived from edited and unedited iPSCs. Other phenotypic assays that can be done include qPCR and contractility assays. These findings would hopefully lead to a better understanding of CAD pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.Lucy Belk (University of Leeds)Cardiac protection with anaestheticsBackground: There is an increasing demand for cardiac surgery in the United Kingdom. Ischaemic-reperfusion injury is a recognised complication of cardiac surgery. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies shows that administration of volatile anaesthetics before an ischaemic insult may have a role in cardiac protection by attenuating ischaemic-reperfusion injury. This is termed anaesthetic-induced preconditioning. Aims: This manuscript aims to consider the clinical and preclinical evidence for APC in cardiac surgery and discuss the activation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (mKATP) channels by protein kinase C as a mechanism for anaesthetic-induced preconditioning.Content: Volatile anaesthetics bind to the G-proteins on the cardiomyocyte. A downstream cascade results in the phosphorylation of protein kinase C, activating the opening of the mKATP channel. This reduces damage to the cardiomyocytes by preconditioning via a number of pathways.Conclusions: There is strong evidence for volatile anaesthetic-induced preconditioning in preclinical studies. Less consistent evidence is seen in human studies. There is preclinical evidence for the mechanism of anaesthetic-induced preconditioning by activation of mKATP channels by protein kinase C. Based on the evidence, guidelines for anaesthetic-induced preconditioning in cardiac surgery should be produced, to reduce mortality.Ioana-Aurora Veteleanu (University of Leeds)Conversion of APOE genotype from ε3 to ε2 using a novel base-editing approachAlzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, with a prevalence of 13 per cent in people over 65. Although most cases are sporadic, AD has a genetic determinant: the apolipoprotein gene (apoE) has been identified to contribute to disease pathogenesis. The human APOE gene has three polymorphic alleles: ε3 – the neutral APOE genotype, ε2 – protective against AD, and ε4 – accelerating the disease onset by promoting the accumulation of neuron-damaging protein aggregates. The difference between the alleles lies within amino acids at positions 112 and 158 within the gene, where apoE2 has Cys112/Cys158, apoE3 has Cys112/Arg158, and apoE4 has Arg112/Arg158. Because APOEε4 is three times more common in AD patients, the question posed is whether the genome can be edited so that the ε2 allele is expressed, delaying the development of AD. Genome-editing technologies currently available cause double-strand breaks within DNA when attempting to introduce mutations and random nucleotide insertions or deletions. A novel base-editing system has been engineered by Komor et al. (2016) to directly deaminate cytosine to thymine. My approach involved transfecting HEK293T cells and mouse astrocytes with base-editing plasmids to convert Arg158 to Cys158, and DNA sequencing results showed 50 to 70 per cent conversion in HEK293T cells from ε3 to ε2, while this is still being attempted in astrocytes. This finding reveals the concept of therapeutically converting APOE genotypes to ε2 to benefit from the protective effects this has over AD prognosis.Panel 19A Attitudes, Happiness and Mental HealthGnyanda Golchha (University of Warwick)Working women: Does employment make South-Asian women happy?Across different cultures, preferences shape the happiness that women gain from employment. In less progressive societies, women are expected to be housewives and men to be the bread-winners. On the other hand, in more gender-equal societies, working women are now becoming the norm over housewifery.This paper will explore the relationship between employment and female happiness levels in South Asia and the effect of varying gender norms. The analysis will be done using a multi-level mixed-effects regression analysis, which will help analyse the effect of changes due to change in the country-level variables as well as individual-level variables. Although these questions have been tackled before, they have vastly focused on European countries and rely much on the Global Gender Gap Index. Instead of using the GGGI to account for gender norms in a country, this paper relies on average answers to subjective gender-equality questions.The findings of this research will help see if existing analysis of societal expectations and happiness sticks when we analyse it on the basis of individual and national attitudes towards gender equality.Ellie Craddock (University of Warwick)Attitudes and autonomy: An investigation into the power of societal attitudes towards disability and motherhood over the reproductive autonomy of physically disabled womenThis study seeks to examine the degree of power that societal attitudes towards disability and motherhood have in relation to the reproductive autonomies of physically disabled women (Craddock, 2019), and the implications of this. Adopting a framework that sees disability as socially and culturally positioned (Craddock, 2019: Prilleltensky, 2004), it utilises thematic analysis of academic literature and the BBC drama film Don’t Take My Baby (Anthony, 2015). The study is an attempt to expand upon a piece of coursework (Craddock, 2019), and offers a contribution to an important, yet often neglected, area of study. The factors that constitute the power of societal attitudes towards disability and motherhood can be divided into three broad categories: messages (Prilleltensky, 2004; Walsh, 2011; Forber-Pratt and Aragon, 2013; Jungels and Bender, 2015; Clarke, 2017; Fritsch, 2017), stages prior to motherhood (Prilleltensky, 2004; Kallianes and Rubenfeld, 1997) and motherhood itself. These can be seen as generally negative (Craddock, 2019), although physically disabled women do take a variety of measures to maintain and reclaim their reproductive autonomies, such as focusing on the positive insight disability provides (Shpigelman, 2015; Malacrida, 2009) and underscoring the significance of strong emotional guidance in raising children (Prilleltensky, 2004; Anthony, 2015, also cited in Craddock, 2019). Looking at how topics discussed in academic literature are translated into a film elucidates ways in which media products can be seen as culturally influential, and therefore play a role in diversifying the ways in which disabilities are perceived (Craddock, 2019).Hani Moosavi and Vinay Sharma (University of Warwick)Are osteoarthritic patients being referred, with a view to joint replacement surgery, in line with NICE guidelines?Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic medical condition, manifesting in severe joint pain and impaired mobility and functionality. NICE provides recommendations for managing OA prior to surgical referral, and so our clinical audit was carried out to see if these recommendations were being met.NICE recommendations preceding surgical referral are as follows:Written and verbal communication given to patients about OAAnalgesia, exercise for weight loss if BMI >35kg/m*2 and physiotherapyMonitoring for three months concurrent with (1) and (2).Patients from our practice in Worcestershire were selected having presented to their GP with OA symptoms from 1 April 2018 – 1 April 2019, ascertained through the electronic patient record system, EMIS. EMIS records were analysed to see if referrals were being carried out in line with NICE recommendations.Our main finding was a widespread variance in enactment of NICE recommendations; however, patients who most closely resembled the objectives of the NICE recommendations were less likely to need surgical intervention. Analysis of results led us to recommend a pop-up system in EMIS, acting as a reminder to the clinician to enact the NICE recommendations.The findings of the audit implicate fields of health economics and analytics to maximise efficiency in resource-limited healthcare systems. The results show a need for uniformed approaches to evidence-based medicine as opposed to solely a patient-driven approach. Furthermore, resources should be directed at upstream population-based initiatives, with the perceived downstream financial savings being directed towards underfunded healthcare provisions.Panel 19B Innovative Materials and TreatmentsTal Randall (University of Leeds)Hiking in nature – the therapeutic benefits on students’ wellbeing: A qualitative photo-elicitation studyRecently, UK universities have witnessed shocking increases in student drop-out rates and suicides from mental health-related problems (Thorley, 2017). In the light of this crisis, there is a need to prioritise student wellbeing and implement more accessible interventions. There is growing empirical evidence displaying the numerous benefits of interacting with nature. Hiking provides an excellent opportunity for students to combat the challenges of university life through exposure to natural environments by improving wellbeing (Wolf and Wohlfahrt, 2014), reducing feelings of depression (Sturm et al., 2012) and increasing their social interaction (Chherti et al., 2004). There is, however, little research focusing on personal experiences of these therapeutic effects. It is necessary to gather rich, detailed accounts in order to gain a better understanding of the bio-psycho-social processes underpinning these benefits and students’ motivations for engaging in hiking. Motivation is a key determiner of behavioural change (Dixon, 2008). Thus, understanding these motivations should lead to the development of more targeted interventions for students. This research used a photo-elicitation method, involving a discussion of photographs best representing students’ hiking experiences. Photographic images are used as a tool to obtain in-depth knowledge, sharpening memory and reconstructing events realistically (Collier and Collier, 1986: 106). Thematic analysis of the data highlighted multi-faceted benefits for students. Consequently, educational institutions could incorporate nature into curricula, creating greater awareness of the benefits, offer regular trips and recommend nature-based therapies for struggling students. Moreover, designing buildings overlooking natural scenes would greatly reduce students’ stress levels, positively impacting their wellbeing.Georgia Evans (University of Warwick)The ‘facts of biology’: Evaluating the role of positivist–empiricist science in understanding homosexualityLast year marked 70 years since the Doctors’ Trial, where 20 Nazi physicians were tried for crimes involving targeting certain groups, including homosexuals, with a eugenics-based sterilisation programme. Reflection on such atrocities may raise questions of what it is about biological science, like genetics, that is susceptible to manipulation by ideologies of hatred. With regard to this question, this presentation will examine biological research into homosexuality via the development of the Kinsey scale in the 1940s and the proposition of Hamer’s ‘gay gene’ and LeVay’s evidence of homosexual brain differences in the 1990s. It will consider the application of the key values of the scientific method – reductively operationalised variables and pursuit of causal relationships – to this research. This consideration will be used to highlight the incompatibility between these principles and a fluid spectrum of sexuality experienced in the wider context of an individual’s life – an incompatibility that will then be proposed as a symptom of the adoption of a solely positivist–empiricist method by biological scientists that results in narrow findings susceptible to manipulation. Thus, I will conclude that research into homosexuality should occur within the other prevalent culture of study, with which the scientific method experiences tension – a cultural or humanitarian analysis – revealing gay people’s experiences, like Kramer’s autobiographically based play The Normal Heart. This is to address concerns raised by the past use of biological science to oppress specific groups and to avoid the implicit legitimisation of the suggestion that for homosexuality to be tolerated, it must be biologically inescapable.Panel 19C Global Governance and CulturesJustin Robinson (University of Leeds)The militarisation of the living room? Military recruitment, video games and the British Armed ForcesWith the British Army’s latest recruitment campaign targeting ‘binge gamers’ and the US military still attempting to entice possible recruits with its long-running military video game America’s Army, the importance of the relationship between video games and militarism is at an undoubted high. This, combined with the ascension of video games into the mainstream of popular culture entertainment, makes it an area ripe for academic exploration. Through the emerging discipline of critical military studies (CMS), there has been a move towards an exploration of games and militarism. However, this work often ignores gamers themselves, taking an elite-based focus on militaries and game developers. Through research as part of the Laidlaw Scholarship at the, I have explored this gap in the CMS literature, exploring the relationship between games and militarism using a focus-group methodology, conducting five groups (with one more to come) involving video gamers, exploring the nature of the participants’ video-game consumption and their thoughts on questions of militarism in both video games and social-media spaces. I have found that gamers are being targeted by the British military through social-media advertising, yet demonstrate a reflexivity when discussing military recruitment. Despite being avid consumers of military video games, they were often critical of military recruitment advertising, arguing that it was deceptive and manipulative. This raises ethical and moral questions about modern military recruitment; should it permeate into people’s leisure practices and what are the implications of such a practice for society when it is pursued by military institutions?Pepe Rico (Pompeu Fabra University)Nebuloid: An animated web-series in 360VRThe adventures and misadventures of space hikers on a trip through the Galaxy, from the point of view of a spoiled robot. A 360VR animated web-series.Anna Guxens (Pompeu Fabra University)The pizza situationHow far would you go for a piece of pizza? This is the narrative of the simulation video game conceived by Clara Aler, Andrea López and Anna Guxens (students of the Audiovisual Communication Degree at UPF). You play Roni, a boy who will use social networks as the only tool to avoid that, at the party tonight, your friends eat their Extra Special Extra.Georg-Henri Kaup (University of Warwick)Impact of collective memory on domestic popular approval of Russia’s annexation of CrimeaRelations between the West and Russia have degraded under President Putin, with the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea marking a new low point. Many Western scholars blame ‘Putinism’ for causing Russia to violate international norms in order to further her imperial (Mankoff, 2014) or geostrategic (Biersack, 2014) interests or to achieve greater social cohesion amidst endemic state corruption (Teper, 2016).I interpret the Crimean Crisis as the conclusion of the rebuilding of Russian popular memory since 1991 and its influence on state policy in what was, until recently, a democracy. I trace three themes in Russian popular memory post-1991 – concern for Russian speakers in the former USSR, a perceived assault on historical truth regarding World War II in some former Soviet republics and a renaissance in Orthodox piety. I rely on Russian primary sources, including television interviews, newspaper articles, bills proposed in the State Duma and art such as feature films from between the fall of the USSR and the annexation of Crimea.My paper is intended to add to the wider body of work on post-Soviet Russian foreign policy and popular history, proposing a bottom-up causal power dynamic instead of predominant top-down interpretations of power in Russian politics. I intend to continue my work on the basis of my extant research at Cambridge University, where my MPhil dissertation will look into the impact of post-Soviet Russophone minority issues on relations between Russia and former Soviet republics in Europe.Clara Jammot (University of Warwick)The collapse of trust in the modern world: How has the world come to see such a rise in distrust in multiple sectors of society beyond politics?Aim: To (demonstrate and) discuss the decreasing levels of trust in modern society and the reasons behind this.Recent modern history has been indicative of a decrease in trust from the global, especially as the twenty-first century has become synonymous to ‘fake news’ and ‘post-truth’. The 2019 Edelman Trust Barometer highlights the expansion of distrust to wider society and the increased internationalisation of the issue. The world as a whole seems to face a disenchantment with the future, a change exemplified in cases ranging from the rise of Trump and Bolsonaro to global youth-led climate protests to the development of social movements such France’s gilets jaunes protests. It is clear that the collapse of trust has passed the point where it was merely a political issue.The question arises as to why this collapse of trust seems to continue to worsen. This research examines the causes behind the emergence of distrust in order to better understand and respond to this issue. In order to study this, the research combines data collected by institutions and think tanks with secondary sources ranging from academic articles to news articles and opinion pieces, establishing a scope of research centred around three major factors identified as driving distrust. Firstly, this research discusses the role of international economics in decreasing global trust, using the 2008 Global Financial Crisis as the centre of this analysis. The following section studies the development of the online environment: both spreading false information and the modern communication environment have impacted the M present within cyberspace. Finally, the development of social movements is discussed in relation to trust, looking not only at positively viewed protests (e.g. climate) but also more criticised movements (e.g. anti-vaccination).Panel 20B Social Change, Inclusion and EngagementXyomara Wutoh-Hughes and Josue Merida (Baruch College, CUNY)Exploring Drosophila melanogaster musculature?Our research studies the muscle genes that code for the placement and attachment of the craniofacial muscles in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and first-instar larvae. The craniofacial muscles are important for the emergence of the first-instar larvae from the egg, for eating and for movement towards their main stimulus: food. Mutant embryos can lose muscles that are found in the wild type, OreR, due to loss of proper placement and attachment. Closely correlated to the head musculature. Unlike the abdominal muscles in the embryo, there is a minimal amount of information concerning the muscles and muscle formation in the head. We aim to find out the muscle structure in the OreR embryo head and compare them to different mutants. By understanding the head musculature, one can view the muscle attachments and infer how the mutant gene affects the viability of the embryo. Many of the mutant genes being studied have human orthologs that cause disease from birth. Due to similar gene-expression patterns and the embryos’ muscles having similar contractile proteins and sarcomeres, the results may reveal similarities between the two organisms and how to better understand the human diseases caused by these mutant genes.William Ward (University of Warwick)Has austerity created a social care sized hole that is sinking England’s NHS?I hypothesise that adult social care spending cuts under post-2008 austerity led to a deterioration in the health of vulnerable individuals in England. Consequently, greater pressure was put on NHS hospitals, and the welfare of social care users declined. I begin by outlining the Institutional Background to provide context to my findings. Then I conduct a literature review, analysing conclusions in the literature. I use data on rates of emergency hospital admissions for over-65s and subjective welfare survey scores from social care users. I analyse these using a panel of 152 Local Authorities in England over the period 2010–11 to 2017–18. In my analytical framework, I demonstrate two complications with the data that arise from the health of the population impacting both social care spending decisions and hospital outcomes. In my empirical strategy, I address these complications with fixed effects and an instrument variable. My results suggest that emergency hospital admissions are following a time trend that was not driven by social care spending. Social care cuts are, however, influencing the wellbeing of care users, most notably their confidence in their ability to manage their conditions and feelings of safety in the home. This implies that a policy to renew social care spending should not be expected to ease growing AandE pressures, but it will improve the wellbeing of care users. However, these results are partially hindered by imperfect data on the numbers of care users in England. Hence, this research has highlighted the need for improved data collection.Jay Seol (University of Warwick)Decolonising ‘Right to the City’: Unveiling and eradicating colonial legacies in urban spatial strugglesRight to the City, a movement founded upon the writings of Marxist scholars Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey, envisions a society where citizens, not capital, control and transform the urban landscape and its resources. It achieved formidable political success despite its explicit anti-capitalist heritage, influencing political campaigns and legal frameworks worldwide.However, the veiled dismissal of the ‘non-urban’ underlying the ideological foundations of Right to the City debilitates the movement from becoming a viable challenge against exploitative neoliberal capitalism appropriating the Global South. Urban spaces, especially when situated within colonies, historically served as propaganda for Western superiority over indigenous traditions. In this sense, the universal dissemination of a movement exclusively cultivating an urban-specific citizenship may easily lead to the reproduction of imperial power disparities.Therefore, concerned with the distinct lack of critical post-colonial literature on Right to the City, this presentation uncovers the unacknowledged presumptions of urban superiority in the movement’s ideological bedrocks, drawing from the political philosophy of Frantz Fanon to underline its intrinsic incompatibility with the cultural and economic interests of the Global South. It then analyses UNESCO’s operation of the movement in India to highlight the detrimental impact of hastily dismissing the movement’s implicit colonial legacy. Subsequently, it explores potential ways in which the movement could be decolonised to accommodate the unique context of physical and social subjugation commonly shared among previous colonial spaces. The presentation concludes with theorising the international implications of a decolonised Right to the City.Panel 20C Production, Robots and Machine LearningLarisa Adriana Darolti (University of Leeds)Fake snow and its impact on the environment and industryThis paper will discuss potential methods of improving artificial snow. Since the current main use of fake snow is in the skiing industry, we will firstly aim to improve ‘ski-slope’ snow while decreasing the environmental impact in terms of energy and carbon usage during production. Snowflakes can have shapes – from the well-known hexagons to cones and strings. The objective is to make artificial snow more suitable to the task at hand by choosing the ‘best’ shape for snowflakes.We will also investigate how we can make artificial snow more beneficial to the agricultural industry. Cereal crops such as wheat benefit greatly from a snow cover, which acts as insulation during winter and fertiliser during spring. Nitrogen and sulphur, through melting, fertilise the ground and feed the growing seedlings. We intend to decrease heat conductivity by optimising the shape of the snowflakes, which, on a larger scale, will help tackle climate change and increase crop production. We will also consider incorporating other nutrients into the snowflakes to further aid crop production.To this aim, we will use diffusion-limited aggregation computer models, common when researching snowflake formation; these either simulate a lattice within a desired geometry or use standard molecular dynamics to closely mimic the chemical and physical processes. Other approaches include using statistics to determine the best snowflake model for the situation in question. Expected results are the improvement of artificial snow, which will both benefit industry and the environment.Jit Hong Cheah (University of Leeds)RoboCup: Robots playing soccer, a focus on Artificial Intelligence and motionArtificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence by machines with the aim of completing work faster, more accurately and more reliably than humans. Apart from the constant improvements in technology, we must also seek methods to best utilise the technology. RoboCup encourages improvements in Robotics and AI by providing an appealing platform, soccer.My research seeks to progressively find a better way to utilise existing information to make decisions, so that robots can autonomously play soccer, while determining which component we should focus on. The research method used was experimentation with trial and error using questions such as: ‘When walking to a position, how close does the robot need to be for it to conclude that it has arrived at a position?’ ‘When kicking, which type of kick should it use?’As a result, I successfully programmed two robot roles for RoboCup and identified some high-priority improvements. One significant weakness was that our robot takes too long to position itself correctly to accurately kick the ball, which meant that we needed better distance perception and more precise walking motion.This research is relevent to the fields of Robotics and AI as a whole. For example, self-driving cars and autopilot systems must use system components to perceive their environment, localise and communicate so that the AI can make decisions based on available information to arrive at the destination efficiently and safely.In the future, I would like to work on computer vision to improve perception. Do you think robots will be able to communicate using gestures?Anna Mar López (Pompeu Fabra University)Mars OddityAfter 6 years of terraforming and colonising Mars, Lupe Garcia and Yun Lao are about to reach the red planet as the third Space Astronaut Expedition (ISA). But they know very little about the dangerous situation they are entering…Mars Oddity is an interactive comic made in HTML5 that tells the misadventures of these two astronauts on a Martian base and the dark story behind it. Gupta (University of Warwick)Analysing Michel electrons to develop DUNE and solve the matter-antimatter asymmetry problemThe Elementary Particle Physics Group at Warwick are developing a software package to reconstruct particle collisions in data taken by DUNE (Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment), an international collaboration expected to come to fruition in 2026.A key goal of DUNE is to make a definitive statement about a fundamental problem in physics known as ‘matter-antimatter asymmetry’. There are two types of building blocks found in nature: matter, which is what everything around us is made of, and anti-matter, material that looks and acts the same as matter, but has the opposite charge. It is theorised that the Big Bang created equal amounts of both, but today we see only matter. One of the suggested reasons for this imbalance is due to a property of neutrinos (a type of particle), and being able to solve this mystery would vastly improve our understanding of the beginning of the universe.For my research, I wrote an algorithm to extract data from simulations of events involving Michel electrons (electrons produced by the decay of a certain parent particle). I also defined a success metric to investigate the performance of the reconstruction software. Finally, I interpreted event displays and made plots to correlate this metric with different variables.The experiment itself will involve detecting and analysing neutrinos to measure and better understand their properties. The outcome of my project will inform the future development of software and will help make it much more efficient and effective, which is vital in large-scale projects such as DUNE.Angelina Chow (University of Warwick)Transformation of traditional banking in ChinaAccording to the McKinsey Asia Financial Services Survey in 2018, the consumer behaviour and competitive landscape for Asia’s retail banking sector have shifted significantly in the past 3 years [1]. As consumers are growing more engaged and becoming digital, they now have more digital options, including offers from non-banking companies and Fintech ready to fulfil their banking needs (particularly in China).This research aims to analyse how the traditional banks collaborate with Fintech in order to develop a better financial system. China will be studied in this paper as the country has emerged as the world leader in Fintech, with the world’s largest population, high internet and mobile proliferation, and high adoption rates [2]. The paper will first introduce the traditional banking system in China in the past 10 years, considering the current situation and its criticism. Then, based on this current state, the future of traditional banking will be evaluated and, combined with this prediction, solutions will be provided to tackle the current problems.The research methodology will be implemented as quantitative analysis, where a survey-questionnaire will be applied to observe and identify the behaviour of Chinese consumers in order to understand the trend of traditional banking. Then trend analysis will be applied to predict the future direction of traditional banking.Panel 21A Environment, Systems and SustainabilityKarl Francis, Waqas Nasir, Konstatin Novichenko, Kevin Bloom, Sandycarli Pequero and Emanual Gil (College of Staten Island, CUNY)Celestial mechanics: Data collection and improved Attitude Determination and Control technique for picosatellitesPicosatellites are a class of satellites of mass <=1.33 kg. These small satellites allow relatively inexpensive integration of modest space-science experiments for launching. For this reason, many colleges and universities are now implementing them as an inexpensive means to perform space-science research. Due to their small size, however, there are some limits to their usage. Specifically, the challenge of attitude control is one of two main CubeSat research interests. In this research project, we are also addressing the other main interest: analysis of the space debris issue, which is currently an issue of concern. Attitude control is a challenge because the relative size of attitude-control systems is currently larger than that of picosatellites. For these reasons, our project is collecting rotational and positional data from our own orbiting Robbins-1 CubeSat. The data we collect will be made available to be used in analysis towards a solution to the space debris issue.Konstantin Novichenko (Baruch College, CUNY)Modelling collaboration between autistic players using a Kinect gameIndividuals on the autism spectrum often have difficulty collaborating and identifying complex emotions. We extended a two-player research game that is designed to study and possibly improve the collaborative and emotion-recognition abilities of such players. To give context, players view animations before each scene and assemble a puzzle by using hand gestures to select the appropriate emotion of the protagonist. We expected that when an expert player models behaviour, a novice player will learn game mechanics and will communicate more as the game progresses. We conducted a series of tests with typically developing players and players on the autism spectrum. In our preliminary experiment, seven typically developing and three students on the autism spectrum played the game while paired with an experienced player. We found that expert peer modelling improved players understanding of gameplay and helped them to communicate and collaborate more. We learned from our pilot tests that providing a script for the modellers would help them model the behaviour in the most effective way. This study may help in understanding how to best model behaviour for autistic people outside of a game environment.Rohan Gopalakrishnan (University of Warwick)Does the linked exchange-rate system in place in Hong Kong make it more vulnerable to external shocks?A linked exchange-rate system pegs the exchange rate of the domestic currency to a foreign currency (HKMA, 2011). Such a system is very uncommon among developed countries (IMF, 2018) as policymakers have to prioritise protecting the exchange rate over other economic objectives, such as reducing inequality.Using Hong Kong as a case study of a developed economy with a linked exchange rate (HKMA, 2011), the current study will consider the impact of external shocks, such as the Asian financial crisis. By analysing data such as the time taken for GDP per capita to return to pre-crisis levels, we can estimate total recovery time. We can then compare this to similar countries, such as Taiwan. Furthermore, we will build on existing research by the HKMA (2003) to determine economic resilience of countries before the shock in order to control for other factors that may have affected recovery time, apart from the exchange rate.If the literature reveals that Hong Kong recovers relatively slower than other economies, this may be an indication that it is the exchange-rate system that is the problem. This may lead to further conclusions as to the viability of such a system in other developed economies.Poster PresentersMonash University AustraliaVarnika AggarwalAssessment of olfactory function following foetal growth restriction (FGR) in sheepFoetal growth restriction (FGR) is a complication of pregnancy describing stunted growth in the foetus. FGR is usually caused by chronic foetal hypoxia and lack of nutrients through the placenta. The foetus adapts to this lack of oxygen by directing more blood towards its brain to protect it. Despite brain sparing adaptations, there is still significant alterations in brain development due to FGR.This study aims to test the function of the sense of smell and the part of the brain that processes sensory information from the nose. There is a focus on the sensory functions of the nervous system in this study because there has been extensive research regarding the motor and cognitive defects associated with FGR, but none about the sensory deficits. The impact on the olfactory sense will be examined in sheep by inducing FGR surgically and testing their ability to smell and find food while comparing this to unaltered lambs.The results of this experiment are expected to be statistically significant (p <0.05), showing that the FGR group of lambs collectively takes a longer time to navigate to the food than the control group. This would indicate compromised olfactory ability due to altered brain development as a result of FGR. Follow-up studies could be conducted to test the functions of other senses, such as auditory and visual. Collectively, the results of these studies would allow for better care of FGR babies by contributing to the knowledge pool for FGR.Manini BhatiaEvaluation of various labour factors that may influence the breastfeeding rate in healthy, term newbornsBackground: The Victorian Government has established performance indicators as a benchmark for all health services to improve their breastfeeding rates. Latrobe Regional Hospital (LRH) has one of the lowest breastfeeding rates in Victoria (Table 1). This study analysed whether different components of labour have an impact on the initiation of breastfeeding and at discharge.Method: We performed a retrospective cohort study from March to August 2017, including all babies >37weeks gestation born at LRH. Exclusion criteria were prematurity, transfer to another hospital and medical contraindications for breastfeeding. We established two study groups at the initiation phase and discharge time: infants either exclusively breastfed or not exclusively breastfed. Patients were identified using ICD-10 coding and data was statistically analysed with Stata using the score test for trend of odds ratio and chi-square test.Results: We identified 397 births. Respectively, in 80.1% (n=318), breastfeeding was initiated, and 56.8% (n=255) babies were exclusively breastfed at discharge. Induction of labour had a significant negative impact on the initiation of breastfeeding (p<0.05) but was not significant at discharge (p=0.058). Other clinical intervention such as elective (p=0.286) or emergency caesarean (p=0.377), epidural for vaginal delivery (p=0.546), or other type of anaesthesia (p=0.780) did not have a significant influence on breastfeeding initiation.Conclusion: These results changed the management in the antenatal clinic. We now provide early education about regular expressing of breast milk from 36 weeks’ gestation and have introduced a feeding sheet to improve compliance and uptake in women admitted for induction of labour.Seema DebImproving access to the delivery of medical abortion in Australian general practice: What models of care work?Background: Despite the availability of mifepristone in Australia since 2013, there has been limited integration of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MToP) into Australian general practice. Understanding the models of care instituted by those GP providers currently providing MToP can help facilitate increased access for Australian women.Aim: To describe the models of care used by GP MToP providers that facilitate service delivery.Method: A qualitative study will involve thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with current GP MToP providers.Setting: General Practitioners in Australia.Participants: Up to 20 GPs who provide MToP services in their practice.Findings: Interviewing and analysis are in progress. The presentation will outline the preliminary results describing the models of care that facilitate GP MToP service provision. This is anticipated to include information regarding the personnel involved, appointment scheduling, training undertaken, professional relationships with pharmacists, pathology and radiology providers, billing practices and referral pathways.Implication(s) for Practice: The results of this study will inform a framework for increasing GP MToP provision in Australia, which may encourage other GPs to provide MToP services in their own communities.These findings are a preliminary element in the NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Sexual and Reproductive Health (SPHERE)’s body of work to improve MToP delivery and access for Australian women.Kit Ming FooPeer-assisted learning: Exploring a vertical approachBackground: Peer-Assisted Learning (PAL) has become increasingly popular as a teaching strategy in recent times. Since 2009, Vertically Enhanced Study Program Approach (VESPA) Case Nights have been run at Monash University in Victoria, Australia for medical students. These nights are faculty-sponsored events that, through PAL and clinical cases, aim to consolidate the faculty-taught curriculum. They also offer the chance for senior students to develop teaching skills through facilitating these cases.Aim: To characterise the participant perceived benefits and disadvantages of PAL.Method: A prospective cross-sectional study was undertaken amongst VESPA Case Night participants across three case nights. A 30-question instrument with Likert and open-ended questions was designed and applied after each night concluded. Of those questions, 21 examined the advantages and disadvantages of the case night, as observed by participants. The remaining questions specifically targeted certain groups, such as pre-clinical students, clinical students and facilitators.Results: A total of 425 questionnaires were completed. Of those, 173 were from pre-clinical students, 156 from clinical students and 96 from facilitators. Overall, there was a positive response to VESPA: 76% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that there was an improvement in their clinical reasoning skills. Furthermore, 91% of facilitators felt that this experience encouraged them to contribute to medical education.Conclusion: VESPA has been shown to be particularly beneficial for all participants as they identify it to have significant educational value. Further research, such as a cost–benefit analysis, could provide further evidence to encourage a greater implementation of this programme in an educational setting.Ilianna GinnisSpace and disability: Empathetic interiors and technological advancementsWhat if the interior could extend both function and enhancement of life? How can the interior form new diverse relationships with people with disabilities? Interior designers and architects are able to explore experimental means that can assist people with diverse disabilities to connect to the intentions of the architect in space, forming an emerging relationship in space and time.Through developed technology such as headsets, wearable architectural pieces and advanced technological connections, designers and architects create a new system where people are able to both produce new experiences connecting with space and access the life of someone with a disability, formulating architecture with emotive perspective. Creating these spaces not only enhances the social participation with someone with a disability, but also integrates space, time and technology to create a greater relationship with architecture, increasing the quality of life. ‘Enriching our Understanding of Architecture through Disability Experience’ (Heylighen, 2013) explores the relationship between environment, human functionality and the combination of strategies for someone with a disability and senses.This research explores space’s ability to respond to the sensory needs of the person. Adding this technological layer to space, people with disabilities are able to communicate and engage, constructing a new tangible and intangible experience.In this digital age, the interior is able to deliver, acknowledge and meet these diverse needs, allowing space to stimulate a response for empathy, creating perspective and understanding individuals with disabilities, both physical and intellectual. This new advanced digital age adds ability to disability.Yuqi Guo and Charlotte SmithDaily peri-operative delirium screening of elderly patients admitted for elective cardiac surgery at Cabrini Hospital, MalvernDelirium is a common hospital-acquired complication associated with serious harm. Despite this, routine delirium screening is not a standard practice in many Australian hospitals. Our study aims to identify the delirium rate in elective cardiac surgery inpatients aged over 65 using daily delirium screening over three months, and compare it to the delirium rate in all cardiac surgery inpatients without screening in 2018. Additionally, we aim to identify the barriers to implementing daily screening into practice. The 4A’s Test (4AT) is a validated screening tool for delirium. Nursing staff were encouraged to conduct daily pre-operative and post-operative 4AT on all cardiac surgery patients. Patient demographics, 4AT scores and any documentation of delirium by doctors were collected from the clinical files. A total of 102 cardiac surgery patients were screened and 50 were eligible for the study. The results found a 14.0% incidence of delirium amongst eligible patients using daily screening, compared to 1.36% delirium incidence in all cardiac surgery patients in 2018. These results indicate that delirium is under-diagnosed without screening. However, during the study, the average adherence rate to daily screening was 42%, with the mean days of screening being 4.1% per patient. Multiple barriers to effective implementation of daily screening were identified, including heavy staff workload causing delirium screening to be a low priority, inconsistent handover of positive screening results and limited documentation of delirium diagnosis by doctors. More comprehensive education on delirium is therefore necessary to increase awareness and improve adherence before further study in daily delirium screening.Silkra HarveyInclusive pedagogical approaches for culturally and linguistically diverse youth in secondary schools in VictoriaThe increasing rate of globalisation and forced migration has led to increased diversity of students with differing social, cultural, religious and linguistic backgrounds in classrooms across Australia. In order to meet the complex needs of students from refugee and migrant backgrounds, teachers must be adequately prepared, well-resourced and supported by whole-school approaches in order to implement truly inclusive pedagogy strategies and approaches. Against a backdrop of overt and subtle racism in broader society and within schools, students from diverse backgrounds, and refugee students in particular, face a process of Othering that can detract from educational experiences.This small-scale study will be conducted in a secondary school with a large migrant and refugee population, located in the south-eastern suburbs of Victoria, to address the perspectives of teachers in relation to implementing inclusive practice for culturally and linguistically diverse youth, and if these practices help to overcome the Othering experienced by many students of diverse backgrounds. This will likely encompass semi-structured interviews and classroom observations, which will be analysed according to ideologically based processes of Othering.This research expects to identify barriers and enablers to implementing inclusive practices in the classroom that incorporate refugee and migrant student experiences, which can be used to inform future school and teacher practices.Bill (Vu) HoFactor I modules of complement Component 7 are not required for membrane attack complex formationThe complement system is composed of different plasma proteins acting alongside both the innate and adaptive arms of vertebrate immunity to fight pathogens. One of the complement effectors, the membrane attack complex (MAC), is a hetero-oligomeric asymmetric pore responsible for the lysis of various target cells. The MAC contains complement components C5b, C6, C7, C8 and finally 16–18 copies of C9, which bind in a sequential fashion, resulting in a beta-barrel structure that punctures membranes. One of the MAC intermediates, C5b7, is a bottleneck of MAC assembly as it forms the initial membrane anchor. However, the exact mechanisms behind C5b7 formation remain elusive.Here, we performed a structurally guided characterisation of C7 to determine the importance of the C-terminal Factor I Module (FIM) domains in MAC assembly. Both full-length C7 and a truncated variant C7[?’FIM] could be expressed and purified to near homogeneity for functional analysis. Haemolytic assays of C7 and C7[?’FIM] indicate both forms are active, albeit with diminished activity in the truncated form. We postulate that the C7 FIM domains facilitate initial binding to C5b6. Future studies will determine differences in binding affinities in these two forms of C7 to C5b6.Catriona McCallum Monash University AustraliaFlipping sea stars: Can the righting response of Meridiastra calcar (Echinoderm: Asteroidea) be used as a bioindicator to ecosystem health and anthropogenic stress?The righting response time (RRT) and mass–size residuals (MSR) were measured in Meridiastra calcar in the Mornington Peninsula, Australia to examine organismal wellbeing of sea stars. These measures were then used to determine if sea-star health status might be a biological indicator (bioindicator) of ecosystem properties, including levels of anthropogenic disturbance and community biodiversity. RRT is important for survival and should be completed as quickly as possible in healthy individuals. MSR is a value that adjusts the mass of an animal to a given measure of size, whereby animals with strongly positive residuals are considered to be in better condition compared with negative residual scores. It was expected that the sea-star righting response would be slower in areas with higher anthropogenic disturbances and areas with higher biodiversity, and that MSR would show strongly positive scores in areas with lower anthropogenic disturbance and higher biodiversity. Furthermore, RRT was expected to associate positively with the mass of individuals and water temperature. The results suggest that faster RRT do associate with lower anthropogenic disturbance levels. Additionally, high MSR scores showed a significant positive relationship with community biodiversity. The study also confirmed that mass scales predictably with RRT, consistent with previous studies. However, there was no RRT relationship with temperature, although this may be a consequence of narrow temperature range in the study (18–25°C). To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine righting response time or mass–size relationships in a free-living population of sea stars. We discuss possible bioindicator implementations of these indices.Arti PadiyachiBurnout among emergency department nurses: A systematic ReviewIntroduction: Burnout in emergency department nurses is a major problem for the health sector globally, and Australian hospitals are no exception. Nurse burnout is a debilitating condition caused by chronic overwork and a sustained lack of job fulfilment and support.Aim: This systematic review will explore the notion of burnout among emergency department nurses, factors contributing to it, impact on their health and practice and the coping strategies used.Inclusion criteria: Peer-reviewed studies that focus on qualitative data, undertaken in English from 2009 to 2019, about burnout among emergency department nurses.Method: The Ovid, MEDLINE and CINAHL Plus databases will be searched initially, then studies will be screened by their title and abstracts. Key terms used will be identified and a PICO formulated. All identified keywords and key terms will be searched through Ovid, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Emcare, CINAHL Plus and Embase. Reference list of all studies identified will be searched for additional studies that may not have been identified through the database searches. Data collected will be categorised using the JBI-QARI tool (2014) and subjected to a meta-aggregation to create a single comprehensive set of synthesised statements to describe burnout in emergency department nurses.Conclusion: The factors contributing to burnout among emergency department nurses will be articulated after the synthesis of data; how this has affected their health and practice and the coping strategies used will be discussed.Sumudu SetungeThe relationship between economic integration and the mental health of resettled refugees in Australia: A five-year longitudinal studyBackground: The number of refugees seeking asylum is increasing globally. Resettlement in countries such as Australia offer one of the few viable options for refugees. The high prevalence of mental-health conditions among refugees during resettlement has gained significant attention. There is increasing interest in identifying modifiable socio-economic issues that may influence refugee mental health.Aims: To examine the association between the economic integration of refugees into Australian society and the presence of mental illness among resettled refugees.Method: Longitudinal analysis of four annual waves of the ‘Building a New Life in Australia’ survey, an ongoing study conducted between 2013 and 2018. Variables of economic integration (defined as employment, income and financial strain) and mental wellbeing (defined as Kessler-6 and PTSD-8 score) were assessed.Setting: Australian cities and rural areas across all states and territories, excluding the ACT.Participants: A total of 2399 resettled refugees were recruited from the Department of Immigration and Border protection database; 80 per cent of participants remained in the fourth wave, and 1549 respondents participated across all four waves.Findings: This research is in progress. The presentation will include the descriptive analyses of key demographic information, economic outcomes and mental illness across all four waves. We further aim to present the regression analyses to assess these relationships in order to determine possible associations with poor mental health in refugees.Implication(s) for Practice: The study findings have the potential to guide policy and practitioner assessments by identifying targets for optimal management of mental illness and the economic integration of resettled refugees.Gia Khang TranKnee extensor strength training improves knee pain and functional performance for people with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysisAims: To investigate the effectiveness of knee extensor strengthening on knee pain and functional performance in people with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and investigate the relationship between changes in knee pain and changes in functional performance (FP) after training.Data sources: Randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials and crossover trials were identified from a systematic search of five electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, CINAHL and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) up to 20 April January 2019. Included trials compared knee extensor-specific or general lower-limb strengthening programmes to interventions without knee extensor strengthening, reporting at least one pain outcome and one FP measure.Method: Data was extracted by two independent investigators. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for pain and FP measures using a random-effects model. The correlation between change in pain and FP was then determined.Results: A total of 19 trial (985 participants, 17 meta-analyses) were included. Knee extensor strengthening significantly reduced knee pain (SMD=-0.85, 95%CI -1.12, -0.57, p<0.01) and improved functional performance (SMD=0.76, 95%CI 0.49, 1.02, p<0.01) compared to interventions not involving knee extensor strengthening. The greatest improvement in functional performance was observed for walking-based tests, particularly gait speed. There was no significant association between change in knee pain and change in functional performance.Conclusion: Knee extensor strengthening reduces knee pain and improves functional performance for people with KOA. Heterogeneity within populations, particularly KOA severity, may explain the lack of association between change in knee pain and functional performance following strengthening.Muskann Vohra, Twisha Banker and Emma KleinA clinical eye for allClinical chaperones are medically trained professionals present as a witness, safeguarding both the doctor and patient during medical consultations to mitigate the risk of medical misconduct. Medical misconduct ranges from misdiagnosis and incorrect prescriptions to assault. It symbolises a serious violation of the trust bestowed upon practitioners with misconduct allegations requiring a full investigation. The use of clinical chaperones not only reduces the risk of misconduct but also protects falsely accused practitioners. Chaperones can minimise unnecessary risk to patients and reduce incidences of medical misconduct. A study done by Van Hecke and Jones (2014) concluded that ‘minimizing the risk to patients, wherever the setting, is an important component of good medical practice, and the offer (and uptake) [of chaperones] goes some way to reducing this risk.’ The Medical Protection Society also indicates that ‘it is very rare for a practitioner to receive an allegation of sexual assault if a chaperone is present.’ Unfortunately, benefits that chaperones provide have not expanded beyond academia and into the public domain, leading to widespread unawareness. As a result of this significant knowledge discrepancy, we propose an integrated investigation of clinical chaperones using primary and secondary research. Through ICUR, the general public will become more educated about clinical chaperones and their benefits. With this knowledge, all members of society, specifically those belonging to vulnerable groups, will become more aware of ways to protect themselves. Higher levels of awareness will lead to more chaperone use, thus helping mitigate medical misconduct.Jason Xu and Gia Khang Tran (presenting on Jason’s behalf)The clinical efficacy of knee extensor strength training for knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysisAim: To determine the clinical efficacy of quadriceps strength training for reducing knee pain and improving quadriceps strength and rate of force development (RFD) for people with knee osteoarthritis.Data sources: A systematic research of five electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Embase and Ovid Emcare) was performed to identify trials comparing quadriceps strengthening to either 1) no active intervention or 2) other active interventions, and reporting changes in knee pain, quadriceps strength/RFD.Method: Standardised mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for knee pain and quadriceps strength/RFD for both comparison groups using a random-effects model.Results: A total of 12 trials (985 participants) were included in a meta-analysis. Quadriceps strength training resulted in large and significant improvements in quadriceps strength (SMD=2.94, 95%CI 1.89 to 3.98, p<0.01, I2=96%) and knee pain (SMD=-1.23, 95%CI -1.76 to -0.69, p<0.01, I2=88%) compared to no active interventions. Conversely, when compared to other active interventions, the other active intervention had a superior effect on knee pain when compared to quadriceps strength training (SMD=0.42, 95%CI 0.14 to 0.70, p<0.01, I 2 =77%). There was no significant difference in quadriceps strength between the two (SMD=- 0.16, 95%CI -0.64, 0.32, p=0.52). No studies were found reporting changes in quadriceps RFD following strength training.Conclusion: Quadriceps strengthening leads to significant improvements in knee pain and quadriceps strength. The low intensity of quadriceps strengthening exercises used in trials may explain the lack of difference in quadriceps strength found between quadriceps strengthening and other active interventions.University of LeedsLillie BellHDAC inhibitors and microglia activationHistone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from histones, regulating the level of acetylation and gene expression. Recently, inhibitors of HDACs have shown potential as therapeutic agents for many neuronal disorders, including motor neurone disease and Alzheimer’s disease. One potentially important activity of these HDAC inhibitors is their ability to inhibit microglia activation, reducing inflammation in the brain. Such compounds may be clinically useful, although we still lack an understanding of their effects on microglia and the mechanisms by which they modify the phenotype. Our recent data has identified that HDAC inhibitors are effective even in the absence of new protein synthesis, suggesting that the mechanism involves regulating acetylation of a non-histone protein. We have identified a number of proteins that are regulated by acetylation and play a role in microglia activation, one of which is NF-kB. To determine if NF-kB is an important mediator for the effects of HDAC inhibitors, we have used PCR to modify the coding sequence of NF-kB and generated plasmids expressing mutant forms of NF-kB where the lysines that can be acetylated have been replaced with arginine or glutamine. This mimics the non-acetylated or acetylated form, respectively. Transfecting these plasmids into microglia will allow us to determine the effects of expression of these mutant forms of NF-kB on microglia phenotype, their response to activation and its modulation by HDAC inhibitors. Uncovering the contribution of acetylation on specific proteins will allow us to build a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors regulate microglia phenotype.Gemma Daw‘Aberrations in Black’: Black non-heteronormative resistance within the selected works of Langston Hughes and Richard Bruce NugentIn his ‘queer of colour’ critique, Roderick Ferguson explores the modes in which white heteronormative stratifications work to oppress and exclude homosexual and African-American groups in a similar way. Accordingly, Ferguson argues that the African-American racial subordination is articulated as non-heteronormative. In its emergent capacity to move beyond the familiar queer theory of Judith Butler and Eve Sedgwick, Ferguson’s critique is invaluable within the context of Harlem Renaissance literature. Using a ‘queer of colour’ critique, I will explore Langston Hughes and Richard Bruce Nugent’s literary models of black non-heteronormative resistance. Both writers work to firstly subvert hegemonic, racialised socio-political structures. They secondly challenge the conservative ‘black community’ visualised by the ‘Talented Tenth’ and Harlem intellectuals. The avant-garde form of Nugent’s Smoke, Lilies and Jade encourages an explicit form of resistance. Conversely, Hughes’ The Ways of White Folks attempts to permeate the white consciousness in a more subliminal and coded way.Thomas Gabbott, Dr Helen Roberts and Dr Sebastian BriesenExploring the fear of cataract surgery in rural KenyaBackground: In southern Kenya, a study performed by the Kwale Eye Centre (KEC) demonstrated that 59.7 per cent of their patients suffered from bilateral blindness as a consequence of cataract formation. Fear acts as barrier to accessing cataract surgery worldwide, yet little research has been published investigating the rationale for this fear in detail, particularly in Kenya.Aims and Objectives: In this study, we sought to explore the types and extent of fear that cataract patients experience in the preparation, conduction and post-operative period of cataract surgery in a rural African setting.Method: Ethical approval was obtained and 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Research participants recruited by means of convenience and purposive sampling within the KEC. Individuals provided fully informed consent, and the interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was performed on the results.Results: Rumours surrounding cataract surgery was the most commonly reported factor that increased pre-operative fear. Knowledge of the operation helped patients reduce pre-operative fear. The greatest intra-operative fear was the injection, with good communication promoting a reduction of intra-operative fear. An element of cataract surgery that increased post-operative fear was poor knowledge of post-surgical instructions. Regaining their vision and lack of pain helped reduce post-operative fears. Worry of the unknown unpinned all three operative stages.Conclusion: Increased knowledge within the local communities concerning cataract surgery will aid in fear reduction throughout all three operative stages. Increased effective communication from KEC staff to patients should increase accurate ‘word-of-mouth’ dissemination.Catherine GiblinInhibition of the eIF4E/4E-BP1 interaction using lactam-constrained peptidesProtein–protein interactions (PPIs) are central to virtually all biological processes and are often dysregulated in diseases. However, despite considerable therapeutic potential, PPIs have historically been deemed too challenging for successful drug discovery efforts. Helix-mediated PPIs have been recognised as more tractable for inhibitor design due to the high abundance of helices at protein–protein interfaces; thus, the helical structural motif may be considered as a generic pharmacophore (Azzarito et al. 2013). Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a protein involved in regulating translation. Misregulation of translation can cause increased production of oncogenic proteins resulting in cancer development and progression. Over-expression of the eIF4E, whose activity is inhibited or stimulated by the proteins 4E-BP1 and eIF4G respectively, is associated with misregulation of translation (Gallagher et al. 2019).In this project, a series of truncated and constrained 4E-BP peptides will be prepared and their binding affinity to eIF4E determined via the implementation of a fluorescence polarisation assay. It is anticipated that such peptides will interact with higher affinity than the parent 4E-BP, thereby representing a promising starting point to develop a novel peptidomimetic inhibitor for cancer drug discovery.Azzarito, V. et al. (2013) ‘Inhibition of α-helix-mediated protein–protein interactions using designed molecules’, Nat. Chem., 5, 161–73Gallagher, E et al. (2019). ‘Consideration of binding kinetics in the design of stapled peptide mimics of the disordered proteins eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4e-binding protein 1 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4g’, J. Med. Chem., 62, 4967–78Mu HeDo sub-national institutional heterogeneity and export strategies impact export performance of Chinese electronics firms? A Heckman two-stage analysisThis study aims to advance the existing international business and development literature by focusing on institution-based view and resource-/capability-based view within the ‘strategy-tripod’ framework to explain: 1) what determines the export-or-not decision of emerging market firms, and 2) what determines the export performance of emerging market firms. By implementing a Heckman two-stage model to the data of 7296 Chinese electronics firms, it was found that firms based in more liberalised sub-national regions within an emerging market economy will be more likely to become exporters. Among the exporters, those emerging market firms who take cost–leadership strategies and focus on labour and non-production cost minimisation will be more likely to succeed in exporting. However, the impact of differentiation strategies is negative in the main sample and not significant in the sub-sample. Thus, it is concluded that a non-positive impact of differentiation strategy, such as investment in research and development, on export performance is found. This counter-intuitive result offers unique insights for those booming emerging market economies in terms of economic policies and internationalisation strategies.Jacob MatherThe problem with publicly inaccessible cancer dataA 2017 Public Health England (PHE) publication aimed to highlight to academics, interested clinicians and patient advocate groups alike where and how to find publicly accessible data on cancer incidence, treatment and survival. The aim of this document was to signpost individuals towards relevant and accurate information regarding cancer to further research, discussion and improvements in public health.However, despite the introduction of a National Cancer Registry and consistent evidence demonstrating that patients want the data collected about them to be used, population-level information for many important cancer-metrics is simply not publicly available.When attempting to use the PHE document to find relevant and useable data for a project aiming to compare the UK with other, similarly developed, nations with regards to trends in colorectal cancer survival rates, I was repeatedly left with incomplete, inadequate or simply inaccessible data sources.This frustration led to a qualitative project assessing the public availability of cancer data in the UK, highlighting specific difficulties, potential explanations and suggestions for improvement from wide-ranging sources. The project culminated in a suggestion as to how the UK could develop and implement a resource that makes cancer data publicly available, and provides pertinent, useful and useable information while still respecting and maintaining patient privacy.Roma McNeilAre 3D-printed teeth with simulated carious lesions beneficial in the pre-clinical training of dental students? A quantitative cross-sectional pilot studyIntroduction: The use of Frasaco typodonts (models of plastic teeth) is common in undergraduate dental surgery education (Gottlieb et al., 2013); however, they are not a useful simulation of treatment of dental decay (caries excavation; Fugill, 2012). Instead, 3D-printed teeth with simulated caries are an innovative pedagogical tool for teaching essential cognitive skills and potentially minimising clinical transition stress.This pilot study aims to provide preliminary results regarding student perception of 3D-printed carious teeth produced by Osnes et al. (2018), determine a large-scale project feasibility and assess a novel method of evaluating cavity preparations.Method: A total of 14 dental surgery students participated in the study. They removed the simulated caries from the models, then completed a questionnaire that examined their opinions on the simulation’s realism and usefulness.Results: Most students felt prepared to treat caries clinically; however, they reported elevated stress when transitioning into this environment. Students generally agreed that the models provide realistic carious tactile sensation, and that they would be beneficial in pre-clinical training. The preparations demonstrated a likely normal distribution in terms of perimeter and area. A heatmap considered inter-student variation.Discussion: The students had largely positive perceptions of the 3D-printed models. The distribution of cavity preparations demonstrates a likely consistent printing protocol. The method of analysing cavity preparations has potential as a useful educational tool.Conclusion: The initial results demonstrate that a large-scale study is worth pursuing; however, it would require methodological adaptations to minimise limitations. Additional research projects could focus on objectively assessing the benefits of student clinical ability.Simran ShergillAnti-microbial efficacy of industrial citrus waste against Candida albicansThe number of Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains becoming resistant to anti-fungal therapy is increasing. This is a serious problem, especially in the elderly population and immunocompromised patients and is recovered in >60 per cent of patients that wear dentures due to having an optimal oral microenvironment for C. albicans to survive and proliferate. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-microbial activity of polyphenol and flavonoids found in sweet orange-peel extracts via water and ethanol extraction methods. Investigations include minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), well-diffusion assay and disk-diffusion assay. A planktonic assay with a brain heart infusion (BHI) medium was used to research the MIC with both anti-microbial agents and controls. The MIC was determined via eye inspection measuring wells with inhibited growth of C. albicans after 24h. These results were then used to determine the MFC after 24h. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was used to determine the disk-diffusion assay and well assay.The experiment is ongoing, and it is expected to observe that both ethanol and water extracts of orange peel to have anti-microbial activity against C. albicans after 24h but ethanol extract is to have the highest MIC. Further tests will also be done to investigate the minimum biofilm eradication concentration, which is the minimum amount of anti-microbial agent needed to inhibit C. albicans regrowth in a biofilm compared to the controls.Seerat ShiraziDetermining the optimal cut-off for obstructive sleep apnoea screening in an elective surgical populationObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is common and associated with adverse outcomes in surgical patients. Patients are screened for OSA using the STOP-BANG questionnaire. Patients with a STOP-BANG score of greater than 4 out of 8 are considered to have moderate-to-severe risk of OSA and referred for overnight oximetry. There is variation in guideline interpretation, with some clinicians referring on the basis of a score of 4, others on a score of 5. There are concerns that the lower threshold yields a high false-positive rate. The aim of this study was to compare these cut-offs.STOP-BANG scores were collected on 41(28 male) patients presenting for elective non-cardiac surgery. Patients underwent nocturnal oximetry and were classified diagnosed as having no OSA, or mild, moderate or severe OSA.A sample of 41 patients (28 male), mean(SD) age 59.6(15.6) years were studied. The median(range) STOP-BANG score was 4(2–7). Ten patients had moderate or severe OSA. The sensitivity and specificity of a cut-off of 4+ were 80% and 27%. The values for 5+ and above were 40% and 65%.Our data indicates that a cut-off of 5 is associated with a lower false-positive rate but at the cost of a significant reduction in sensitivity for the detection of patients who are confirmed to have OSA.Thabani SibandaInvestigating the role of pelvic tilt in the risk of edge loading of artificial hipsHip prosthesis implants are prone to failure despite the care taken by orthopaedists to avoid this. Various researchers have discovered factors that need to be accounted for by surgeons to minimise this risk of failure. These include: where the implant components are placed, materials used and motion of the patient’s pelvis after the surgical operation. This research investigates the role that a patient’s pelvic motion plays in the risk of failure of their prosthesis components. The mode of failure analysed is edge loading, which is responsible for wear and strain of hip implant components.Using MATLAB, a model was made to simulate the placement of hip components as done by a surgeon using inclination angle and version angle. This model was accentuated by adding hip reaction forces and their location (data obtained from an orthopaedics database). The model allows for variables such as component material, placement position and activity engaged in to be changed on the fly and see their effect on the risk of edge loading. Results from the modelling show that pelvic motion does have an impact on the chance of edge loading occurrence. Outputs from the modelling also demonstrate the impact of different material types and position of components on the risk of edge loading. Based on the results from the research, it was concluded that inside the safe-zone that surgeons use for component placement (i.e. inclination angle 40° ±10° and version 15° ±10°), there is a 25 per cent chance of edge loading.Sreya VadlamaniAnalysing UK media representations of ChinaThis project examines UK media representations of China and their influence on UK public understanding of the Chinese government. The overarching aim is to examine UK public perceptions of China and how this influences the UK’s cooperation with the Chinese government.Although we currently have survey data on UK public perceptions of China, we still have very little idea about the sources of these perceptions. As a result, this project is a part of a larger bid examining how media representations of China influence public perceptions.We will use content analysis to investigate:the focus of news stories about China, e.g. military power, economic power, investment in the UK, etc.tone of news stories, e.g. positive or negative representations as well as the intensity of the tonesupport for different approaches to China.We will also examine journalistic opinions about UK public policy options in response to a rising China.From here, we will code newspaper stories in the Guardian, the Daily Mail, the Sun and the Daily Mirror into numerical data to develop a codebook suitable for statistical analysis in order to identify common themes. This, in turn, will allow us to examine media judgements about China from a variety of sources and journalists. The data generated will be analysed using multi-variate statistical models, and we expect to find that there has been tendency towards negative media representations of China, which, in turn, may have led to negative attitudes of China and the Chinese government within the UK.University of WarwickElizabeth Sylva AdeekoA narrow approach to Widening Participation? A literature review of ‘impact’ in relation to Widening Participation efforts in medicineWidening Participation (WP) and Widening Access (WA) have become important matters over the decades for higher education, endeavouring to widen opportunities for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. This is highly significant in medicine: considering a diversifying patient population that is not reflected within the practising workforce or student population. Despite efforts towards improvement, there is limited evidence-based knowledge as to what effect this work is actually having, and so this review aims to analyse the impact in this sector.This was conducted via an online search strategy of educational databases, one medical database and the use of grey literature. A critical analysis of the literature was chosen to ensure a depth of study in relevant literature that could also provide a summary. This is particularly important as there is currently a fragmented nature to research in this area and so findings are mainly reviewed in isolation also.A number of key themes were elucidated relating to the perception of impact within WP as well as factors that may impede on the level of impact seen. These themes explored various aspects of WP such as the incongruity surrounding definitions of WP and WA, the parity in levels of focus given to barriers for certain WP groups, the effects of WP initiatives on individuals and the analysis of WP efforts for those beyond medical school.Several recommendations are suggested, as action from this would fundamentally serve the health of future populations by enabling a wider populace not only to enter medicine but also to participate and flourish within it.David AlmasiBroken promises: Qualitative research on the effectiveness of the Hungarian Public Work SchemeIn Hungary, an ambitious, large-scale, state-led public-employment programme was launched in 2011 designed for permanent job-seekers and unskilled workers. According to the official government site, one of the objectives of the programme is to provide essential skills that later can be used when re-joining the job market.I would stress on this promise of the programme. As a result, the Hungarian economy is close to full employment; but did this scheme indeed helped to reduce poverty? In particular, I am interested in whether the scheme has offered the participants the opportunity for gaining qualifications for self-betterment that can be useful later at the job market and thus escaping poverty.I plan to interview a handful of public-employment workers from the Roma minority, since they are widely believed to be the most vulnerable group of people in Hungary. My literature-based hypothesis is that the programme has failed to fulfil its promise. I plan to conduct my research during the summer months; therefore, I will be able to present a completed research at ICUR.I believe I can contribute to the ongoing debate on the usefulness of large-scale employment policies with an interesting case study from a qualitative perspective as well as discover the dynamics and the reality of the poverty in Eastern Europe.Gabriela BarzykDevelopment of in vitro organoid models to study the interaction of stromal components of the tumour microenvironment (TME) with EBV-infected carcinoma cellsNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common cancer originating from the nasopharynx. It is highly prevalent in certain regions of South-East Asia and Africa and is strongly associated with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection. However, approximately 95 per cent of the world’s population sustains a lifelong, asymptomatic infection with EBV. The precise mechanism(s) of EBV-related carcinogenesis are poorly understood, and this project focuses on defining the contribution of the tumour microenvironment to tumour development and the interplay between EBV-positive tumour cells and stromal cells.The project will interrogate the functional implications of tumour-stromal cell interactions in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It will determine whether EBV-infected epithelial cells, which secrete TGFb and other factors, can convert normal stromal fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and whether this conversion influences the growth, survival and phenotype of EBV-infected cell lines.Control and EBV-infected epithelial cell lines will be used. Organoids will be created by culturing epithelial cells with normal fibroblasts in Matrigel. Evidence of CAF formation will be evaluated using antibodies specific for aSMA and FAP. The impact of CAF formation on growth and phenotype of EBV-infected epithelial cells will be examined.Epithelial cell-fibroblast interactions will be explored to determine the impact of CAF formation on viral gene expression, cell growth and cellular phenotype. In this way, the contribution of stromal fibroblasts to nasopharyngeal carcinoma growth and progression will be determined, raising the possibility of using the models as a translational tool for evaluating novel therapeutic interventions.Marius BellDesign and validation of a continuous flow calorimeterAny chemical reaction releases or consumes heat; hence, calorimetry is a universal method to study chemical transformations. Conventional calorimeters are expensive (>?1000–?10,000) and work only in batch-operation mode. The work aims to design and manufacture a low-cost calorimeter to work in continuous flow.The calorimeter developed uses isothermal power-compensated principles and allows for spatially resolved data in a continuous flow reaction. A Peltier thermoelectric element may cool the reactor tube coiled around the heat exchanger; the resistive heater may heat the reactor – the electrical energy input required to maintain temperature depends on the reaction enthalpy. Computer-aided design thermal simulations were used to design a heat exchanger.The calorimeter contained consecutive reactor units to gain spatial resolution of the reaction heat. Each unit was independently heated or cooled using a proportional-integral-differential control implemented in Arduino. The units were calibrated using resistive heaters (Joule effect) to determine the cooling power of the Peltier units under a range of conditions. The approach was validated by performing a series of model chemical reactions with known reaction heat and using various flow rates of reactants. The results show how the flow rate affects the heat from the chemical reaction and how the accuracy of the calorimeter varies. Further experimentation on real-life applications for the calorimeter were demonstrated.Ashmita Bhattacharya and Esha VolvoikarMagic, as reality? Magical realism portrayed in narratives developed by Disney and how they reflect societal perspectivesNarratives produced by Disney have formed a crucial part of an individual’s upbringing. Behind the veil of entertainment lies the question of social reality. The Walt Disney Company productions mask the harsh societal realities, giving the storylines a realistic outlook and elevating them from mere fairy tales to literature reflective of a social commentary. Moreover, through observation, we understand that ‘magical realism’ plays an essential role in these storylines. While researching, we discovered that the original scripts differ from Disney’s productions.The research method employed is case study, wherein we shall analyse three classic Disney stories (Beauty and the Beast, Cinderella and The Sleeping Beauty); their original scripts/screenplays and the newer edited versions produced by Disney.The first half of the research will include the transformation of these storylines and the reasons behind them. The original scripts showcase uncensored brutal reality, while the ones altered for Disney are done so to mask such brutalities for the purpose of societal acceptability and monetary profit of the production company. Although these changes bring up the question of social reality, they do so by employing ‘magical realism’, wherein the authors infuse magical elements with elements of reality to reflect upon society. In the second half, we will analyse how this literary device impacted the success of the storylines.Such a research would bring up important questions in the creative industries and provide an analysis of the effective yet underrated use of ‘magical realism’ in creative fields and its aforementioned impact on our society today.Wing Man ChiuFunctions of NPM1 in zebrafish hematopoiesis and its relevance to human acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive cancer of the myeloid cells of the blood. In ~35 per cent of cases of AML, there are mutations in the NPM1 gene, which encodes a protein that is normally found in the cell nuclei of proliferating cells and that maintains genomic stability by regulating DNA repair and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Mutations of this gene may therefore act as oncogenes, stimulating cancer formation. The role of NPM1 in hematopoiesis (the processes that lead to the formation of all blood cells) is currently not clear. The aim of this project is to examine this by expressing human NPM1 and its mutations in the embryos of the zebrafish Danio rerio. NPM1 genes and mutations will be amplified from cultured human AML cells and expressed as green fluorescent protein fusions in Danio embryos. The gene-expression profiles of these mutations will be examined by fluorescence microscopy. Anti-leukaemia drugs can then be tested on these variants in an attempt to tailor treatment to specific disease. Drug screening will be performed by adding different doses of drugs into water to identify the most effective for each individual mutation, thus providing a start to personalised medicine. The chance of recovery for the current standard treatment is only 30 per cent, and I hope this study of the effects of different drugs on cells with different NPM1 mutations cell can help the community and increase the survival rate of leukaemia patients.Sarah BunnewellAre measures of follicle-stimulating hormone associated with recurrent pregnancy loss: A systematic review and meta-analysisBackground: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) affects 1–2 per cent of reproductive-aged women; in around half of cases, no explanation is found. Ovarian reserve tests (ORTs) are hypothesised to be indicative of oocyte quantity and quality and could be linked with RPL. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association between follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a widely used ORT, and RPL.Method: Database searches identified 4386 publications. Two reviewers independently screened for eligibility and the data of 13 studies was extracted for inclusion in a qualitative synthesis. The eligibility criteria for quantitative synthesis was FSH measured in women with unexplained-RPL (URPL) compared to non-RPL or explained-RPL (ERPL) controls. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare means in ten eligible studies. Four studies were included in the meta-analyses; Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated.Results: Women with RPL had significantly higher FSH levels when compared to fertile controls with no history of RPL (7.47 ±2.72, 6.68 ±1.51, p=0.0001). A significantly higher proportion of women with URPL had elevated FSH(>10mIU/mL) when compared to ERPL controls (33.01% vs 20.50%, p=0.0098). Meta-analysis revealed that in women with elevated FSH, the prevalence of URPL was non-significantly higher than in women with normal FSH (OR2.69[0.75, 9.62], p=0.13). Sub-group analysis revealed that this higher prevalence was also non-significant when ERPL controls were used but significant compared to non-RPL controls.Conclusions: Current literature indicates some association between FSH and RPL but further research is required to establish whether elevated FSH levels are predictive of further pregnancy losses in women with unexplained-RPL.Zenisha ChouhanCo-infection: Quantifying the prevalence and health impacts in cattleCo-infection is common; research suggests that infection with more than one pathogen can influence the health outcomes of infection. In this epidemiology-focused research project, we will ask whether interactions between pathogens influence host health. Specifically, we will test for associations between the five viral respiratory pathogens (Bovine Herpesvirus-1, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Adenovirus-3 and Parainfluenza virus-3) and host immunity and body condition. We will use data collected from a longitudinal study in a cattle population in South Africa.Emma ColemanSexual politics and abolition: Resistance and oppression of black bodiesSexual politics, ideas and social practices that govern not only issues of sexuality but also how people treat each other (Collins, 2004) have been a frequent tool of oppression and a site of resistance throughout history. Yet study of sexual politics is marginalised, and power structures rendered invisible. My research looks at how enslaved people in the Caribbean had to address and challenge sexual politics to gain their liberation. Drawing on Foucault’s theory of bio-power, discourse analysis and elements of queer theory, my research examines visual contemporary representations of enslaved people, accounts of slaveholders and works by other historians to unearth the sexual politics at play. This research shows how sexual politics was at the heart of slavery and the racist colonial regime in the Caribbean and so had to be addressed in order for there to be liberation of the enslaved people of African descent. Analysis of the contemporary sources exposes how control of black bodies – particularly their reproduction and sexual activities – was crucial to the system of slavery and empire. Examination of how the enslaved people fought for their freedom, not just militarily but sexually, reveals how the sexual policies of whites were frequently challenged but also adopted by their movements for liberation. The impacts of colonial bio-politics and abolition movements can still be seen in the continued presence of homophobic laws in the Caribbean, which stem from the imposition of European moral values and the reconstitution of black masculinity and femininity during the struggles for liberation.Ciara-Marie DoyleClozapine and prevention of potentially lethal side effects: A Trust-wide auditSince the introduction of clozapine, several guidelines and recommendations have been developed to promote safe practice; this audit will look at the most up to date of these, alongside Trust-wide adherence.Clozapine is an anti-psychotic medication with a large adverse effect profile. Clozapine can affect the entire gastrointestinal system causing constipation, potentially leading to bowel ileus, obstruction and death. Clinical attention has been drawn to clozapine-induced constipation mortality in recent years, calling for adherence to guideline recommendations. It has been suggested that the mortality in clozapine patients from constipation is higher than the wider-recognised agranulocytosis. Trust-wide pharmacological records are to be reviewed to compare alongside Maudsley guidelines, Trust guidelines and specific drug-manufacturer guidelines.Laxative users were defined as patients who had laxatives prescribed at any point during clozapine use. Sub-groups were created to reflect the specific laxative regime of each patient and whether this complied with guidelines. With this being the first audit cycle, a target compliance of 95 per cent has been set.A total of 821 patient pharmacological records, from March 2015 to September 2018, met the audit inclusion criteria. Of these, 217 (26%) were compliant with Trust guidelines, 60 (7%) with Maudsley guidelines and 154 (19%) with Zaponex drug-manufacturer guidelines.Despite the results not meeting expectation, it is important to consider the research findings regarding clozapine have been developed over recent years and may not have gathered sufficient momentum within Trusts. There is also insufficient literature to draw strong conclusions on to the most appropriate laxative regime.Jack DunneA new physiologically realistic and clinically relevant model of sleep apnoeaSleep apnoea (SA) is characterised by a cessation or reduction in breathing for two or more breaths at night, leading to severe sleep deprivation. SA is highly prevalent, affecting 4 per cent of men and 2 per cent of women in the UK (~1.5 million adults), creating a huge economic burden on the NHS of ?55 million. Importantly SA remains undiagnosed in a large proportion of the population (>90%), meaning these numbers are likely to be greatly underestimated.SA is increasingly recognised as an independent risk factor for several major comorbidities; these will not only worsen patient outcomes, but will also contribute to their costs to the NHS: ?8.7 billion (cardiovascular disease), ?9.6 billion (stroke), ?5 billion (cancer), ?3.5 billion (liver disease), ?9.8 billion (diabetes) and ?26.3 billion (dementia). Currently, research is limited due to the lack of a good model of SA. Here we demonstrate a novel, physiologically realistic and clinically relevant model of SA characterised by plethysmography (breathing), EEG/EMG (brain activity) and ELISA (inflammation). Additionally, behavioural tests and electrophysiological techniques will provide new insight into neurological comorbidities attributed to the disease. Given the unprecedented public-health issue presented by SA, this new model is essential to the development of therapeutics to prevent exacerbation of the disease and its comorbidities.Joshua GibbsPlant-based dietary patterns and hypertension: A systematic review of randomised interventional studiesGlobally the number one risk factor of mortality is hypertension (high blood pressure). Hypertension is responsible for the death of 75,000 people in the UK alone and 9 million people worldwide every year. It costs the NHS over ?2.1 billion every year due to its contribution to the formation of cardiovascular diseases. Paradoxically, hypertension is one of the most preventable and treatable conditions. It is widely accepted that high salt intake causes hypertension by disrupting normal osmoregulation (regulation of blood water content). Western dietary patterns are characterised by a high intake of processed foods, dairy products and meat, each of which contains high amounts of salt, thus explaining why we are in the midst of a hypertension epidemic. Plant-based diets, comprising of high amounts of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, have low salt content and high potassium content, making them a potential low-cost candidate for reducing blood pressure. It has been estimated that reducing the average systolic blood pressure of the UK population by just 5 mmHg would save ?850 million of NHS and Social Care spend over a 10-year period. This review will assess the efficacy of plant-based diets at reducing blood pressure to highlight whether they should be explored as a future method of preventing and treating hypertension.Isobel HallEvaluating the delivery and impact of pharmacy-based contraception provision: A systematic reviewIn the UK, NHS pharmacies offer ‘essential services’ (prescriptions, advice, provision of emergency contraception), are more commonly open in the evenings and at weekends, are visited more often than general practices or genitourinary medicine clinics, and increasingly offer routine hormonal contraception, emergency contraception and contraceptive injections.Prior to my review, pharmacy-specific contraception provision had not been fully evaluated. To address this, I conducted a systematic review to examine the impact and delivery of contraceptive services in pharmacies, focusing on the experiences of pharmacy users and staff.A total of 4105 papers were initially identified from seven electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, POPLINE, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, PsycInNFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) and subjected them to the following inclusion criteria:Qualitative/quantitative/mixed-methods papers published after 2007Participants: pharmacy users, pharmacy staffInterventions/exposures: emergency hormonal contraception, emergency contraception, oral contraceptive pill, contraceptive injectionsComparators: sexual health service provider other than pharmacyOutcomes: service users’/providers’ attitudes, satisfaction, views on service, barriers to use.After a title/abstract, full text and reference list screening, 15 papers were quality assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Only six fulfilled all criteria, mainly due to low response rate and poor reconciliation of qualitative/quantitative data.Narrative synthesis was used to identify recurring themes or noteworthy quotes from the data. Most users felt comfortable in pharmacies and considered privacy satisfactory. Staff members seemed to support pharmacy provision of sexual health services, although some pharmacists lacked confidence in intimate procedures such as coil insertion or depot injections.Lia JonesHIV, Hepatitis B and C, and fertilityThis mixed-methods study consists of a literature review and a service evaluation of a leading fertility centre. The literature review identifies best practice to avoid transmission of viruses during assisted conception in patients with HIV, Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) and considers how this affects their pregnancy outcomes.This study aims to identify best practice in avoiding transmission of viruses during assisted conception in viral-positive families. It evaluates current conception methods for viral-positive families at the Centre for Reproductive Medicine (CRM) and compares them with published data to determine success and opportunities for improvement.An online literature search amassed 116 studies, and ten papers were shortlisted. From these papers, data was collected such as author and viral illness. For the service evaluation, a list of viral-positive patients receiving treatment at CRM in the past 5 years was assessed for treatment method and outcome.The pregnancy rate for viral-positive families at CRM was 43% and the live birth rate (LBR) was 30.8%. LBR = HIV, HBV and HCV were 13.3%, 35.9% and 33.3%, respectively. At p <0.05, the p-value was 0.326, meaning there was not a statistically significant difference between pregnancy and live birth rates where the male was seropositive vs the female.Assisted-conception outcomes are worse when the female is seropositive for HIV, HBV and HCV. Options for viral-positive men, such as sperm washing, are safe and effective. Assisted conception in viral-positive families is as successful at CRM as their viral-negative counterparts.Emilija Kazakaityt?Exploring individual differences and improving the perceived level of immersion within virtual reality environmentsVirtual reality systems allow people to experience a wide range of novel and immersive environments. In this study, we will use the HTC VIVE virtual reality system, a laser-scanned environment and LEAP motion hardware to: 1) examine individuals’ perceived levels of immersion as a function of their proneness to spontaneous anomalous body experiences, as measured by the Cardiff Anomalous Perception Scale (CAPS), 2) evaluate the influence of seeing representations of one’s hands and fingers moving in the virtual space as compared with less active feedback on perceived immersion, and 3) determine the possible interaction between type of feedback, people’s levels of embodiment and perceived immersion. We hypothesise that: 1) those with higher CAPS scores will report higher levels of immersion, potentially due to a weaker and more flexible body/self-representation, 2) the use of higher-fidelity hand/finger visual feedback will lead to a greater sense of immersion, and 3) have a larger effect on those with lower CAPS scores. Implications for predicting and increasing the perceived level of immersion in VR environments are discussed.Inbar KushnirExploring the tightness of the blood–brain barrierThe circadian biological clock is ultimately responsible for orchestrating most physiological processes in our body, such as rest/activity patterns. A consequence is that drugs can have very different effects if taken at different times. This concept is called Chronotherapy and is increasingly appreciated in the clinic now that the molecular mechanisms are partly understood.My project will investigate how the biological clock modulates the function of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The brain is a tightly regulated environment that imports nutrients from blood but prevents entry of many other substances, such as therapeutic drugs. However, there is increasing evidence that the tightness of the BBB changes throughout the day, and therefore, at times, it is more permeable to drugs.Understanding how the BBB changes in tightness over the day is an important step towards improving the treatment of diseases such as brain cancer or Alzheimer’s disease.Yi Ting LooBringing numbers to life: Exploring the prevalence of mathematical models in health sciences using the heartMathematics is the language of science, but its application in physical sciences such as physics have always been more widely appreciated than in ‘soft’ sciences such as biology. There is a long history of applying mathematics in biology and medicine, with Archibald Pitcairne, often regarded as the forgotten father of mathematical medicine, developing the theory of iatromathematics in 1713. However, only recently has mathematical biology become an accepted branch of applied mathematics.This paper will explore the mathematics used in medical biology by looking at the mathematical model of the human heart and circulation, which plays a critical role in investigating the responses of the human cardiovascular system. Mathematical models are also used to understand the life-threatening ventricular fibrillation, a type of arrhythmia that affects an estimated 2.7–6.1 million people in the US alone. I will also conduct a literature review drawing on the work of Reed, Murrey, Hoppensteadt and Panfilov to show how these models are applied in the medical field for physiological understanding and diagnostics.In this research, I will hypothesise that mathematics is a technical and intellectual tool that can make enormous contributions to global health care and the saving of lives. However, due to the complexity and diversity of the human body, there are many challenges in the clinical application of mathematical techniques that warrant further analysis.Mihai Valentin MancasComputational simulation technologies for respiratory disease treatmentMechanical ventilation is a primary life-support technology used in intensive care units. However, clinical data shows an alarmingly high rate of mortality in hospitalised patients due to ventilator-induced lung injuries (VILIs). There is an ongoing debate at the pinnacle of research whether several factors that lead to VILI should be approached as a unified concept of ‘mechanical power’ or not. Advances in biomedical systems engineering allow different hypothesis and therapies to be tested in a controlled and safe environment through computational models and simulations. Physiological simulators implement dynamic mathematical models of the human body and create virtual patients using real data collected from ICUs. Hence, different scenarios can be tested on patients with different affections.My research uses the pulmonary component of the Nottingham Physiological Simulator (NPS) to validate current best practice of mechanical ventilation in line with the new focus on lung-protective approach strategies. It simulates different modes of ventilation on virtual models of both healthy and diseased human lungs with a special focus on how the Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS), a common pulmonary affection, further impairs normal breathing and hinders safe ventilation modes. Higher ventilatory settings are required to maintain optimal oxygenation levels, increasing the risk of developing VILI. Furthermore, the project explores links between the unified approach of ‘mechanical power’ and the likelihood of developing VILI. The project concludes on how the simulator can be further modified to test therapies that are believed by clinicians to be beneficial in diseased lungs, such as Prone Position ventilation.Melissa Martin‘Disabled enough’: An exploration of disabled students’ experiences of socially constructed thresholds of disabilityThis research project aims to explore disabled students’ experiences of the socially constructed threshold of ‘disabled enough’; examining the meaning they attribute to the phrase, their perceptions of the factors influencing whether an individual is characterised as disabled enough and the barriers faced by students not deemed disabled enough. This is a previously unexplored area of scholarship, despite extensive research on disabled students’ broader experiences and the concept of ‘disabled enough’ receiving a great deal of media attention. Influenced by methodological debates within disability studies, it draws on data from eight semi-structured interviews and uses thematic analysis to elucidate disabled students’ thoughts on the matters at hand, finding that, overall, the concept of ‘disabled enough’ is a significant aspect of disabled students’ lives and contributes to an already disabling HE environment. While the study is on a small scale and has subsequent limitations, it retains significant potential to inform significant changes to policy within HE institutions and create an awareness of the harmful and disabling nature of the concept of ‘disabled enough’, discouraging its use and liberating disabled students from its harms.Pauline MorereGender politics in songs: How does hip-hop music shape gender politics in today’s society?Hip hop is a form of popular culture that is deeply entrenched in our society, making it not only a mirror of social views and opinions, but also an actor in the way that these opinions are shaped. This research project aims to study in what ways hip hop is a microcosm of our society and its gender roles, and to evaluate its value as a tool in political research.We will first define in what ways rap music perpetuates sexism and the objectification of women by recreating existing gender roles and contributing to their normalisation, before then arguing that it also permits their empowerment by giving a platform through which they can redefine their sexuality and challenge existing gender power relations.This will enable us to show that rap music is a valuable tool in research because it is entrenched in popular culture and thus reflects the reality of society, which is often disregarded in academic literature.Olugbemi MoronfoluHow does wellbeing influence the resilience, learning strategies, motivation and academic success of university students?Student wellbeing at university is a growing public-health concern. Poor student wellbeing is known to negatively affect academic success, but this relationship is not direct and several factors can impact and explain this relationship. The current study aims to investigate how different levels of wellbeing impacts students learning strategies, resilience, motivation and prior academic success of students. We collected data from 144 students, ranging from 18.0–58.0 years (M=20.73, SD=3.70), studying in over 20 UK universities. Participants filled in questionnaires measuring wellbeing, resilience, learning strategies and motivation. Contrary to prior research, we found that students with lower wellbeing scores were more resilient and had better learning strategies, but wellbeing was unrelated to motivation or achievement. Therefore, students who have lower wellbeing in this current study have the necessary attributes to thrive at university. However, there are other factors that this study did not consider, such as gender and physical health disabilities, which can impact students’ university experiences. This is something that further studies can investigate. Overall, universities must do more to enhance the wellbeing of those struggling.Nariell MorrisonBlack, Asian and Minority Ethnic medical students’ perspectives on the causes of the differential attainment gapStudents from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups across all higher-education institutions in the UK have been reported to attain lower-class degrees than their white counterparts. Medicine is no different. The exact cause is unknown, but this persistent difference in attainment between ethnic groups poses a huge problem for the medical profession.The aim of this research was to explore graduate-entry BAME medical students’ experiences of undergraduate training. It drew on qualitative semi-structured focus groups involving 24 MBChB BAME students.The study found that BAME students faced a range of difficulties they felt impeded their learning and performance. The relationships with staff and clinicians, although also identified as facilitators to learning, often hindered progress as students felt that a lack of representation and lack of understanding of cultural differences impacted their experience. Students also reported a lack of trust in the institution, with many not seeking support. Students reported having to mask their identity to fit in amongst their peers as well as to avoid negative stereotyping.Although rare, BAME students faced overt racism from other students and patients. Several students described experiencing daily microaggressions and witnessing microaggressions against others. Many BAME students reported feelings of isolation, reduced self-confidence and low self-esteem that hindered their learning and performance.These findings suggest that future interventions should include improving peer relationships and implementing institutional changes to diversify student populations. Guidance on tackling racism and adequate training in anti-racism for both students and staff are likely to be key.Ruth PerkinsExploring the value of patient feedback for medical students: A systematic reviewThe aim of this study is to explore the literature surrounding patient feedback and the value it holds for medical students in the hopes that it will inform a larger study.Patient feedback forms a central aspect of the personal and professional development of doctors. The General Medical Council’s directive for medical schools, Tomorrow’s Doctors, outlines an expectation that students engage with patient feedback throughout their education. Additionally, multi-source feedback is a validated tool for driving development and encouraging self-reflection and, for medical students, should include patients as a feedback source.For this review, we searched five electronic databases for studies that explored the views of medical students on receiving patient feedback. A total of 707 studies were identified in the initial search, of which 236 were duplicates; 471 studies were screened using titles and/or abstracts. Subsequently, 83 were assessed for full-text eligibility. In total, ten studies were included in the final review.Our results found that students had a positive response to receiving feedback from patients and reported it had a positive impact on their learning. The most useful feedback students received was qualitative in nature, as this allowed patients to be more specific. Non-specific positive feedback was considered less useful while students expressed concerns about the impact that negative feedback could have on their confidence.Based on our findings, the ideal patient feedback tool would allow for free text and ask specifically about areas for student improvement. This would increase patient involvement in medical education while addressing outcomes set by the GMC.Max RennaAre statins prescribed according to QRISK scores in primary practice?Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death globally and can lead to patients having strokes and heart attacks. High cholesterol levels is one of the main predisposing factors for CVD causing atherosclerotic plaques to build up within arteries, which can break off and cause these life-changing events. Statin therapy is the main pharmacological method of reducing cholesterol levels. They are normally prescribed to patients who have a QRISK score >10, but current media coverage has suggested that statins are not being prescribed and taken appropriately. QRISK scores predict how likely a patient is likely to develop CVD over the next 10 years. This study aims to assess if statins are being prescribed in conjunction with the relevant QRISK scores.This project took data from a practice covering 6000 patients and compared the prescription of statins against current QOF and NICE guidelines. Of that practice population, 1760 had undergone QRISK scoring, with 1014 scoring >10. Of those patients, 691 had subsequently been prescribed a statin. Only 31 patients completed the recommended pathway and declined statins. A further 18 had statins contraindicated or did not tolerate the drug. Two patients were deemed high risk and had no statin prescribed.This study demonstrates that, in this practice, statins are prescribed according to NICE guidelines, and other practices could learn from simple ways of improving statin prescription such as GP education and investing in computer software that can flag high-risk patients.Adeola SalauRetrospective cohort study of pre-eclampsia in Lagos, NigeriaAims: Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disease. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the characteristics and foeto-maternal outcomes of early-onset (EOPE) and late-onset pre-eclampsia (LOPE) in Lagos, Nigeria.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Method: Patients diagnosed with pre-eclampsia between January 2017 and December 2017 were identified from hospital records, using an inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study included 62 participants from two hospitals. Results were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences.Results: The incidence of pre-eclampsia was 2.6%. EOPE was more common (58.1%), and 97.2% of EOPE and 100% of LOPE were classified as severe. Of women with pre-eclampsia, 58.3% of women with EOPE and 42.3% of women with LOPE were not booked at a hospital at the time of delivery; 61.1% of EOPE and 15.3% of LOPE gave birth via caesarean section, and 27.8% of EOPE and 3.8% LOPE gave birth to children with very low birth weight. Intra-uterine death happened in 36.1% of EOPE.Neonatal morbidity was 22.2% in EOPE and 15.3% in LOPE. Common neonatal complications were asphyxia and sepsis. Maternal morbidity was 22.2% in EOPE and 23.1% in LOPE. Common maternal complications were eclampsia and post-partum haemorrhage.Conclusions: The incidence of pre-eclampsia in this study was higher than other studies carried out in Nigeria. Severe pre-eclampsia was common in EOPE and LOPE, and maternal and neonatal complications were high in both groups. There is a need for better patient antenatal education to increase antenatal booking rates and aid early presentation of pre-eclampsia, thus reducing the rates of severe pre-eclampsia.Aref SalemEdge-state contribution to thermopower in quantum Hall systemsIn this project, the thermopower of a quantum Hall (QH) system will be computed, taking account of the excitation branches at the edges. The thermal conductance, which is the rate of heat transport, of a single channel in QH systems is quantised in units of fundamental constants. Temperature gradients can generate current flows and a voltage can be applied to stop these currents. The ratio of the voltage needed to the temperature difference is called the thermopower, which is related to the thermal conductance. The role of the edge excitations on thermopower measurements has largely been ignored. Yet their role must be important given that their effects have been directly observed in the heat-flow measurements. The importance of edge states on thermopower measurements in QH systems will be studied along with the heat-flow measurements which, to date, have not taken bulk contributions into account.The aspect ratio of a system (ratio of length to width) effectively controls the relative importance of the bulk to the edge. Longer samples have small bulk contributions. The thermopower of quantum Hall systems will be computed, varying the aspect ratio, allowing the importance of edge states being increased as the aspect ratio increases to be characterised. These computations will be compared to current measurements of the thermopower of quantum Hall systems.Jared SmithThe pursuit of living ‘according to nature’: Philosophical unsoundness and pragmatic legitimacyThe Stoic claim, ‘a precondition for eudaimonia [i.e., the Stoic conception of the ‘Good Life’] is accordance with phusis’, entails assent to cosmological principles (e.g. the logos) with indeterminable truth values and which are unconvincing to the contemporary reader. I contend that the unsoundness of the philosophical argument does not necessarily delegitimise the claim – this raises the problem as to whether it can ever be legitimate without a cosmological ‘truth’ to motivate it. A pragmatic legitimacy might not exceed the realm of possibility: i.e. the legitimacy of the claim might be determinable by assessing it on a pragmatic basis rather than an intellectual basis. I conclude that the pursuit inferred by the claim (i.e. living ‘according to phusis’) is justifiable on a pragmatic basis.Ashlesha Manohar VaswaniAn investigation on the effect of note-taking and extrinsic motivation on academic performanceThe study aims to replicate Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014), investigating the effect of note-taking styles on academic performance. Additionally, it also extends the research by investigating the effect of extrinsic motivation on academic performance. Previous studies focused on merely investigating the relationship between extrinsic and factual knowledge, rarely suggesting that there was a difference between extrinsic and conceptual knowledge. To bridge the research conducted in these areas, this study investigates the effect of extrinsic motivation on conceptual and factual knowledge. The independent variables are their preferred note-taking style, either laptop or longhand, and whether or not they were aware of receiving a reward, assigned through random allocation. The dependent variable is the academic performance, measured by the number of correct answers for conceptual and factual questions.Results showed that both note-taking style and extrinsic motivation affected performance. Participants using longhand answered more questions correctly compared to laptop note-takers for conceptual questions, but note-taking style did not have an effect on factual questions. Additionally, participants that were aware of the reward answered more questions correctly on conceptual questions compared to those not aware but answered fewer questions correctly for factual questions. This study suggests that both note-taking style and extrinsic motivation affects academic performance.Charlie WestonTrends and changes in adverse events in plastic surgeryBackground: Effective analysis of incident-reporting systems in healthcare is essential in order for hospital departments to learn from mistakes and to optimise patient care. Reviewing past incidents allows us to take corrective measures to systems and inform clinical practice. This service evaluation will take stock of >10 years of reports in the Plastic Surgery department of University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire and reveal trends in causes and severity of adverse outcomes recorded using DATIX.Method: DATIX is a web-based patient-incident reporting service used by many NHS hospitals. Each report contains information including the severity of harm, stage of delivery, a written description of what happened and steps taken to prevent it happening again. To access these reports, we used a DATIX functionality to export the full list of completed (acted upon) incidents from the plastic surgery department since DATIX was adopted until the time of writing.The records were then manually assessed by the author and a colleague and sorted according to the nature of the incident, using headings regarding operative causes, non-operative causes and the severity of each event. The labelled data was studied using SPSS and Excel.Results: Frequencies of reported incidents have increased year by year with an average increase on 85.2% across all years studied, with 2012 showing a particularly high number of reports.Conclusion: this increase is likely due to NHS plans to improve reporting and encourage staff to report any adverse outcomes they encounter.James WhitfieldThe role of the prison complex in residents’ livesThe research will be investigating residents’ navigation of the prison complex within their lives. It will analyse their beliefs in regards to the efficacy of such punishment for offenders and discuss their experiences of living in close proximity to the institution. This is of vital importance since the area is under-researched and the prison, as a label, remains a stigmatised notion against which many prejudices are held. Simultaneously, the complex is ill-equipped to deal with processes of rehabilitation.The prison under investigation is unique for its architectural design and historical location. It was the last major Victorian prison ever built and signalled the end of reformation ideals, moving instead towards the containment of an ‘irredeemable’ prison population. The location, too, is significant, as it remains fixed between the urban life of the residents’ lives on one side and runs parallel to 200-acre park/nature reserve on the other. From the outset, it seems that the institution remains uniquely prominent for this population; their opinions and what it means for them to live in such close proximity are thus of immense importance.Yuwei ZhengHow have stereotypes changed?Stereotypes, known as conventional conceptions of a particular type of person or thing, are ubiquitous; such intrinsic conceptions can significantly influence people’s behaviours and attitudes towards other people. Studies done by Bordalo et al. (2016) and Modon et al. (2001) have discussed the formation of a stereotype that contains the ‘kernel of truth’ and is ‘context-dependent’, and have proved that a stereotype can be changed substantially over a long period of time. Inspired by both studies, we are interested to find out how a stereotype is changed according to its ‘kernel of truth’.A stereotype of a group can be either enhanced or challenged by the new information. When the accumulated challenges exceed a particular threshold, a pre-formed stereotype will be replaced; however, we rarely see a stereotype change right after the change in the ‘kernel of truth’. Why does the change in stereotypes lag? One possible explanation is that the new challenging information is not captured by decision-makers because of the selective inattention; they unconsciously ignore information that obeys their intrinsic beliefs. Selection inattention is what we would like to examine in the first experiment. Stereotypes have the power of distortion. Different ways to represent new information make stereotypes change at different speeds; therefore, understanding whether such impacts are additive or exponential is our second objective. Both experiments will be conducted on Ztree, and their results will be helpful in mitigating discrimination and preventing the misuse of the media where news and information are proved for the public. ................
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