Pupils are in groups of 2 or 3 representing real characters (e
Henry used his knowledge of the Bible to justify his request for a marriage annulment. Henry used the Old Testament (Leviticus Chapter 20 Verse 16) where it stated: “If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an impurity; he hath uncovered his brother’s nakedness; they shall be childless.”
| |Henry believed that Catherine was condemned by God not to have a boy and that Anne would provide him with one. This explained his desire for the ‘great matter’ to be concluded. The matter took on an even greater urgency when in January 1533; Anne told Henry that she was pregnant. | |Henry gave a masterful speech to the country’s nobles at Bridewell, London, in November 1528, explaining that Catherine was noble and virtuous and that in other circumstances he would marry her again. But because of what had happened he lived in “detestable and abominable adultery”.
| |
|Historians like Keith Randall also | |Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, had spoken out | |“Mine own sweetheart, these shall be to advertise you |
|point to the fact that the ‘great | |against an annulment – Henry would have been | |of the great loneliness that I find here since your |
|matter’ was an issue of pride for | |unwilling to come off second best to a major rival | |departing, for I ensure you methinketh the time longer|
|Henry. Once he had made up his mind, | |in Western Europe. The more public and international| |since your departing now last than I was wont to do a |
|Henry was not willing to back down; | |the issue became, the more determined Henry was to | |whole fortnight: I think your kindness and my |
|especially as such an action would be | |see it through to its conclusion. | |fervents of love causeth it, for otherwise I would not|
|seen as a sign of weakness | | | |have thought it possible that for so little a while it|
| | | | |should have grieved me, but now that I am coming |
| | | | |toward you methinketh my pains been half released.... |
| | | | |Wishing myself (specially an evening) in my |
| | | | |sweetheart's arms, whose pretty dukkys I trust shortly|
| | | | |to kiss. Written with the hand of him that was, is, |
| | | | |and shall be yours by his will.” |
| | | | |H.R. |
|'My tribulations are so great, my life | |Catherine was a devout Roman Catholic and to her | |Catherine wrote a steady string of letters to the |
|so disturbed by the plans daily | |marriage was a sacred act not to be trivialised. | |Pope, Clement VII, and to Charles V explaining her |
|invented to further the king's wicked | | | |stance and asking that they back her. There is little |
|intention, the surprises which the king| | | |doubt that she had the support of many of the public |
|gives me, with certain persons of his | | | |who saw her as being virtuous – the opposite of what |
|council, are so mortal, and my | | | |many thought of Anne Boleyn. Catherine also made a |
|treatment is what God knows, that it is| | | |very personal plea to Henry in 1529 when she got down |
|enough to shorten ten lives, much more | | | |on her knees and begged him not to go ahead with the |
|mine.' Katharine of Aragon to Charles | | | |annulment. |
|V, November 1531 | | | | |
|'In this world I will confess myself to| | | | |
|be the king's true wife, and in the | | | | |
|next they will know how unreasonably I | | | | |
|am afflicted.' Katharine of Aragon, | | | | |
|1532 | | | | |
|Despite her objections to an annulment,| |Catherine was initially given the opportunity to | |The original Bull of Pope Julius permitting the |
|Catherine never said or wrote anything | |leave Henry VIII peacefully by living out her years | |marriage had been found to contain irregularities of |
|from 1529 to 1533 that was openly | |in a nunnery | |form which were supposedly fatal to it. The validity |
|critical of Henry | | | |of the objection was not denied, but was met by the |
| | | | |production of a brief alleged to have been found in |
| | | | |Spain, and bearing the same date with the Bull, which |
| | | | |exactly met that objection. No trace of such a brief |
| | | | |could be found in the Vatican Register |
|Fisher helped Catherine plan her | |Fisher led those in Convocation who believed that | |Fisher appeared on the Queen's behalf in the legates' |
|defence and schooled her in Canon Law. | |Henry was legally married to Catherine and made his | |court, where he startled his hearers by the directness|
|Fisher produced seven publications | |stand very clear in the House of Lords. | |of his language and most of all by declaring that, |
|condemning the impending divorce. | | | |like St. John the Baptist, he was ready to die on |
| | | | |behalf of the indissolubility of marriage. |
| | | | | |
|Fisher made his position even more | |Anne Boleyn joined her sister Mary at the English | |Anne then met and fell passionately in love with Henry|
|dangerous when he secretly contacted | |royal court as lady-in-waiting to Catharine of | |Percy (1500 - 1537) who later became the Earl of |
|Charles V to appeal to the Emperor to | |Aragon | |Northumberland. Henry Percy belonged to the retinue of|
|use force against Henry. The removal | | | |Cardinal Wolsey. A marriage to Henry Percy would have |
|of the case to Rome brought Fisher's | | | |resulted in Anne Boleyn becoming a countess. |
|personal role in it to an end, but the | | | |Apparently King Henry was 'disturbed' at the prospect |
|king never forgave him for what he had | | | |of the marriage between Anne and Henry Percy. Wolsey |
|done. | | | |therefore refused to give permission for the match |
| | | | |even though there had been a pre-contract when the |
| | | | |couple became engaged. The two lovers protested but to|
| | | | |no avail. Henry Percy was forced into a loveless |
| | | | |marriage and Anne never forgave Cardinal Wolsey who |
| | | | |she blamed totally for the refusal. "If it ever lay in|
| | | | |my power, I will work the Cardinal as much displeasure|
| | | | |as he has done to me." |
|King Henry VIII courted Anne for six | |In 1504, Warham was made Lord Chancellor by Henry | |In the matter of Henry VIII's divorce, Warham’s |
|years. But Anne refused to sleep with | |VII and archbishop of Canterbury by the pope. In the| |actions were subservient to the king's will. |
|him. Their affair became common | |early years of Henry VIII's reign his influence was | | |
|knowledge amongst the courtiers. | |paramount, but before many years Thomas Wolsey, | | |
| | |archbishop of York, began to displace him. | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
|Warham was selected as the chief of the| |Warham refused to oppose the king's wishes, using | |In the summer of 1530 Warham signed the petition to |
|counsel appointed to assist Queen | |his favourite phrase ira principis mors est (the | |the Pope begging him to allow the divorce. This course|
|Catherine he did nothing on her behalf,| |anger of the prince is death). | |he pursued under threats from the king that unless he |
|but when she appealed to him for | | | |was complaisant all ecclesiastical authority in |
|advice, replied that he would not | | | |England would be destroyed. |
|meddle in such matters. | | | | |
|Charles V took the view that the Pope | |As Holy Roman Emperor Charles was the temporal | |Catherine of Aragon was Charles’ aunt. However, there |
|should come out in support of Catherine| |defender of the faith and so he may have seen the | |is no real evidence that indicates that this personal |
|of Aragon and made his views clear to | |whole divorce issue as having the potential to | |relationship had a great deal to do with the issue as |
|the Papacy. | |severely damage the standing of Catholicism in | |Charles rarely kept in contact with Catherine and made|
| | |Europe if the Pope supported Henry and that this | |no effort to see her when in England. |
| | |might lead to more European states moving towards | | |
| | |Protestantism once they saw the disunity in the | | |
| | |Catholic world. | | |
|It has been argued that Cranmer | |Clement VII was no pushover. Clement could be a | |No one in Rome accepted the view that he had married |
|suggested to Henry that he should get | |ditherer but there were times when he was decisive | |his late brother’s wife in contravention of what was |
|the theological support of the | |and in 1529 he decided that neither Charles nor | |stated in the Bible (Leviticus). No one in Rome |
|Protestant universities of Western | |Henry VIII would bully him into a decision | |accepted that God condemned the marriage. |
|Europe in his quest for a divorce. | | | | |
|The universities would give Henry the | | | | |
|relevant arguments to present to the | | | | |
|court when it came to assessing his | | | | |
|right to a divorce. It was this | | | | |
|suggestion that was to propel the | | | | |
|academic into a world of high politics.| | | | |
| | | | | |
|Campeggio tried to find a solution by | |Campeggio asked Fisher to help him, and Fisher | |Campeggio turned to Wolsey for advice. The Pope, he |
|inducing Catherine to take the vows of | |seemed not wholly unwilling; but, after a few days' | |said, had hoped that Wolsey would advise the King to |
|chastity and enter a nunnery. The Pope | |reflection, Catherine told him that before she would| |yield. He told Cavendish that he had gone on his knees|
|could then allow Henry to take another | |consent she would be torn limb from limb; she would | |to the King, but he could only say to Campeggio that |
|wife without offence to any one. | |have an authoritative sentence from the Pope, and | |"the King -- fortified and justified by reasons, |
| | |would accept nothing else; nothing should make her | |writings, and counsels of many learned men who feared |
| | |alter her opinion, and if after death she could | |God -- would never yield." If he was to find that the |
| | |return to life, she would die over again rather than| |Pope had been playing with him, and the succession was|
| | |change it. | |to be left undetermined, "the Church would be ruined |
| | | | |and the realm would be in infinite peril." |
| | | | |On several occasions Clement was heard saying that he |
| | | | |hoped that the English would sort the problem out for |
| | | | |themselves and that a Papal input would not be needed.|
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