A Guide For Regulators

Land And

Emergency Management

5401R

EPA 510-B-16-004

October 2016

ust

Expedited Site Assessment

Tools For Underground

Storage Tank Sites

A Guide For Regulators

Printed on Recycled Paper

Chapter V

Direct Push Technologies

Disclaimer

The purpose of the revised release of this document is to facilitate the exchange

of technical information and to inform federal, state, and local regulators of current

technical developments. EPA subjected this document to internal Agency and external

peer review and approved it for publication as an EPA document. This document does

not represent the issuance of formal policy or in any way affect the interpretation of

federal regulations. The mention of trade names or commercial products in this

document neither constitutes endorsement or recommendation for their use nor is it any

guarantee of the performance of the method or equipment.

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Contents

Disclaimer .................................................................................................................... V-ii

Exhibits ........................................................................................................................ V-v

Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. V-vi

Direct Push Technologies .......................................................................................... V-1

Equipment For Advancing Direct Push Rods And Tools ........................................ V-5

Manual Hammers .............................................................................................. V-5

Hand-Held Mechanical Hammers ..................................................................... V-5

Percussion Hammers ........................................................................................ V-7

Cone Penetrometer Testing Systems ............................................................... V-9

Conventional Drill Rigs .................................................................................... V-11

Discussion And Recommendations For Equipment For Advancing

Direct Push Rods And Tools ........................................................................... V-11

Direct Push Rod Systems ........................................................................................ V-13

Single-Rod Systems ........................................................................................ V-13

Dual-Tube Systems ......................................................................................... V-13

Discussion And Recommendations For Direct Push Rod Systems ................ V-16

Direct Push Sampling Tools .................................................................................... V-18

Soil Sampling Tools......................................................................................... V-18

Single-Rod Soil Sampling Systems ..................................................... V-18

Dual-Tube Soil Sampling Systems ...................................................... V-19

Discussion And Recommendations For Soil Sampling Systems ......... V-24

Active Soil-Gas Sampling Tools ...................................................................... V-25

Discrete Sampling Tools...................................................................... V-25

Methods For Retrieving Active Soil-Gas Samples ............................... V-31

Continuous Sampling Tools ................................................................. V-31

Discussion And Recommendations For Active Soil-Gas

Sampling Tools ................................................................................... V-32

Groundwater Sampling Tools .......................................................................... V-34

Advantages And Limitations ................................................................ V-35

Point-In-Time Groundwater Sampling ................................................. V-36

Discussion And Recommendations For Groundwater

Sampling Tools .................................................................................... V-43

General Issues Concerning Groundwater Sampling ........................... V-46

Specialized Measurement And Logging Instruments ............................................ V-47

Geotechnical Instruments................................................................................ V-47

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Geophysical Instruments ................................................................................. V-49

Electrical Resistivity And Conductivity Tools ....................................... V-49

Nuclear Logging Tools......................................................................... V-51

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Logging Tools .......................... V-51

Video Imaging Tools ............................................................................ V-52

Hydrogeologic Instruments.............................................................................. V-53

Piezocone ............................................................................................ V-53

Hydraulic Profiling Tool........................................................................ V-53

Slug Test Tools.................................................................................... V-54

Chemical Direct Sensing Tools ....................................................................... V-56

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Sensor ................................................... V-56

Fuel Fluorescence Detector ................................................................ V-60

Membrane Interface Probe .................................................................. V-60

Site Characterization And Analysis Penetrometer

System Hydrosparge ........................................................................... V-65

SCAPS Thermal Desorption Sampler ................................................. V-66

Discussion And Recommendations For Specialized Measurement And Logging

Instruments...................................................................................................... V-69

Methods For Sealing Direct Push Holes ................................................................. V-71

Surface Pouring............................................................................................... V-72

Re-Entry Grouting ........................................................................................... V-72

Retraction Grouting ......................................................................................... V-73

Discussion And Recommendations For Sealing Direct Push Holes ............... V-75

References (Alphabetical) ........................................................................................ V-77

References (Topic) .................................................................................................... V-93

Glossary ................................................................................................................... V-110

Peer Reviewers........................................................................................................ V-122

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