Enpsychlopedianet.files.wordpress.com



General Psychology Final Exam Chs. 5-10 + BONUS

Encoding is the process of

transforming are experiences into enduring memory

maintaining information in memory over time

bringing to mind previously-stored information

What is the process of encoding information based on meaning?

Spontaneous encoding

Organizational encoding

Semantic encoding

What kind of memory holds information for only a second or two?

Sensory memory

Short-Term Memory

Long-term Memory

_______ is the stabilization of memories in long-term storage.

Elaboration

Long-Term Potentiation

Consolidation

Long-term potentiation occurs when neural networks are

consolidated

sensitized

habituated

Identification of an individual by photograph is better than by verbal description because of:

Encoding Specificity

State-Dependent Retrieval

Mood Congruence

Neuroimaging studies indicate that TRYING to remember activates the

left frontal lobe

left temporal lobe

hippocampal region

The type of memory which is most closely related to attention and focus is

long-term memory

short-term memory

implicit memory

Compared with implicit memories, explicit memories

tend to be more resistant to decay

tend to be less subject to corruption

tend to be more vulnerable to decay

Eyewitness mistakes are likely a result of

suggestibility and misattribution

retroactive interference

encoding failure

Which are you the most likely to remember 15 years after the information was learned?

How to ride a bike

Your grandmother's phone number

The name of the main character in Where the Red Fern Grows

________ is similar to a computer's RAM

sensory memory

short-term memory

long-term memory

The _______ is involved in the consolidation of short-term to long-term memory

cerebellum

hippocampus

prefrontal cortex

The ______ is responsible for attention – deciding which information is important to remember

cerebellum

hippocampus

prefrontal cortex

The ______ is the brain structure responsible for encoding muscle memory and associative learning

cerebellum

hippocampus

prefrontal cortex

Implicit memories are generally more ______ to decay than explicit memories

vulnerable

subject

resistant

_________ rehearsal helps retain information in short-term storage, but is labor-intensive and not effective for long-term storage

elaborative

maintenance

dress

Her research on memory helped clarify how eyewitnesses process their memories after witnessing a crime or accident.

Loftus

Linehan

Jones

Psychogenic amnesias are referred to as

dementia

dissociative

procedural

Variations in corresponding gene pairs are called

variable genes

alleles

ligands

The proximodistal rule states that motor skills…

emerge in sequence from the center of the body to the limbs

emerge in sequence from top to bottom

motor skills are hardwired by nature

motor skills begin as

simple voluntary behaviors

un-learned reflexes which are permanent

un-learned reflexes which eventually disappear

The information contained ONLY in your 46 chromosomes is called the

genotype

phenotype

linotype

Physical traits (such as height) are part of your

genotype

phenotype

karyotype

Environmental factors which alter the function of the genes are the focus of the study of

epigenetics

phylogenetics

epinephretics

________ begins with the onset of puberty

adolescence

adulthood

young adulthood

The last portion of the brain to mature is the

hindbrain

forebrain

midbrain

The peak years for physical stamina are

the early teens

the early 20s

the early 30s

AB blood type is the result of

cumulative relation

codominance

autosomal dominance

The human genotype is comprised of

23 chromosome pairs

21 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome pair

23 autosomes

Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia is the result of

an autosomal recessive gene

an x-linked recessive gene

an autosomal dominant gene

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by

an autosomal recessive gene

an extra chromosome (Trisomy 21)

a missing chromosome (45, X)

Histone modification is an example of

a genetic mutation

an epigenetic mark

an epigenetic event

Epigenetic events alter the _____ of genes

structure

sequence

function

The Binet-Simon was the first standardized intelligence test, designed to measure

natural intelligence

achievement

acquired intelligence

The Stanford-Binet was developed by

Thurstone

Terman

Spearman

When we say “she's really smart,” we're implying the existence of _______

analytical intelligence

Spearman's “g”

Savantism

Which metaphor best fits the idea of intelligence?

A computer's hard drive

A computer's processor

A computer's RAM

Aptitude is:

the ability to learn and adapt

a measure of previous learning

a measure of previous experience

Which of the following theories of intelligence is NOT based on “g”?

Spearman's

Wechsler's

Sternberg's

Analytical, Creative, and Practical intelligence are components of

Sternberg's theory of intelligence

Gardner's theory of intelligence

Spearman's theory of intelligence

Interpersonal, Naturalistic, and Kinesthetic intelligence are components of

Sternberg's theory of intelligence

Gardner's theory of intelligence

Spearman's theory of intelligence

(Sternberg) a type of intelligence associated with “street smarts”

naturalistic

practical

applied

(Gardner) a type of intelligence associated with dancers, gymnasts, and other athletes

kinesthetic

naturalistic

proprioreceptive

A type of intelligence associated with the wisdom of old age

fluid

aptitude

crystalized

Which of the following pairs would probably have the highest correlation between IQ scores?

Identical twins raised apart

siblings raised together

a parent and their child

Heritability studies show that the relationship between genetics and IQ scores is WEAKEST among

the wealthy

the poor

sociologically dominant groups

In general, IQ scores _____ until young adulthood, remain stable for a period of time, and then ______ slightly in late adulthood

increase, decrease

decrease, decrease

increase, increase

Higher IQ scores are positively correlated with

substance abuse and addiction

divorce and poor physical health

higher income

The sensorimotor period, object permanence, and theory of mind are all components of _______ theory of _______ development

Piaget/cognitive

Erikson/psychosocial

Vygotsky/cognitive

The internal working model of relationships is a concept used to explain the implications of

psychosocial theory

attachment theory

psychosexual development

Children with a/an ________ attachment style are independent, emotionally disconnected, and resist parents' efforts to soothe them

avoidant

secure

anxious-ambivalent

An attachment style characterized by uncertainty and hesitation

avoidant

ambivalent

secure

Toxic co-dependency is a feature of relationships between individuals who share an _______ attachment style

avoidant

anxious-ambivalent

secure

Autonomy v. Doubt is a crisis associated with __________'s psychosocial stages of development

Erik Erikson

Lief Erikson

Erik the Red

Lief Garret

The __________ of Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust stage is hope.

Core pathology

prime adaptive ego quality

central process

_________'s theory is concerned with the development of moral cognitions

Erikson

Kohlberg

Freud

__________ moral cognition is associated with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks.

Preconventional

conventional

post-conventional

Described identity development in terms of responses to identity crises

Sigmund Freud

James Marcia

Abraham Maslow

A response to identity crisis which involves exploration of identities, but no commitment

moratorium

foreclosure

diffusion

A response to identity crisis which involves commitment to a pre-made, established identity

moratorium

foreclosure

diffusion

Freud suggested that personality development was driven by psychic energy called

basic anxiety

libido

striving for superiority

Humanistic psychology attempts to address…

emotions rooted in the present

emotions rooted in early childhood

behaviors rooted in early childhood

In Freud's model, behaviors are motivated by

depression

libido

catharsis

Horney's motivational force was called

striving for superiority

basic anxiety

basic trust

Jung suggested the existence of

the preconscious

the subconscious

the collective unconscious

Overcompensation is part of _______'s theory

Horney

Anna Freud

Adler

Abraham Maslow is known for

the hierarchy of needs

client-centered therapy

self-determination theory

Viktor Frankl is known for

Unconditional Positive Regard

Existential Therapy

Positive Psychology

Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi are known for

Unconditional Positive Regard

Positive Psychology

Logical Positivism

MacRae and Costa are known for

MKULTRA

OCEAN

WAIS/WISC

Locus of Control is a construct from

behavioral psychology

socio-cognitive psychology

existential psychology

Self-Efficacy is a belief about personal ______

confidence

competence

conformity

Conscientiousness is

commitment, organization, and effort

sociability, surgency, and relatedness

aggressiveness and emotional lability

Humanistic personality theories suggest that…

personality is innate

we are always “becoming” who we are

our cognitions define our responses

INFP stands for

Intuitive, Naturalistic, Feeling, Perceiving

Introverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Perceiving

Intelligence, Neuroticism, Fear, Potential

Anima is to Animus as

fear is to violence

anger is to hate

action is to consideration

The “C” in the 5 – Factor model stands for

consciousness

conscientiousness

conscience

Factor Analysis was applied to personality by

Gordon Allport

Raymond Cattell

Steve Carrell

Hans Eysenck is associated with

neuroticism, psychoticism, hypnoticism

psychoticism, introversion-extraversion, neuroticism

neuroticism, aggreeableness, extraversion

Trait models of personality emphasize

present-day characteristics without explaining how they develop

explanations for how we develop our characteristics

preoccupations with the past or future

the MBTI is based on the _____ model

psychodynamic

humanistic

trait

Which of the following is a projective test?

The MMPI-2

The WCS

The TAT

“Which Pokemon Are You?” is an example of

projective tests

objective tests

group personality tests

The 16PF was developed by

Hans Eysenk

Gordon Allport

Raymond Cattell

The Rorschach Inkblots are an example of

objective tests

projective tests

pseudoscience

Diagnosticians prefer the _______ for personality assessment

MBTI

MMPI-2-RF

BASC-2

Unlearned, innate behaviors are motivated by

evolutionary trends

instincts

psychological drives

Evolutionary motivational theories explain…

preferences for optimal arousal

trans-generational adaptive behaviors

unconsciously motivated behaviors

Incentive theory is most like

Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Observational Learning

The most effective long-term motivators are

extrinsic

intrinsic

extrusive

“drive theories” emphasize the power of

positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

positive punishment

What motivates behavior in drive theory?

Tension reduction

increased tension

increased arousal

The body’s “set point” is called

optimal arousal

homeostasis

self-actualization

Which explains differences in stress tolerance?

Drive theory

arousal theory

evolutionary theory

What completes the hierarchy of needs?

self-efficacy

self-actualization

self-determination

Self-determination theory does NOT include…

autonomy

relatedness

parsimony

Which describes universal emotions?

They are stronger than blended emotions

They are instinctual, rather than learned

They are governed by display rules

Emotions have valence, intensity, and…

physiological activation

social activation

social integration

Physical and Psychological activity is called

intensity

arousal

valence

The positive or negative quality of emotions is…

activation

arousal

valence

Which involves the frontal cortex?

The fast pathway

the indirect pathway

the HPA pathway

Emotional impulses are processed in the

amygdala

pre-frontal cortex

thalamus

The frontal cortex is responsible for…

emotional impulses

impulse control and coping

relaying somatosensory signals

Which of the following is not a catecholamine?

Dopamine

Adrenaline

Serotonin

Long-term stress is associated with elevated…

serotonin

cortisol

cortizone

What are the components of the HPA pathway?

Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Adrenal Gland

Hippocampus, Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Gland

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal Gland

General Adaptation Syndrome is…

the ability to cope with chronic stress

immune modulation caused by chronic stress

cognitive changes due to chronic stress

Early coping skills are acquired from parents via

general adaptation

social referencing

social activation

Mary Ainsworth explains emotional development as

coping skills which are socially referenced

vicariously reinforced behavioral control

emotional regulation through meditation

Which attributional style predisposes one to worry?

Negative (global, stable, internal)

Positive (local, unstable)

Neutral (local, stable, external)

Individuals with an _____ Locus of Control are more likely to use coping mechanisms effectively

internal

external

extrinsic

Meditative practices reduce stress by

emphasizing focus on the present

actively solving problems

reducing resistance to stressors

A strongly physical interpretation of emotions

James-Lange

Schachter and Singer

Cannon-Bard

Which theory ignores physiological input?

James-Lange

Schachter and Singer

Cognitive Appraisal

Bipolar I Disorder requires at least one

manic episode

hypomanic episode

depressive episode

Frequent “Tantrums” in adulthood might be

depression

mania

disruptive mood disregulation

Who injected subjects with epinephrine to show that cognitions are part of emotional labeling?

William James

William Gregory

Gregorio Maranon

Awareness of the emotions of others is

interpersonal intelligence

intrapersonal intelligence

extrapersonal intelligence

Definitions of abnormal behavior are

based on objective data

based on cultural norms

based on un-changing norms

The DSM-V contains

objective definitions of mental illnesses

current clinical consensus of mental illness

strict, inflexible diagnostic rules

What is required for a clinical diagnosis?

Violation of social norms

Significant impairment in daily functions

inconvenience to family and friends

What is factor analysis?

A technique for tracking correlations

a way to eliminate extraneous variables

a method of accessing unconscious impulses

Which of the following is NOT an objective test?

The MMPI-2

The MBTI

The H-T-P Test

Autism first appeared as a separate diagnosis in the

DSM-III (1980)

DSM-III-TR (1987)

DSM-IV (1994)

Autism originally appeared in the DSM as

a subset of Bipolar disorder

a specifier for childhood-onset schizophrenia

a form of dementia praecox

Axis-II disorders include

eating disorders

medical problems

personality disorders

Marital problems, a history of abuse, or financial instability would be noted on

Axis I

Axis III

Axis IV

Being respectful of the client’s cultural norms is

multiculturalism

cultural relativism

cultural intolerance

Neuroses are

severe breaks from reality

exaggerations of otherwise normal emotions

states of extreme emotional distress

Psychoses are

severe breaks from reality

exaggerations of otherwise normal emotions

states of extreme emotional distress

Psychoanalysis employs…

free association and transference

empathic listening

behavioral modification

Humanistic therapists use

free association and transference

empathic listening

behavioral modification

Short-term dynamic therapies are

similar to psychoanalysis, but shorter

similar to psychoanalysis, but focused on the present

similar to REBT

Interpersonal therapies focus on

past incidents of trauma

current relationships

free association

Rational-Emotive Therapy is

collaborative

behavioral

combative

Reality testing is a feature of

all cognitive therapies

all behavioral therapies

none of the above

The most commonly-used approach is

psychoanalytic

cognitive-behavioral

psychodynamic

EX/RP and Systematic Desensitization are components of

DBT

Humanistic Therapy

Behavioral Therapy

A modality which focuses on negative self-talk and correcting self-defeating patterns of behavior

CBT

DBT

RET

Thorazine is an

antipsychotic

antidepressant

anxiolytic

Seconal is a

benzodiazepene

barbituate

amphetamine

Xanax is a

slow-acting benzodiazepene

fast-acting benzodiazepene

fast-acting barbituate

Valium is a

slow-acting benzodiazepene

fast-acting benzodiazepene

fast-acting barbituate

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download