Examples of logically equivalent statements - College of Arts ...
Propositional Logic
Grinshpan
Examples of logically equivalent statements
Here are some pairs of logical equivalences. Each may be verified via a truth table.
p¡Äq
q¡Äp
commutativity of ¡Ä
p¡Åq
q¡Åp
commutativity of ¡Å
?(?p)
p
double negation
(p ¡Ä q) ¡Ä r
p ¡Ä (q ¡Ä r)
associativity of ¡Ä
(p ¡Å q) ¡Å r
p ¡Å (q ¡Å r)
associativity of ¡Å
p ¡Ä (q ¡Å r)
(p ¡Ä q) ¡Å (p ¡Ä r)
distributivity of ¡Ä over ¡Å
p ¡Å (q ¡Ä r)
(p ¡Å q) ¡Ä (p ¡Å r)
distributivity of ¡Å over ¡Ä
?(p ¡Ä q)
?p ¡Å ?q
de Morgan¡ä s law
?(p ¡Å q)
?p ¡Ä ?q
de Morgan¡ä s law
p ¡Å (p ¡Ä q)
p
absorption law
p ¡Ä (p ¡Å q)
p
absorption law
p¡Äp
p
idempotency
p¡Åp
p
idempotency
p¡úq
?p ¡Å q
p¡úq
?q ¡ú ?q
p?q
(p ¡ú q) ¡Ä (q ¡ú p)
Note that two statements P and Q are equivalent whenever P ? Q is a tautology.
In the table below, T represents a statement that is always true and F represents a
statement that is always false.
p¡ÄT
p
p¡ÅT
T
p¡ÄF
F
p¡ÅF
p
p ¡Ä ?p
F
p ¡Å ?p
T
Precedence of logical operations
?
1
¡Ä
2
¡Å
3
¡ú
4
?
5
................
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