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Chapter 1: Introduction, Historic development and Legal Roles in Forensic Science1.1: INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCELearning Goals and ObjectivesWhat is meant by the terms ‘forensic science’ and ‘criminalistics’What is the difference between a basic and an applied scienceWhat is the relationship between the law, basic science and applied scienceHow has forensic science developed throughout history to its present stateWhat is Locard’s Exchange PrincipleHow has fiction contributed to the development of forensic scienceWhat features do fictional detectives and modern forensic scientists have in commonWhat is the CSI Effect and how has it influenced scientific evidence in the courtroomWhat is meant by the Principle of IndividualityHow do precedent cases pave the way for scientific evidence and testimonyWhat are the key features of the Frye and Daubert casesHow have the Joiner, Khumo and Melendez-Dias cases affected expert testimonyUsing pages I.1.3 – pages I.1.7 to complete the following sentences.Forensic science, by its very nature, lies at _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________…the law wants ___________________ ... but science can ___________________________________________________________________________________________.It lies with juries to ultimately decide what odds are _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________All of this is made more difficult by _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Today, there is just too much to be known by any one person ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Too frequently juries find cases are somehow ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Science in the courtroom now reaches the highest standards ever seen in history. Each discipline works to tighten up standards and practice.What organizations/agencies are working to ensure the highest levels of scientific standards are employed in all forensic disciplines: (Identify the organization and it’s acronym, if one is included)1)2)3)4)1.2: Brief History of Forensic ScienceWhat is FORENSIC SCIENCE?What is CRIMINALISTICS?What six questions are attempted to be answered by modern forensic scientists?How did the following groups/people contribute to the development of forensic science?*Early Romans and Greeks:*Quintillian:*Sung T’ze:FILL-INS: Significant ContributionsFor each of the following, describe their contributions toward forensics.Mathieu Orfila:Calvin Goddard:James Marsh:Sir Wm. Herschel: Alphonse Bertillion:Hans Gross:Sir Edward Henry:Karl Landsteiner:Edmond Locard:Alexandre Lacassagne: Homework: Construct a timeline starting with Mathiew Orfila and ending at 1996. Include 1) The individual/theory/organization 2) a description and 3) a picture. This must be completed on the computer, printed out and turned in.Which police department was the first in the United State to open a crime lab? ______________________This lab was opened in the year _______________.The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), established their first crime lab in ______________. Even though it wasn’t the first in the U.S., it is now the _____________________ in the world.Over the past half-century, crime labs have experienced rapid growth and development. This is due to…1)2)1.3: CRIME DETECTION IN LITERATUREUnlike many other fields, the techniques and methods of modern forensic science have often been foretold and even inspired by their first “use” in fictional settings.Identify the 1) author 2) year of publication and 3) a topic of forensics included in the novel in which the following fictional characters were introduced to the public.C. AUGUSTE DUPIN:SHERLOCK HOLMES:LORD PETER WIMSEY:HERCULE POIROT & MISS JANE MARPLE:Answer the following questions in reference to modern day media and crime scene investigation.What is the ‘CSI Effect’?What are the pros & cons of the CSI Effect?1.4: DYNAMIC DUO OF PRINCIPLESWhat is Locard's Principle? (Refer to section 1.2 if needed)What are some examples of evidence that may provide a link between suspects/victims/crime scene?In each of the following scenarios, list at least 3 types of evidence that could be transferred between suspect/victim/crime scene.*A person was left injured from a hit-and-run accident.*A suspect was taken into custody regarding a home burglary.*You sat down in your desk in this classroom (Not a crime scene, but what is the transfer of evidence)Describe the Principle of Individuality.Even if you have identical twins, what could distinguish them from each other?1.5: LEGAL PRECEDENT OF SCIENCE IN THE COURTROOMFor each of the following court cases, identify the following:1) Description of the crime committed2) What was the significant idea, recommendation or legal precedence that resulted from that caseFrye case:1)2)Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals:1)2)General Electric Co. Vs. Joiner:1)2)Kuhmo Tire Company case:1)2)Melendez-Diaz case:1)2)Read Pages 23-28 in Chapter 1. Answer the following questions which reference the court cases discussed. 1. By what standards were evidenced deemed “scientific”enough, prior to 1923? 2. Who was “Frye”? 3. What “scientific”evidence was in question during Frye’s case? 4. Discuss why the evidence was ruled inadmissible. When will the court recognize a scientific principle or discovery? 5. How does the Frye standard hinder investigations? 6. Summarize the “Daubert”case that refined our understanding of admissibility of Forensic evidence and testimony. 7.What are the three standards under the “Daubert”rules for admissibility? 8. Which standard is used in federal courts? Approximately how many states still use the Frye standard? 9.How did the Joiner and Khumo cases further enhance the Daubert standard? 10. How does the Melendez-Dias Case decision impact expert testimony?CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY QUESTIONS1. What is forensic science?2. What is the Daubert standard?3. What is Locard’s Exchange principle?4. What is meant by the “CSI Effect” when it comes to jury expectations during a trial?5. What is the Principle of Individuality?6. What is meant by a “precedent” case? Give examples of precedent cases and explain their significance.7. How did the Frye decision of 1923 impact the admissibility of forensic evidence?8. What standard replaced the Frye standard and how did it change the use of forensic evidence at trial?9. Explain the importance of the Joiner (1995) and Khumo (1999) cases as they pertain to forensic testimony.10. List and explain the three parts of the Daubert standard. ................
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