PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW
|MEMORY TERMS |BRAIN TERMS |DEVELOPMENT TERMS |DISORDER TERMS |PERSONALITY TERMS |
|Memory- |Cerebellum |Embryo | Anxiety Disorders |Freud |
|Retrieval- |Medulla |Attachment |Panic |Psychoanalysis |
|Storage- |Amygdala |Placenta |Agoraphobia |Preconscious |
|Encoding- |Occipital lobe |Formal Operational |Phobias |Unconscious |
| Short-term Memory |Hippocampus |Adolescence |PTSD |Conscious |
|Rehearsal- |Frontal Lobe |Conservation |OCD |Id |
|Spacing- |Corpus Callosum |Permissive |Mood Disorders |Pleasure principle |
|Chunking- |Neurotransmitters |Sensorimotor |Major Depression |Ego |
|Mnemonics- |Central Nervous System |Object Permanence |Dysthymic |Reality principle |
|Flashbulb Memory |Endorphins |Preoperational |SAD |Superego |
| | |DABDA | | |
|P.O.R.N. | |Temperament |Bipolar |Personality |
| | |Egocentrism | | |
| | |Child |Personality Disorders |Free Association |
| | |Authoritarian | | |
|CONSCIOUSNESS TERMS |SENSATION AND PERCEPTION TERMS |INTRO TO PSYCH TERMS |Antisocial |Ego defense mechanisms |
|Consciousness |Sensation |Psychology- |Borderline |Freudian Slips |
|Circadian rhythm |Perception- |Scientific Method- |Dependent |Displacement |
|REM sleep |Sensory receptors- |Hypothesis- |Narcissistic |Rationalization |
|Myoclonic Jerk |Parts of the eye- |Experiment- |Dissociative Disorders |Denial |
|Sleep disorders |Rods |Naturalistic observation- |Amnesia |Projection |
|Insomnia |Cones |Case study- |Fugue |Repression |
|Sleepwalking |Parts of the ear |Survey- |Identity |Regression |
|EEG |Smell- |Ethical Principles |Schizophrenic Disorders |Psychosexual stages |
|Sleep apnea |Touch- | |Paranoid |Oral, Anal, Phallic, |
|Narcolepsy |Taste | |Catatonic |Latency, Genital |
|Nightmare |Taste Buds | |Disorganized |Hierarchy of Needs |
|Lucid Dream |Monocular cues |Social Psych Terms |Learning Terms |
|Deep Sleep/ Stage 4 |Binocular cues |False Consensus Effect |Classical Conditioning |Operant Conditioning |
|Hypnosis |Size Constancy |Fundamental Attribution Error | Unconditioned Stimulus |Positive Reinforcement |
| | | |(UCS) | |
|Meditation |Shape Constancy |Mere Exposure Effect | Unconditioned Response |Negative Reinforcement |
| | | |(UCR) | |
|Psychoactive drug- |Brightness Constancy |Bystander Effect | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |Shaping |
|Physical dependence- |Perceptual illusion |De-individuation | Conditioned Response (CR) |Punishment |
|Tolerance- |Lens |Conformity | Generalization |Learning |
|Withdrawal symptoms- |Retina |Norm | Discrimination | |
|Drug rebound effect- |Depth Perception |In-group Bias | Extinction | |
|Depressants- |Relative Size |Scapegoat Theory | | |
|Barbiturates- | |Attribution Theory | | |
|Opiates- | | | | |
|Stimulants- | | | | |
|Amphetamines- | | | | |
|Psychedelic drugs- | | | | |
|LSD- | | | | |
|Marijuana- | | | | |
|Caffeine | | | | |
History and Scope
|CASE STUDY |a highly detailed description of a single |HUMANISM |Emphasizes conscious experiences, including |
| |individual or event. | |self-determination, free will, and choice. |
|NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION |the systematic observation and recording of |SURVEY |a questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the |
| |behaviors as they occur in their natural | |opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group.|
| |setting. | | |
|PSYCHOLOGY |the science of behavior and mental processes. |HYPOTHESIS |a tentative statement about the relationship between two or |
| | | |more variables. |
|SCIENTIFIC METHOD |set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures |ETHICAL PRINCIPLES | Developed by the American Psychological Association for |
| |that guide researchers in creating questions | |research, require psychologists to obtain informed consent |
| |to investigate, generating evidence, and | |from voluntary participants. |
| |drawing conclusions. | | |
The Brain
|Medulla |Controls vital life functions like |Frontal lobe |receives voluntary movement information,|
| |heartbeat, respiration, etc | |planning and thought |
|Corpus Callosum |the large band of neurons which connect |Hypocampus |Where memories are processed |
| |the two halves of the brain | | |
|Amygdala |emotional expression, aggressive |Occiptal Lobe |processes visual information. |
| |behavior. | | |
|Endorphins |Your bodies’ natural pain-killers |Cerebellum |coordinates movement, balance, and |
| | | |posture. |
|Neurotransmitters |chemical messengers that get sent from |Central Nervous System |nervous system that contains the brain |
| |neuron to neuron across the synaptic gap| |and the spinal cord |
Memory
|MEMORY |The persistence of learning over time |MNEMONICS |Any memory aid used to help the encoding|
| |through storage and retrieval of | |process. |
| |information. | | |
|FLASHBULB MEMORY |- a clear memory of an emotionally |CHUNKING |Organizing items into familiar |
| |significant moment or event | |manageable units |
|ENCODING |The processing of information into the |SHORT TERM MEMORY |Holds about 7 “chunks” for only about 20|
| |memory system through various methods( | |– 30 seconds |
| |chunking, acronyms, mental imagery, | | |
| |auditory encoding, spacing, rehearsal) | | |
|RETRIEVAL |- the process of getting information out|REHEARSAL |the conscious repetition of information-|
| |of memory storage | |used to encode information |
|SPACING |Rehearsing information repeatedly over |STORAGE |The process of retaining memories |
| |time- used to encode information | | |
|PORN |Proactive – Old blocks New | | |
| |Retroactive – New blocks Old | | |
Sensation and perception
|Sensory Receptors |cells responding to stimulation |Parts of the Ear |Pinna, canal, drum, ossicles, cochlea, |
| | | |haircells |
|Perception |process of integrating, organizing, and |Sensation |- process of detecting a physical |
| |interpreting sensations. | |stimulus. |
|Parts of the Eye |Cornea, lens, retina, iris, optic nerve,|Cones |sensory receptors for color. |
| |pupil | | |
|Rods |sensory receptors for light. |Touch Receptors |sensory receptors that are unevenly |
| | | |distributed. |
|Smell |Stimulation of the olfactory receptor |Taste |stimulation of the receptors in the |
| |cells. | |taste buds. |
|Shape constancy |a familiar object that keeps the same |Taste Buds |sweet, sour, salty, bitter located on |
| |shape despite a change on the retina. | |the tongue, throat, roof of mouth for |
| | | |taste |
|Perceptual Illustions |misperception of the true |Relative Size |The object that looks bigger must be |
| |characteristics of an object or image. | |closer |
|Monocular Cue |distance or depth information that can |Size constancy |a familiar object that keeps that same |
| |be processed by either eye alone. | |size despite a change on the retina. |
|Depth Perception |The eye's ability to perceive the world |Binocular cues |distance or depth cues that require the |
| |in three dimensions and to judge | |use of both eyes. |
| |distance. | | |
Personality
|ID |the irrational component of personality that seeks |LATENTCY |Girls play with girls and boys play with boys |
| |immediate gratification, pleasure principle | | |
|GENITAL |Freud’s final stage of development. People become |EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS |distort thoughts or perceptions of reality in |
| |capable of mature love and relationships | |order to reduce anxiety |
|FREUD |Developed theory of personality based on childhood |DISPLACEMENT |taking anxiety on a safer target |
| |conflicts and the unconscious mind | | |
|PREOPERATIONAL |conservation is achieved |RATIONALIZATION |Trying to explain away a disappointment with an |
| | | |“excuse |
|PRECONSCIOUSNESS |not currently aware, but can bring to conscious |DENIAL |Refusing to acknowledge a painful or threatening |
| |awareness | |reality |
|UNCONSCIOUSNESS |ideas, thoughts and feelings of which we are not |PROJECTION |When we attribute feelings we do not want to have |
| |aware, but could be through therapy | |to someone else |
|CONSCIOUSNESS |Ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are aware|REGRESSION |going back to a safer time |
|PHALLIC |Development stage characterized by the Oedipus |REPRESSION |unable to recall an event |
| |complex | | |
|EGO |reality principle, the rational, organized |ORAL |Early childhood stage, pleasure focuses on the |
| |component of personality that is sensitive to the | |mouth |
| |demands of the | | |
| |external world | | |
|SUPEREGO |it is the moralistic and self-evaluative component |ANAL |Childhood stage, pleasure focused on the |
| |of personality, Morality principle | |elimination and withholding of waste |
|FREUDIAN SLIP |- unconscious thought expressed in consciousness, a|PERSONALITY |a person's unique pattern thoughts, feelings, and |
| |mistake of speech | |behaviors that persist over time |
Consciousness
|TOLERANCE |a condition in which increasing amounts of a physically|PSYCHODELICS |a category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory |
| |addictive drugs are needed to produce the original, | |and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect |
| |desired effect. | |judgment- hallucinogens |
|CAFFEINE |a widely used stimulant found in soda, coffee, |LUCID DREAM |a story-like episode of unfolding mental imagery |
| |chocolate, and many other food sources | |during REM sleep. – that we are aware of and can |
| | | |control! |
|NIGHTMARE |frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs |HYPNOSIS |a cooperative social interaction in which a person |
| |during REM sleep. | |responds to suggestions with changes in perception, |
| | | |memory and behavior. |
|REM |rapid eye movement, when dreaming occurs. |AMPHETAMINES |a class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central |
| | | |nervous system and suppress appetite. |
|SLEEP DISORDER |serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that |MARIJUANA |A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant. |
| |interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective| | |
| |distress. | | |
|MEDITATION |concentration techniques that focus attention and |DEPRESSANT |- a category of psychoactive drugs that depress or |
| |heighten awareness, may use a mantra. | |inhibit brain activity. |
|DEPENDENT |a condition in which a person has physically adapted to|MYCLONIC JERK |an involuntary muscle spasm of the whole body that |
| |a drug so that he must take the drug regularly in order| |jolts the person completely awake. |
| |to avoid withdrawal symptoms. | | |
|STAGE 4 |physiological arousal (heart rate, blood pressure, |SLEEPWALKING |episode of walking or performing other actions during |
| |breathing) at its lowest level of the sleep cycle. It | |stage 3 or 4 NREM. |
| |is difficult to wake and you will be unaware of what is| | |
| |happing around you. | | |
|APNEA |repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. |CIRCADIAN RHYTHM |- the consistent, daily fluctuations in many |
| | | |biological and psychological processes. |
|INSOMNIA |inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or feel |WITHDRAWAL |unpleasant physical reactions to the lack of a drug, |
| |adequately rested by sleep. | |plus intense craving for that drug. |
|OPIATES |a category of psychoactive drugs that are chemically |CONSCIOUSNESS |Personal awareness of mental activities, internal |
| |similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving | |sensations, and the external environment. |
| |properties. | | |
|NIGHT TERROR |increased physiological arousal, intense fear and |DRUG REBOUND EFFECT |after not having a drug you are addicted to, the |
| |panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the| |symptoms are opposite of that drug’s addiction. |
| |episode the next morning. | | |
|NARCOLEPSY |excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into |BARBITUATES |a category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and|
| |sleep throughout the day. | |produce sleepiness. |
|STIMULANT |a category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain |EEG |Monitors brainwaves during sleep |
| |activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental | | |
| |alertness. | | |
Lifespan Development
|FORMAL OPERATIONAL |Capable of abstract and moral reasoning |OBJECT PERMANENCE |Just because I can’t see the object anymore doesn’t |
| | | |means its not there |
|ATTACHMENT |An emotional tie with another person. Young children |TEMPERAMENT |A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity & |
| |seek closeness to a caregiver | |intensity |
|EMBRYO |Most of the major organs are formed in this period of |SENSORIMOTOR |Piaget’s first stage. Mostly learning about the |
| |prenatal development | |world around you and developing object permanence |
|EGOCENTRISM |All about me! I can’t see the world through your |PREOPERATIONAL |Lots of symbolic thought and fantasy play. Child is |
| |eyes… | |very egocentric |
|ADOLESCENCE |From puberty to adulthood |PLACENTA |Acts as a filter to protect the fetus from Teratagens|
|CONSERVATION |Just because an object changes shape, its mass remains|CHILD |Between toddler and teen |
| |the same | | |
|PERMISSIVE |High in warmth, low in communication |AUTHORITARIAN |Low in warmth, high in communication |
|DABDA |Stages of grieving and dying | | |
Disorders
|anxiety |An unpleasant emotional state that |Borderline |marked instability in self-image, mood, |
| |involves feelings of worry, dread, | |and interpersonal relationships |
| |apprehension, and tension | | |
| |along with heightened physical arousal | | |
|PHOBIA |anxiety disorder that is characterized |dependent |the person is unable to make choices and|
| |by excessive, and unjustified anxiety | |decisions independently and cannot |
| |about a wide range | |tolerate being alone |
| |of issues and circumstances. | |- inability to make decisions on own, |
| | | |needs constant reassurance and support |
|PTSD |A long-lasting anxiety disorder that |NARCISSISTIC |- thoughts of being better than anyone |
| |develops in response to being exposed to| |else, constantly drawing attention to |
| |a severe and often life- | |self, success fantasies, |
| |threatening trauma | |envy |
|OCD |anxiety disorder the person suffers from|AMNESIA |loss of memory surrounding a traumatic |
| |repetitive, intrusive thoughts and/or | |event |
| |uncontrollable urges to | | |
| |perform certain repetitive behaviors | | |
|MAJOR |disruptions in everyday life, halt to |FUGUE |- loss of memory, followed by a flight |
|DEPRESSION |activities that cause enjoyment, changes| |from home and establishment of a new |
| |in | |identity |
| |eating and sleeping habits, thoughts of | | |
| |suicide, feelings of worthlessness | | |
|DSTHYMIC |periods of intense sadness for a period |IDENTITY DISORDER (DID) |a split in personalities following a |
| |of two years or more | |traumatic childhood event |
|SAD |periods of depression based on changes |SCHIZOPHRENIA |psychological disorder that is |
| |in the seasons | |characterized by impaired functioning |
| | | |because of |
| | | |severely distorted beliefs, perceptions,|
| | | |and thought processes |
|BIPOLAR |mood disorder that includes both |DISORGANIZED SCHIZO |lack of expression, childlike, |
| |depression and mania | |disorganized speech |
|ANTISOCIAL |People who lie, cheat, steal, show |CATATONIC |unresponsive to his surrounding. |
| |little or no sense of responsibility, | |Movement is purposeless, and speech |
| |and no guilt or remorse for | |parrot-like |
| |their behavior | | |
|PARANOID |characterized by extreme suspiciousness | | |
| |and extremely complex delusions | | |
|DID |disruptions in personal identity, |PANIC DISORDER LEADS TO AGORAPHOBIA |a anxiety disorder with frequent, |
| |awareness, or memory are extreme, | |unpredictable, and unexpected panic |
| |frequent, and | |attacks |
| |seriously impair the ability to function| | |
| |in everyday life, extreme trauma in | | |
| |childhood; the alters are created to | | |
| |embody the dissociated memories and | | |
| |emotions that are too painful for the | | |
| |primary personality to acknowledge | | |
| | | | |
Social Psychology
|FALSE CONSENSUS EFFECT |The tendency for people to overestimate the number |CONFORMITY |adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide |
| |of people who agree with them | |with a group standard |
|FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR |when explaining another’s behavior, we tend to |NORM |an understood rule for accepted and expected |
| |underestimate the impact of the situation and to | |behavior |
| |overestimate the impact of personal disposition | |prescribes “proper” behavior |
|MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT |repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking |IN GROUP |tendency to favor one’s own group and dislike or |
| |of them | |blame things on another “out-group” |
|BYSTANDER EFFECT |tendency for any given bystander to be less likely |SCAPEGOAT |Taking responsibility often causes people too much |
| |to give aid if other bystanders are present | |“dissonance” - |
| | | |Better to blame others |
|DEINDIVIDUATION |The loss of self awareness and self restrain |ATTRIBUTION ERROR |tendency to give a causal explanation for someone’s|
| |occurring in group situations that foster arousal | |behavior, often by crediting either the situation |
| |and anonymity | |or a person’s disposition |
Learning
|LEARNING |a relatively permanent change in |OPERANT CONDITIONING |learning to associate a response and its|
| |behavior as a result of experience. | |consequence - we repeat acts followed by|
| | | |rewards, and avoid acts followed by |
| | | |punishment. |
|PUNISHMENT |An event that decreases or eliminates |POSTIVE REINFORCEMENT |Strengthens (or ensures the continuation|
| |the behavior that it follows | |of) a response by presenting a typically|
| | | |pleasurable stimulus after a response. |
|EXTINCTION |diminishing of a CR when it’s not paired|NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT |strengthens (or ensures the |
| |with the CS – the learning eventually is| |continuation of) a response by reducing |
| |“unlearned” | |or removing an aversive stimulus |
|CONDITIONED STIMULUS |An originally irrelevant (neutral) |CLASSICAL CONDITIONING |learning to associate two stimuli and |
| |stimulus that, after association with an| |anticipate events |
| |unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger| | |
| |a conditioned response | | |
|CONDITIONED RESPONSE |The learned response to a previously |UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS |A stimulus that naturally and |
| |neutral conditioned stimulus | |automatically triggers a response |
| | | |(usually a reflex) |
|GENERALIZATION |The tendency, once a response has been |UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE |The unlearned, naturally occurring |
| |conditioned, for stimuli similar to the | |response to the unconditioned stimulus |
| |conditioned stimulus to elicit similar | | |
| |responses | | |
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