TABLE OF CONTENTS .us
TABLE OF CONTENTSintroductory materialGeneral Directions for UseColorado Rules of Civil Procedure Relating to Jury InstructionsStatutes and Rules of Civil Procedure Governing Qualifications of JurorsCHAPTER 1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS PRIOR TO OR DURING TRIAL AND UPON DISCHARGE OF JURYA. JURY ORIENTATION1:1Introductory Remarks to Jury Panel1:2Explanation to Jury Panel of Voir Dire1:3Remarks to Jury Panel on Voir Dire1:4Jurors’ Conduct During Trial — Pre-Deliberation Discussions, Prohibition on Communications with Others1:5Jurors’ Conduct During Trial ― Prohibition on Outside Information and Electronic Communications1:6Pretrial Publicity1:7General Outline of Trial Procedures to Jury1:8Note-Taking by Jurors1:9Juror Notebooks1:10Admonition at RecessB. INSTRUCTIONS DURING TRIAL1:11Evidence Admissible for Particular Purpose Only1:12Stricken Evidence1:13Stipulation or Admission of a Fact1:14Stipulation Concerning Witness’s Testimony1:15Directions Upon Authorized Jury View1:16Court’s Questions to Witnesses1:17Questions by Jurors of Witnessesc. DISCHARGE OF JURY1:18Mandatory Instruction Upon DischargeD. oaths1:19Oath on Voir Dire1:20Oath of Jurors1:21Oath or Affirmation of Witnesses1:22Oath of Interpreter1:23Oath of Bailiff on Retirement of JuryCHAPTER 2. statement of the case to be determined2:1Liability in Issue — No Counterclaim2:2Liability in Issue — Counterclaim2:3Liability in Issue — Third-Party Complaint2:4Admitted Liability2:5Directed Verdict as to Liability — Damages Only in Issue — General2:6Directed Verdict as to Liability — Damages Only in Issue — NegligenceCHAPTER 3. evidenceA. burdens of proof3:1Burden of Proof and Preponderance of Evidence —Defined3:2 Clear and Convincing Evidence — Defined3:3 Reasonable Doubt — Defined3:4 No SpeculationB. PRESUMPTIONS AND PARTICULAR INFERENCES3:5Permissible Inference Arising from Rebuttable Presumption3:5AInference Arising from Invocation of Fifth Amendment Privilege3:6Statutory Presumptions That Shift the Burden of Proof3:7 Constructive Knowledge Based on Duty to InquireC. WEIGHING OF EVIDENCE3:8 Evidence in the Case — Stipulations — Judicial Notice —Inferences Permitted and Defined3:9 Direct and Indirect (Circumstantial) Evidence — Defined3:10Depositions as Evidence3:11 Testimony Read from Transcript3:12 Preponderance Not Determined by Number of Witnesses3:13 Adverse Inference from the Loss or Destruction of Evidence3:14Sympathy — Prejudice3:15 Expert Witnesses3:16 Determining Credibility of Witnesses3:17 Highlighted ExhibitsCHAPTER 4. JURY dELIBERATIONS; VERDICT FORMSA. deliberations4:1Summary Closing Instruction4:1A Applying Law to the Evidence4:2Duties Upon Retiring — Selection of Foreperson4:2AQuestions During Deliberations4:3Instruction When Jury Appears Deadlocked or Deliberations Are Unusually ProlongedB. verdicts4:4Verdict Form for Plaintiff — Single Plaintiff and Single Defendant — Actual or Nominal Damages Only4:5 Verdict Form for Plaintiff — Single Plaintiff and Single Defendant — Actual and Punitive Damages4:6 Verdict Form for Defendant — Single Plaintiff and Single Defendant4:7 Verdict Forms for Single Plaintiff and Multiple Defendants, Multiple Plaintiffs and Single Defendant, and Multiple Plaintiffs and Multiple Defendants4:8 Verdict Form for Plaintiff on Counterclaim4:9 Verdict Form for Defendant on Counterclaim4:10 Verdict Form for Third-Party Plaintiff4:11 Verdict Form for Third-Party Defendant4:12 Verdict Form for Cross-Claimant4:13 Verdict Form Against Cross-Claimant4:14 Rendering a Sealed Verdict4:15 Special Verdict (or Special Interrogatories) — Sample of Mechanics for Submitting4:16 Special Verdict (or Special Interrogatories) Form — Sample4:17 Reserved for Future Use4:18 Reserved for Future Use4:19 Reserved for Future Use4:20Model Unified Verdict FormCHAPTER 5. general instructions relating to damages5:1Damages Not to Be Inferred5:2 Affirmative Defense — Failure to Mitigate5:3 Affirmative Defense — Nonuse of Safety Belt5:4 Exemplary or Punitive Damages5:5 Determining Life Expectancy — Mortality Table5:6 Uncertainty as to Amount of Damages5:7 Damages for Wrong of AnotherCHAPTER 6. damages for injuries to persons or propertyIntroductory NoteA. PERSONAL INJURIES6:1Personal Injuries — Adults6:1A Special Interrogatories to the Jury to Determine the Amount of Damages Awarded for Economic and Noneconomic Losses or Injuries and for Physical Impairment or Disfigurement ― Mechanics for Submitting6:1B Answers to Special Interrogatories to the Jury Set Forth in Instruction 6:1A6:2Personal Injuries — Minor Child6:3 Personal Injuries — Minor Child — Measure of Parents’ Damages6:4 Personal Injuries — Minor Child — Loss of Earnings — Distinction Between Parents’ and Child’s Claims6:5 Loss of Consortium — Elements of Liability6:6 Loss of Consortium — Defined — Damages6:7 Personal Injuries — Non-Reduction of Damages — “Thin Skull” Doctrine6:8 Aggravation of Preexisting Condition6:9 Damages Caused by Unrelated Second Event6:10 Effect Of Income Tax and Other Economic Factors on Award of DamagesB. DAMAGES FOR LOSS OR DESTRUCTION OF PERSONAL PROPERTY6:11Personal Property — Difference in Market Value6:12 Personal Property — Cost of Repairs6:13 Personal Property — Loss of UseC. MULTIPLE RECOVERY6:14 Multiple Recovery Prohibited (When Plaintiff Suing on Alternative But Duplicative Claims for Relief)CHAPTER 7. LEGAL RELATIONSHIPSA. minors7:1Minor Child — Defined — Right to Sue or Defend7:2 Emancipation — DefinedB. partnerships and joint ventures7:3 General Partnership — Defined7:4 Joint Venture — Defined7:5 Joint Venture in Operation of Vehicle or Other Instrumentality — Defined7:6 Joint Venture — Imputing Negligence Among Joint VenturersCHAPTER 8. LIABILITY BASED ON AGENCY AND RESPONDEAT SUPERIORA. DEFINITIONS8:1Agency Relationship — Defined8:2 Disclosed or Unidentified Principal — Defined8:3 Undisclosed Principal — Defined8:4 Employer and Employee — Defined8:5 Independent Contractor — Definition8:6 Loaned Employee8:7Loaned Employee ― Determination8:8 Scope of Employment of Employee — Defined8:9 Scope of Authority of Agent — Defined8:9A Actual Authority8:9B Express Authority8:10Incidental Authority — Defined8:11 Implied Authority — Defined8:12 Apparent Authority (Agency by Estoppel) — Definition and Effect8:13 Scope of Authority or Employment — Departure8:14 Ratification — Definition and Effect8:15 Knowledge of Agent Imputable to Principal8:16 Termination of Agent’s Authority8:17 Termination of Agent’s Authority — Notice to Third PartiesB. LIABILITY ARISING FROM AGENCY AND RESPONDEAT SUPERIOR8:18 Principal and Agent or Employer and Employee — Both Parties Sued — Issue as to Relationship and Scope of Authority or Employment — Acts of Agent or Employee as Acts of Principal or Employer8:19 Principal and Agent or Employer and Employee — Only Principal or Employer Sued — No Issue as to Relationship — Acts of Agent or Employee as Acts of Principal or Employer8:20 Principal and Agent or Employer and Employee — Only Principal or Employer Sued — Issue as to Relationship and/or Scope of Authority or Employment — Acts of Agent or Employee as Acts of Principal or Employer8:21 Principal and Agent or Employer and Employee — Both Parties Sued — Liability of Principal or Employer When No Issue as to Relationship or Scope of Authority or Employment8:22 Principal and Agent or Employer and Employee — Both Parties Sued — Liability When Issue as to Relationship and/or Scope of Authority or Employment8:23 Act of Corporate Officer or Employee as Act of CorporationCHAPTER 9. negligence — general conceptsIntroductory NoteA. NEGLIGENCE AND DUTY OF CARE9:1Elements of Liability — No Negligence of the Plaintiff9:2 Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress — Elements of Liability9:3 Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm — Elements of Liability9:4 Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Financial Loss in a Business Transaction — Elements of Liability9:5Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Financial Loss in a Business Transaction — Unreasonable Reliance — Defined9:6 Negligence — Defined (Including Assumption of the Risk and Comparative Negligence Cases)9:7 Negligence — Defined — Inherently Dangerous Activities9:7AUltrahazardous Activities Resulting in Strict Liability9:8Reasonable Care — Defined9:9 Children — Standard of Care — Negligence (Including Comparative Negligence Cases)9:10 Volunteer — Duty of Care9:11 Sudden Emergency9:12 Happening of Accident Not Presumptive Negligence9:13 Looking But Failing to See as Negligence9:14 Negligence Per Se — Violation of Statute or Ordinance9:15 Conduct in Compliance with Statute or Ordinance and Justifiable Violation of Statute9:16 Unknowing Violation of Statute or Ordinance9:17 Res Ipsa Loquitur — Permissible Inference Arising from Rebuttable Presumption of NegligenceB. CAUSATIONSpecial Note9:18Cause When Only One Cause Is Alleged — Defined9:19 Concurrent Causes (Excluding Designated Nonparty Fault Cases)9:20 Cause — Concurrent Causes — Intervening Causes9:21 Cause — Foreseeability LimitationC. COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE AND COMPARATIVE FAULTSpecial Note9:22Elements of Liability — Comparative Negligence9:23 Affirmative Defense — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff9:24 Affirmative Defense — Negligence or Fault of Designated Nonparty9:25 Negligence of Parents Not Imputable to Children9:26 Comparative Negligence of Plaintiff — Single Defendant — No Designated Nonparty Involved9:26ASpecial Verdict Questions — Mechanics for Submitting — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — Single Defendant — No Designated Nonparty9:26BSpecial Verdict Forms — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — No Counterclaim — Single Defendant — No Designated Nonparty — Forms A and B9:26CSpecial Verdict Questions — Mechanics for Submitting — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — No Counterclaim — Single Defendant — No Designated Nonparty (Alternative to Instruction 9:26A)9:26DSpecial Verdict Forms — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — No Counterclaim — Single Defendant — No Designated Nonparty — Forms A and B (Alternative to Instruction 9:26B)9:27 Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — Multiple Defendants — No Designated Nonparty Involved9:27ASpecial Verdict Questions — Mechanics for Submitting — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — Multiple Defendants — No Designated Nonparty9:27BSpecial Verdict Forms — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — Multiple Defendants — No Designated Nonparty — Forms A and B9:27CSpecial Verdict Questions — Mechanics for Submitting — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — Multiple Defendants — No Designated Nonparty (Alternative to Instruction 9:27A)9:27DSpecial Verdict Forms — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — Multiple Defendants — No Designated Nonparty — Forms A and B (Alternative to Instruction 9:27B)9:28 Comparative Negligence of Plaintiff — Single Defendant or Multiple Defendants — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved9:28ASpecial Verdict Questions — Mechanics for Submitting — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — Single Defendant or Multiple Defendants — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved9:28BSpecial Verdict Forms — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — Single Defendant or Multiple Defendants — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved — Forms A and?B9:28CSpecial Verdict Questions ― Mechanics for Submitting ― Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff ― Single Defendant or Multiple Defendants ― Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved (Alternative to Instruction 9:28A)9:28DSpecial Verdict Forms — Comparative Negligence of the Plaintiff — Single Defendant or Multiple Defendants — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved — Forms A and B (Alternative to Instruction 9:28B)9:29Elements — Multiple Defendants or One or More Defendants and One or More Designated Nonparties — No Negligence or Fault of Plaintiff9:29ASpecial Verdict Questions — Mechanics for Submitting — Multiple Defendants or One or More Defendants and One or More Designated Nonparties — No Negligence or Fault of Plaintiff9:29BSpecial Verdict Forms — Multiple Defendants or One or More Defendants and One or More Designated Nonparties — No Negligence or Fault of Plaintiff — Forms A and BD. WILLFUL AND WANTON NEGLIGENCE9:30 Willful and Wanton Conduct or Willful and Reckless Disregard — DefinedE. SUBJECTS ON WHICH NO SEPARATE INSTRUCTIONS HAVE BEEN PREPARED9:31 Contributory Negligence, Contributory Negligence of (Spouse) (Parent) (Child), and Assumption of RiskF. SUBJECTS ON WHICH NO SEPARATE INSTRUCTIONS SHOULD BE GIVEN9:32 Rescue Doctrine, Unavoidable Accident, and Last Clear ChanceCHAPTER 10. WRONGFUL DEATH10:1Contributory Negligence of a Decedent10:2 Contributory Negligence of a Plaintiff10:3 Damages for Wrongful Death10:4 Wrongful Death of Child — Determining Pecuniary LossCHAPTER 11. motor vehicles and highway trafficA. DUTY OF CARE11:1Duty to Maintain Lookout11:2 Duty of Care of Driver Having Right of Way11:3 Duty of Care of Pedestrian or Bicycle Operator Having Right of Way11:4 Pedestrian in Crosswalk11:5 Duty of Care of Minor Operating Motor Vehicle11:6 Duty of Care of Physically or Mentally Handicapped Driver11:7 Duty of Care of Unlicensed Driver11:8 Duty of Care as to Speed of Vehicle11:9 Right to Assume Others Will Obey the Law11:10Driving on Wrong Side of Road as Negligence11:11 Right to Assume That Driver on Wrong Side of Road Will Return11:12 Rear-End Collision — Presumption of Negligence11:13 Brake or Other Equipment Failure11:14 Driving Under the Influence — DefinedB. reserved for future useC. VICARIOUS LIABILITY — MOTOR VEHICLES11:15Family Car Doctrine11:16 Head of Household — Defined11:17 Household or Family — Defined11:18 Imputation of Driver’s Negligence to Owner or Co-Owner — Presumption of ControlCHAPTER 12. premises liabilityIntroductory NoteA. PERSONS INJURED ON THE PREMISES12:1 Liability of Owner or Occupant to a Trespasser Injured on Premises — Elements of Liability12:2 Liability of Owner or Occupant to a Licensee Injured on Premises — Elements of Liability12:3 Liability of Owner or Occupant to an Invitee Injured on Premises — Elements of Liability12:4 Liability of Owner or Occupant to Children Injured on Premises — Attractive Nuisance Doctrine — Elements of Liability12:5 Attractive Nuisance Doctrine — Child Between 14 and 18 — Presumption of CompetencyB. PERSONS INJURED OFF THE PREMISES12:6 Liability of Owner or Occupant to Persons Injured Off the Premises — Elements of Liability12:7 Duty of Owner or Occupant to Persons Injured Off the PremisesC. LESSOR’S DUTY OF CARE12:8 No Implied Warranty of Fitness12:9 Lessor’s Liability for Injury from Latent Defect12:10Lessor’s Liability for Injury When Premises Leased for Public or Semi-Public Use and Were Defective at Time of Lease12:11Lessor’s Liability as Affected By Lessor’s Promise to Repair Premises12:12Liability of Lessor Who Commences Repair of PremisesD. AMUSEMENT PARK DEVICES — SKI LIFTS — OPERATOR’S DUTY OF CARE12:13Amusement Devices and Ski Lifts — Duty of Care Where User Lacks Freedom of MovementE. LATERAL AND SUBJACENT SUPPORT12:14Landowner’s Right to Lateral and Subjacent SupportF. PUBLIC PLACES12:15Colorado Governmental Immunity Act12:16Duty of Care By User of Public Way12:17Negligent Choice of RouteG. VIOLATION OF STATUTE OR ORDINANCE12:18Violation of Statute or Ordinance — Evidence of Failure to Exercise Reasonable CareCHAPTER 13. animals13:1 Domestic Animals — Dangerous or Vicious Tendencies — Elements of Liability13:2 Wild Animals — Elements of Liability13:3 Serious Bodily Injury or Death Resulting from Being Bitten by a Dog — Elements of Liability13:4 Serious Bodily Injury — Defined13:5DamagesCHAPTER 14. product liabilityIntroductory NoteA. STRICT PRODUCT LIABILITY14:1Elements of Liability14:2Manufacturer — Defined14:3Defective, Unreasonably Dangerous — Defined14:4Warnings and Instructions14:5 Presumptions — Noncompliance with Governmental Standards14:5APresumptions — Compliance with Governmental Standards14:5BPresumptions — Ten-Year Use of Product14:6State-of-the-Art14:7 Damage Alone Not Proof Product Was Defective or Unreasonably DangerousB. PRODUCT LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY14:8 Breach of Express Warranty Under U.C.C. — Elements of Liability14:9 Express Warranty — Defined14:10 Breach of Implied Warranty of Merchantability — Elements of Liability14:11 Implied Warranty of Merchantability — Defined14:12 Implied Warranty of Wholesomeness of Food — Defined14:13 Breach of Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose — Elements of Liability14:14 Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose — Defined14:15 Notice of Breach of Warranty — What Constitutes14:16 Implied Warranties — Creation and Exclusion or ModificationC. PRODUCT LIABILITY FOR NEGLIGENCE14:17 Manufacturer’s Liability Based on Negligence — Elements of Liability14:18 Manufacturer’s Duty as to Parts Obtained from Other Sources14:19 Manufacturer’s/Seller’s Duty to Warn14:20 Liability for Injury from Food or Beverage in Sealed Container — Elements of Liability14:21 Prima Facie Negligence Liability for Injury from Food or Beverage in Sealed Container (Res Ipsa Loquitur)D. STRICT PRODUCT LIABILITY FOR MISREPRESENTATION14:22 Elements of Liability14:23 Misrepresentation of Material Fact — Defined14:24 Reasonable Reliance — DefinedE. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES AND DEFENSE CONSIDERATIONS14:25Affirmative Defense — Unreasonable, Knowing Use of Defective Product or Product Not in Compliance with Warranty14:26 Affirmative Defense — Risk of an Unavoidably Unsafe Product14:27 Affirmative Defense — Misuse of Product14:28 Affirmative Defense — Comparative Fault Based on Unreasonable, Knowing Use of Product Involving Negligently Created Risk, Product Not in Compliance with Warranty, or Defective or Misrepresented Product14:29 Affirmative Defense — Comparative Fault Based on Negligence14:30 Comparative Fault — Elements and Effect — No Counterclaim — Single Defendant14:30ASpecial Verdict — Mechanics for Submitting — No Counterclaim — Single Defendant14:30BSpecial Verdict Forms — No Counterclaim — Single Defendant — Forms A, B, and C14:31Comparative Fault — Elements and Effect — No Counterclaim — Multiple Defendants14:31ASpecial Verdict — Mechanics for Submitting — No Counterclaim — Multiple Defendants14:31BSpecial Verdict Forms — No Counterclaim — Multiple Defendants — Forms A, B, and C14:32Comparative Fault — Elements and Effect — No Counterclaim — Single Defendant — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved14:32ASpecial Verdict — Mechanics for Submitting — No Counterclaim — Single Defendant — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved14:32BSpecial Verdict Forms — No Counterclaim — Single Defendant — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved — Forms A, B, and C14:33Comparative Fault — Elements and Effect — Multiple Defendants — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved14:33ASpecial Verdict — Mechanics for Submitting — No Counterclaim — Multiple Defendants — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved14:33BSpecial Verdict Forms — No Counterclaim — Multiple Defendants — Designated Nonparty or Nonparties Involved — Forms A, B, and CCHAPTER 15. PROFESSIONAL LIABILITYI.PHYSICIANS AND PRACTITIONERS OF OTHER HEALING ARTSA.MALPRACTICE15:1 Elements of Liability15:2 Negligence — Nonspecialist — Defined15:3 Negligence — Specialist or One Who Has or Claims to Have Special Skill — Defined15:4 No Implied Warranty of Successful Outcome15:5 Referral of Patient to Another Physician15:6 Contributory Negligence of Patient — DefinedB.BATTERY15:7 Operation or Treatment Without Consent of Patient15:8 Affirmative Defense — Consent, Express or Implied15:9 Affirmative Defense — Implied Consent Based on EmergencyC.UNINFORMED CONSENT15:10 Uninformed Consent — Elements of Liability15:11Information Required15:12Substantial Risk — Defined15:13 Proof of Negligent Failure to Obtain Informed ConsentD.DAMAGES INSTRUCTIONS AND SPECIAL VERDICTS IN ACTIONS AGAINST HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS OR HEALTH CARE INSTITUTIONS15:14Special Verdict — Mechanics For Submitting — Tort Actions Against Health Care Professionals or Health Care Institutions15:15 Special Verdict Forms — Tort Actions Against Health Care Professionals or Health Care Institutions — Forms A and B15:16 Determining Present Value of Future Damages15:17 Determining Lifelong Future Damages — Shortened Life ExpectancyII.ATTORNEYS — MALPRACTICE15:18Elements of Liability of Attorneys — Not Involving an Underlying Claim or Case15:19 Elements of Liability of Attorneys — Involving an Underlying Matter (Case-Within-a-Case)15:20 Elements of Liability of Attorneys — Involving an Underlying Matter (Case-Within-a-Case) — Determining Whether Plaintiff Should Have Prevailed in the Underlying Matter15:21 Negligence — Attorneys — Defined15:22 No Implied Warranty of Successful Outcome15:23 Referral of Client to Another Attorney15:24 Contributory Negligence of Client — DefinedIII.OTHER PROFESSIONAL MALPRACTICE (ACCOUNTANTS, ARCHITECTS, ETC.)15:25 Elements of Liability — Accountants, Architects, Etc.15:26 Negligence — Other Professionals — Defined15:27Causation — Real Estate Brokers — Transactional Malpractice — Defined15:28 No Implied Warranty of Successful Outcome — Other Professionals15:29 Referral of Client to Another Professional Person15:30 Contributory Negligence of Client — DefinedCHAPTER 16. BAILORS AND BAILEES16:1Bailment — Bailor — Bailee — Defined16:2 Bailor Not Liable to Third Persons for Negligence of Bailee16:3 Gratuitous Bailment — Duty of Bailor to Warn Bailee — Definition of Negligence16:4 Non-Gratuitous Bailment — Duty of Non-Commercial Bailor to Bailee — Definition of Negligence16:5 Duty of Bailee to Bailor16:6 Failure of Bailee to Return Property or Return It in Undamaged Condition — Presumption of NegligenceCHAPTER 17. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION AND ABUSE OF PROCESSA. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION17:1Elements of Liability17:2 Probable Cause — Defined17:3 Probable Cause Not Dependent on Result of Criminal Case17:4 Presence of Malice17:5 Proof of Malice17:6 Lack of Probable Cause Not to Be Inferred from Malice Alone17:7 Affirmative Defense — Advice of Attorney17:8 Affirmative Defense — Advice of Prosecuting Attorney17:9Actual DamagesB. ABUSE OF PROCESS17:10 Elements of Liability17:11 Actual DamagesCHAPTER 18. TRESPASS TO LAND18:1Trespass — Elements of Liability18:2Intentionally — Defined18:3 Consent18:4Actual or Nominal DamagesCHAPTER 19. DECEIT BASED ON FRAUD19:1 False Representation — Elements of Liability19:2 Nondisclosure or Concealment — Elements of Liability19:3 False Representation — Defined19:4 Material Fact — Defined19:5 Nondisclosure — Duty to Disclose19:6 Concealment — Defined19:7 False Representation — Reliance — Defined19:8 Justifiable Reliance on False Representation — Defined19:9 Justifiable Reliance — Nondisclosure or Concealment — Defined19:10 Justifiable Reliance — No General Duty to Investigate19:11 Reliance After Investigation19:12 Statements of Future Intention or Promises as False Representations19:13 Statements About the Future as False Representations19:14 Statements of Law as False Representations19:15 Statements of Opinion as False Representations19:16 Affirmative Defense — Waiver by Plaintiff Before Plaintiff’s Complete Performance19:17 Actual DamagesCHAPTER 20. ASSAULT AND BATTERYA. ASSAULT20:1Elements of Liability20:2 Apprehension — Defined20:3 Intent to Place Another in Apprehension — Defined20:4 Actual or Nominal DamagesB. BATTERY20:5Elements of Liability20:6 Contact — Defined20:7 Intent — Defined20:8 Transferred Intent20:9 Actual or Nominal DamagesC. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES20:10Words Alone Do Not Justify20:11 Consent20:12 Self-Defense of Person20:13 Self-Defense — Force Calculated to Inflict Death or Serious Bodily Injury20:14 Defense of Another Person20:15 Battery Defenses — Defense of Real Property20:16 Battery Defenses — Defense of Personal Property20:17 Battery Defenses — Recapture of Personal PropertyCHAPTER 21. FALSE IMPRISONMENT OR ARRESTA. LIABILITY21:1Elements of Liability21:2 Restriction of Freedom of Movement — Defined21:3 Intent — Defined21:4 Intent to Restrict by Failure to Release21:5 Actual or Nominal DamagesB. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES21:6 Consent21:7 Statutory Privilege to Detain for Investigation21:8 Common-Law Privilege to Detain for Investigation21:9 Privilege to Defend Person or Property21:10 Privilege of Any Person to Arrest Without a Warrant21:11 Privilege of Peace Officer to Arrest Without a Warrant21:12 Arrest — Defined21:13 Reasonable Grounds for Believing and Probable Cause to Believe — Defined21:14 Fresh Pursuit — Defined21:15 Privilege to Arrest with a Warrant21:16 Indication of Intent to Arrest — When Excused21:17 Valid Warrant or Warrant Fair on Its Face — Defined21:18 Guilt of Person Arrested21:19 Abuse of a Privilege to ArrestCHAPTER 22. DEFAMATION (LIBEL AND SLANDER)Introductory Note22:1 Libel or Slander Per Se — Where the Plaintiff Is a Public Official or Public Person or, If a Private Person, the Statement Pertained to a Matter of Public Interest or General Concern — Elements of Liability22:2Libel or Slander Per Quod — Where the Plaintiff Is a Public Official or Public Person or, If a Private Person, the Statement Pertained to a Matter of Public Interest or General Concern — Elements of Liability22:3 Reckless Disregard Defined — Where the Plaintiff Is a Public Official or Public Person or, If a Private Person, the Statement Pertained to a Matter of Public Interest or General Concern22:4 Libel or Slander Per Se — In a Private Matter Where Plaintiff Is a Private Person — Elements of Liability22:5 Libel or Slander Per Quod — In a Private Matter Where Plaintiff Is a Private Person — Elements of Liability22:6Incremental Harm22:7 Published — Defined22:8 Defamatory — Defined22:9 About the Plaintiff — Defined22:10Determination of Meaning of Statement — How Understood by Others22:11 Determination of Meaning of Statement — Publication to Be Considered as a Whole22:12Determination of Meaning of Statement — Publication to Be Considered In Light of Surrounding Circumstances22:13False — Defined22:14Special Damages — Defined22:15 Actual Damage — Defined22:16 Affirmative Defense — Substantial Truth22:17 Affirmative Defense — Absolute Privilege22:18 Affirmative Defense — Qualified Privilege — When Lost22:19 Affirmative Defense — Privilege to Report Official or Public Meeting Proceedings22:20 Affirmative Defense — Privilege to Provider of Means of Communication22:21 Affirmative Defense — Fair Comment22:22 Affirmative Defense — Consent22:23 Affirmative Defense — Statute of Limitations22:24 Repetition by Third Persons as an Element of Damages22:25 Damages — Recovery of22:26 Circumstances That Mitigate Damages22:27 Exemplary or Punitive DamagesCHAPTER 23. EXTREME AND OUTRAGEOUS CONDUCT — EMOTIONAL DISTRESS23:1Elements of Liability23:2 Extreme and Outrageous Conduct — Defined23:3 Recklessly or with Intent — Defined23:4 Severe Emotional Distress — Defined23:5 Exercising Legal Rights in Permissible Manner23:6 Actual DamagesCHAPTER 24. INTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE WITH CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS24:1 Elements of Liability24:2 Intentional Conduct — Defined24:3 Improper — Defined24:4 Interference — Defined24:5 Contracts Terminable at Will or Voidable24:6 Affirmative Defense — Privilege — When Existent — When Lost24:7Actual or Nominal DamagesCHAPTER 25. BAD FAITH BREACH OF INSURANCE CONTRACT25:1 Elements of Liability — Third-Party Claims25:2 Elements of Liability — First-Party Common-Law Claims25:3 Unreasonable Conduct/Unreasonable Position — Common-Law Claims — Defined25:4 Elements of Liability — First-Party Statutory Claims25:5Unreasonable Delay or Denial25:6 Unreasonable Conduct/Unreasonable Position — Statutory Violations — Defined25:7 Reckless Disregard — Defined25:8 Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing25:9 Actual Damages — Common-Law Claims25:10Benefit Amount — First-Party Statutory Claims25:11 Punitive DamagesCHAPTER 26. BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY26:1 Elements of Liability26:2 Fiduciary Relationship — Defined26:3 Fiduciary Relationship Arising Out of a Confidential Relationship26:4 Confidential Relationship — Defined26:5 Actual DamagesCHAPTER 27. CIVIL CONSPIRACY27:1Elements of Liability27:2 Unlawful Means — Defined27:3 Unlawful Goal — DefinedCHAPTER 28. INVASION OF PRIVACY28:1Invasion of Privacy by Intrusion — Elements of Liability28:2 Intrusion — Very Offensive to a Reasonable Person — Defined28:3 Intentional Intrusion — Defined28:4 Invasion of Privacy by Appropriation — Elements of Liability28:5 Invasion of Privacy by Public Disclosure of Private Facts — Elements of Liability28:6 Public Statement or Disclosure — Defined28:7About the Plaintiff — Defined28:8 Private Facts — Defined28:9 Public Disclosure of Private Facts — Very Offensive to a Reasonable Person — Defined28:10 Invasion of Privacy by Publicity Placing Plaintiff in a False Light28:11 Invasion of Privacy — Affirmative Defense — Privilege28:12 Invasion of Privacy — Affirmative Defense — Statute of Limitations28:13 Invasion of Privacy — Affirmative Defense — Consent28:14 Invasion of Privacy — Damages28:15 Invasion of Privacy — Exemplary or Punitive DamagesCHAPTER 29. THE COLORADO CONSUMER PROTECTION ACTIntroductory Note29:1Elements of Liability29:2 Deceptive Trade Practices — Defined29:3 False Representation/Misrepresentation — Defined29:4 Significant Impact on the Public — Defined29:5 Actual Damages29:6 Treble DamagesCHAPTER 30. contractsIntroductory NoteA. CONTRACT FORMATION30:1Contract Formation ― In Dispute30:2Contract Formation ― Need Not Be in Writing30:3 Contract Formation ― Offer30:4Contract Formation ― Revocation of Offer30:5Contract Formation ― Counteroffer30:6 Contract Formation ― Acceptance30:7 Contract Formation ― Consideration30:8 Contract Formation ― Modification30:9 Contract Formation ― Third-Party BeneficiaryB. CONTRACT PERFORMANCE30:10 Contract Performance — Breach of Contract — Elements of Liability30:11Contract Performance — Breach of Contract Defined30:12Contract Performance — Substantial Performance30:13 Contract Performance — Anticipatory Breach30:14Contract Performance — Time of Performance30:15 Contract Performance — Conditions Precedent30:16Contract Performance — Implied Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing — Non-Insurance Contract30:17Contract Performance — AssignmentC. DEFENSESIntroductory Note30:18Defense — Fraud in the Inducement30:19Defense — Undue Influence30:20 Defense — Duress30:21Defense — Minority30:22Defense — Mental Incapacity30:23Defense — Impossibility of Performance30:24Defense — Inducing a Breach by Words or Conduct30:25Defense — Waiver30:26Defense — Statute of Limitations30:27Defense — Cancellation by Agreement30:28Defense — Accord and Satisfaction (Later Contract)30:29Defense — NovationD. CONTRACT INTERPRETATIONIntroductory Note30:30Contract Interpretation — Disputed Term30:31Contract Interpretation — Parties’ Intent30:32Contract Interpretation — Contract as a Whole30:33Contract Interpretation — Ordinary Meaning30:34Contract Interpretation — Use of Technical Words in a Contract30:35Contract Interpretation — Construction Against Drafter30:36Contract Interpretation — Specific and General ClausesE. DAMAGESIntroductory Note30:37Damages — Introduction30:38Damages — General30:39Damages — Special30:40Damages — Liquidated30:41Damages — Nominal30:42Damages — Purchaser’s for Breach of Land Purchase Contract30:43 Damages — Seller’s for Breach of Land Purchase Contract30:44 Damages — Employer’s for Employee’s Breach of Personal Service Contract30:45 Damages — Builder’s for Breach of Construction Contract by Owner Prior to Completion30:46Damages — Builder’s for Substantial Though Not Complete Performance of Construction Contract30:47 Definition — Contract Price Agreed Upon30:48 Damages — Builder’s for Owner’s Partial Breach — Failure to Make Installment Payment30:49 Damages — Owner’s for Breach of Construction Contract by Builder30:50 Damages — Owner’s for Delay in Completion of Construction Contract30:51 Damages — Broker’s for Breach of Real Estate Commission Contract30:52 Damages — Owner’s for Wrongful Deprivation of Use of a Chattel30:53Damages — Owner’s for Breach of a Covenant Against EncumbrancesF. PARTICULAR CONTRACTS30:54Claim — Building Contractor’s Breach of Implied Warranty — Elements of Liability30:55Definition — Building Contractor’s Implied Warranties30:56Claim — Real Estate Commission — Elements of LiabilityCHAPTER 31. WRONGFUL DISCHARGEA. BREACH OF CONTRACT CLAIMS31:1Breach of Employment Contract for a Definite Period of Time — Elements of Liability31:2 Employment Contract Providing for Fixed Term Salary — Cautionary Instruction31:3 Breach of Employment Contract for an Indefinite Period of Time Requiring Good or Just Cause for Termination — Elements of Liability31:4 Breach of Implied Contract Based on Violation of Employer’s Termination Policies or Procedures — Elements of Liability31:5 At-Will Employment — Defined31:6 Good or Just Cause — Defined31:7 General Damages for Wrongful Discharge — Breach of Contract Claim31:8 Mitigation of Damages for Wrongful Discharge31:9 Constructive Discharge — Defined31:10 Constructive (Implied) Discharge31:11Affirmative Defense to Contract Claim — After-Acquired Evidence of Fraud or Other MisconductB. TORT CLAIMS31:12Tort Claim for Wrongful Discharge Based on Violations of Public Policy — Employer’s Retaliation Against an Employee for Refusal to Comply with Employer’s Improper Directive — Elements of Liability31:13 Tort Claim for Wrongful Discharge Based on Violations of Public Policy ― Employer’s Retaliation Against an Employee for Exercising a Right or Performing a Public Duty — Elements of Liability31:14Advisory Instruction on Wrongful Discharge in Violation of Public Policy31:15 Damages for Wrongful Discharge — Tort Claim31:16Affirmative Defense to Damages for Public-Policy Discharge Claim — After-Acquired Evidence of Fraud or Other MisconductCHAPTER 32. reserved for future useCHAPTER 33. reserved for future useCHAPTER 34. WILLS34:1Will Contest — Statement of the Case34:2 Elements of Proof of Properly Executed, Signed, and Witnessed or Acknowledged Will — All Wills Except Self-Proved and Holographic34:3 Conscious Presence — Defined34:4 Witness Having an Interest Under the Will34:5 Elements of Proof of Properly Executed Will — Self-Proved Will34:6 Elements of Proof of Properly Executed Will — Holographic Will34:7 Testamentary Intent — Defined34:8 Revocation by Burning, Tearing, Cancelling, Obliterating, or Destroying — Defined34:9 Presumption of Revocation of Lost Will or of Will or Part(s) of Will Found Burned, Torn, Cancelled, Obliterated, or Destroyed34:10Burden of Proof on Issues of Sound Mind and Memory (Testamentary Capacity) and Undue Influence34:11Testamentary Capacity and Sound Mind — Defined34:12 Insane Delusion — Defined34:13Effect of Attestation of Will by Witnesses34:14 Undue Influence — Defined34:15 Factors to Be Considered in Determining Undue Influence34:16 Undue Influence — Presumption When Beneficiary in a Confidential or Fiduciary Relationship34:17Undue Influence ― Permissible Inference When Presumption of Undue Influence Is Rebutted34:18 Confidential Relationship — Defined34:19Fiduciary Relationship — Defined34:20 Verdict Form for Proponent34:21 Verdict Form for ContestantCHAPTER 35. MENTAL HEALTH — Proceedings for SHORT-TERM TREATMENT OR LONG-TERM CARE AND TREATMENT of the Mentally Ill Under C.R.S. Title 27, Article 6535:1Statement of the Case and Mechanics for Submitting Special Verdict — Short-Term Treatment35:2Statement of the Case and Mechanics for Submitting Special Verdict — Long-Term Care and Treatment35:3Person with a Mental Illness or Mental Health Disorder — Defined35:4Gravely Disabled — Defined35:5Danger to Self or Others — Defined35:6Expert Witness — Court-Appointed Professional Person35:7Special Verdict Form — Short-Term Treatment35:8Special Verdict Form — Long-Term Care and TreatmentCHAPTER 36. EMINENT DOMAIN36:1Instruction to Commissioners as to Duties36:2 Burden of Proof as to Issues36:3 Ascertainment of Value of Property Taken36:4Ascertainment of Damages and Specific Benefits to Residue36:5 Ascertainment of Damages to Residue — Limitations36:6 Ascertainment of Market Value, Damages, or Specific Benefits — Most Advantageous Uses36:7Consideration of Comparable Sales36:8 Report of Commissioners or Verdict FormCHAPTER 37. reserved for future useCHAPTER 38. reserved for future useCHAPTER 39. reserved for future useCHAPTER 40. CHILDREN’S CODE — JUVENILE DELINQUENCYIntroductory Note40:1Introductory Remarks to Jury Panel40:2General Outline of Trial Procedures to Jury40:3Summary Closing InstructionCHAPTER 41. CHILDREN’S CODE — DEPENDENCY AND NEGLECT41:1Introductory Remarks to Jury Panel41:2 General Outline of Trial Procedures to Jury41:3Explanation of Dependency and Neglect Proceedings41:4 Statement of the Case and Requirements for Establishing Child Dependent and Neglected41:5Adjudication of No Fault41:6 Abandonment — Defined41:7 Proper Parental Care — Defined41:8 Mistreatment or Abuse — Defined41:9Mistreatment or Abuse — Includes Emotional Abuse41:10 Environment Injurious to Child’s Welfare — Defined41:11Treatment of Other Child or Children41:12Custody Not Required41:13 Run Away from Home — Defined41:14 Pattern of Habitual Abuse — Defined41:15Prospective Harm41:16Dependency and Neglect Because of Abandonment — Elements41:17Dependency and Neglect Because of Mistreatment or Abuse — Elements41:18Dependency and Neglect Because of Lack of Proper Parental Care — Elements41:19Dependency and Neglect Because of Injurious Environment — Elements41:20Dependency and Neglect Because of Failure to Provide Necessary Subsistence, Education, Medical Care, or Other Necessary Care — Elements41:21Dependency and Neglect Because of Homelessness or Lack of Proper Care — Elements41:22Dependency and Neglect Due to Not Living with His or Her Parent, Guardian, or Legal Custodian — Elements41:23Dependency and Neglect Because of Having Run Away or Being Beyond Control of the Respondent — Elements41:24Dependency and Neglect Because of Testing Positive at Birth for Schedule I or Schedule II Controlled Substance — Elements41:25Dependent and Neglected Because of Pattern of Habitual Abuse — Elements41:26 Special Verdict — Mechanics for Submitting41:27 Special Verdict Form41:28 Use of Present Tense — Dependency and Neglect ................
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