COMPARISON OF ADVERBS



COMPARISON OF ADVERBSPositiveComparativeSuperlativenotus, -a, -umnotior, notiusnotissimus, -a, -umnotēnotiusnotissimēfidēlis, -efidēlior, fidēliusfidēlissimus, -a, -umfidēliterfidēliusfidēlissimēaudāx (audācis)audācior, audāciusaudācissimus, -a, -umaudācteraudāciusaudācissimēpulcher, -ra, -rumpulchrior, pulchriuspulcherrimus, -a, -umpulchrēpulchriuspulcherrimēfacilis, -efacilior, faciliusfacillimus, -a, -umfacile (irreg.)faciliusfacillimēhumilis, -ehumilior, humiliushumillimus, -a, -umhumiliterhumiliushumillimēmagnus, -a, -ummaior, maiusmaximus, -a, -ummagnōpere (irreg.)magis (irreg.)maximēbonus, -a, -ummelior, meliusoptimus, -a, -umbene (irreg.)meliusoptimēmalus, -a, -umpeior, peiuspessimus, -a, -ummale (irreg.)peiuspessimēidōneus, -a, -ummagis idōneus, -a, -ummaximē idōneus, -a, -umidōneēmagis idōneē(not attested)The Many Faces of Quamrelative pronoun (feminine, accusative singular)translates as “whom, which” depending on the English definition of the antecedentexamples: da(te) tuae fīliae, quam saepius legere illī magistrī iussērunt, eōs librōs. “Give these books to your daughter, whom those teachers were ordering to read more often.” haec aqua quam bibō gelidior est. “This water that I am drinking is too cold.” omnis Gallia, quam Rōmānī tenēbant, in partēs trēs dīvisa est. “All of Gaul, which the Romans controlled, was divided into three parts.” adverb for exclamationstranslates as “how”: often used to modify either an adjective or another adverbexamples: quam ferōciter, avia, mordēs illum pullum! “How fiercely you bite that chicken, Grandma!”quam mirābile! “How wonderful!”DO NOT CONFUSE WITH: interrogative adverb quōmōdō, meaning “how” as in “in what manner” or “by what means”quōmōdō sentis hōdiē? “How do you feel today?”quōmōdō Rōmānī tot aedificia magna fabricāvērunt? “How did the Romans build so many great buildings?”The Many Faces of Quam (continued)adverb for comparisonstranslates as “than”examples: Marcus multō celerius currere potest quam Spurius (potest). “Marcus is able to run much more quickly than Spurius (can).” meus fīlius septem annīs maior nātū quam fīlia est. “My son is seven years older than my daughter.”elegantius dīcō semper quam scrībō. “I always speak more elegantly than I write.” hī papyrī sōlum paulō magis idoneī quam illī sunt. “These papers are only a little more suitable than those.”DO NOT CONFUSE WITH: the ablative of comparisonmeus fīlius duōbus annīs senior fīliā est. “My son is two years older than my daughter.”nōn possum invenīre aliquem maiōrem eō/illō/hōc. “I cannot find anyone bigger than him.”adverb with superlativestranslates as “as (superlative adverb) as possible”examples: anguis mūrem parvum quam celerrimē vorābat. “The snake was swallowing the little mouse as quickly as possible.”ego quam laetissimus sum. “I am happy as can be.”quam saepissimē amāre amārīque debēmus. “We ought to love and be loved as often as possible.” Ablative Degree of Difference – cf. p. 204this construction expresses how much (i.e. the degree to which) some statement of comparison is true. it can be specified quantities using cardinal numbers (e.g. “three feet” or “five years” or “seven hours” etc.)it can be more general quantities: multō (much) and paulō (a little)a formula to handle it: “(adjective/adverb) by (degree of difference)”“(taller) by (a little)” = a little taller “(more expensive) by (ten sesterces)” = ten sesterces more expensive“(older) by (two days)” = two days older“(farther) by (a mile)” = a mile farther“(further) by (much)” = much furtherused with comparativesadjectivesadverbs also with post and anteExample Sentences (answers below):This wall is three feet taller than that one. (“taller by three feet”)Marcus will always be eleven years older than I am. (“older by eleven years”)He runs much more quickly than any dog. (“more quickly by much”)You all can say that you love your parents a little more often. (“more often by a little”)This message reached me five days too late! (“too late by five days”) Example Sentence Answers:This wall is three feet taller than that one.hic mūrus trībus pedibus altior quam ille (est).hic mūrus trībus pedibus altior illō est.Marcus will always be eleven years older than I am.Mārcus erit semper undecim annīs nātū maior quam ego sum.Mārcus erit semper undecim annīs senior mē.He runs much more quickly than any dog.currit multō celerius quam ūllus canis (currit).currit multō celerius ūllō caneYou all can say that you love your parents a little more often.(Vōs) potestis dīcere *[(“that”) vōs amāre vestrōs parentēs] paulō saepius*indirect statement = accusative subject of the infinitive main verb; other cases and constructions are the same as normal; no Latin word used for introductory “that”This message reached me five days too late!Hic nūntius ad mē quīnque diēbus serius/tardius pervēnit.Practice Exercises:I have heard all the parts of that tale (use fabula) that our most famous poet has written, and that (thing) which you wrote is nearly the same (use demonstrative adj. īdem, eadem, idem; cf. is, ea, id) but much shorter That very famous consul came to my house alone (use solus, -a, -um) and sang as loudly as possible to me for many hours. They will gladly accept any (use ūllus, -a, -um) kisses you can give as quickly as possible. How beautiful your face is! That famous woman’s beauty is even a little lesser than yours.Atalanta was able to run much more quickly than other (use alius, alia, aliud) women; in fact (use verē), she was the fastest of all mortals and was only (use sōlum, adv.) a little slower than Mercury himself (use demonstrative ipse, ipsa, ipsum; cf. ille, illa, illud). Marcus is only three years older than Lucius’ brother but he is already as learned as can be (i.e. “as learned as possible”). ................
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