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WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S THE TEMPESTMUSICAL INFUENCESOut of Shakespeare’s plays, The Tempest is by far the piece that has more music pieces addressed to it. Many creations of different genres have been composed either inspired by it, or as incidental music for the play: at least forty-six?operas?or?semi-operas, orchestral works, ballet sequences (used in the play since Restoration time), choral settings?of excerpts, and many others. This influence is still present in today’s music. Here are some examples: 1611: Robert Johnson composed and played in theatres for writers such as Ben Johnson, John Fletcher or William Shakespeare. He was also an Elizabethan lutenist. He composed two songs for the The Tempest: Full Fathom Five for Act I, scene ii, and Where the Bee Sucks for ct V, scene i (both sung by Ariel). Full Fathom Five:? the bee sucks:?: Thomas Shadwell (c. 1642 – 19 November 1692), the English poet and playwright wrote an adaptation of The Tempest by John Dryden and William Davenant as an opera, with a musical score some composers that as Matthew Locke and Pelham Humfrey. This version was very popular because it was close to comedy.?: Henry Purcell , an English composer of Baroque music, composed The Tempest?(The Tempest z.631, 1695) it’s based on the The Tempest or The Enchanted Island by John Dryden and William Davenant. It’s a?semi-opera (or English?Opera) where the dramatic text is alternated with recitation, songs and dance. It’s divided in Overture and five acts. It includes some?aria da capo?in Italian style, as?Dear Pretty Youth?singed by Dorinda in the 3rd act.: John Christopher Smith (1712 – 1795), the English composer and George Frideric Handel's secretary and amanuensis when he became blind, wrote some operas in Italian style including The Tempest, but the text was written by David Garrick. The first performance was on 11th February 1756 in the Theatre Royal of London. It is divided in three acts.1802: Ludwig Van Beethoven ?(baptism 17th December 1770 – 26th March 1827), the worldwide famous German pianist, composer and orchestra director, wrote The Piano Sonata No. 17?Op. 31 n.2 (or The Tempest) in D minor, inspired by William Shakespeare’s The Tempest. It’s a passionate and dramatic sonata with periods of storms and calm, written in three movements: I.?Largo-Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegretto.: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 – 1893), the Russian composer of the late-Romantic period wrote The Tempest?(Op. 18), a Symphonic Fantasia based on Shakespeare’s play. It is a symphonic poem written in F minor. Tchaikovsky focused the composition in the evocation of the seascape, the love between Miranda and Ferdinand and some portraits of characters as Ariel or Caliban, skipping other parts of the original play. This composition is written in only one movement “andante con moto—Allegro moderato” that lasts about 30 minutes in performance. The Tempest was prefaced by a programme:The Sea. The magician Prospero commands his spirit Ariel to create a storm, of which a victim is the fortunate Ferdinand. The enchanted island. The first timid stirrings of love between Ferdinand and Miranda. Ariel. Caliban. The lovers are overwhelmed by their passion. Prospero renounces his magical powers and leaves the island. The Sea.The Tempest structutre:1. Andante con molto2. Allegro moderato. Andante alla breve3. Allegro vivace4. Andante con moto. Andantino5. Allegro animato. Allegro vivo6. Andante non tanto. Andante7. Allegro molto. Andante non tanto. Allegro risoluto8. Andante con moto: Arthur Honegger's orchestral Prelude for the Tempest.: Jean Sibelius’s incidental music?was written for a production at the?Royal Theatre?of Copenhagen. A year later, an epilogue was added for a performance in Helsinki.?He represented individual characters through instrumentation choices, using harps and percussion to represent Prospero.1934-1936: Egon Wellesz's?Prosperos Beschw?rungen?for orchestra is consisted of five works:1. Prosperos Beschw?rungen2. Ariel und der Sturm3. Ariels Gesang4. Caliban5. Ferdinand und Miranda - Epilog Wellesz?was an Austrian-born British composer, teacher and musicologist, particularly notable in the field of the music of the Byzantine Empire.: Kurt Atterberg's?Opera Stormen?“The Storm” premiered. Kurt Atterberg was Swedish?composer and engineer, best known for his symphonies, operas and ballets.: Frank Martin's?Der Sturm?premiered at the Vienna State Opera. It is an opera?in German, divided in three acts, by the Swiss composer?to a?libretto based on the?Schlegel/Tieck?German translation of The Tempest. April 1965: Marianne Faithfull recorded versions of “Full Fathom Five” in her folk music album Come My Way. It was recorded in the IBC Studios, London. Marianne Faithfull is an English singer, songwriter and actress, active since 1964."Full Fathom Five" is the second stanza of "Ariel's song". It addresses Ferdinand, who has just gone through a shipwreck in which his father supposedly drowned.Full fathom five thy father lies;Of his bones are coral made;Those are pearls that were his eyes;Nothing of him that doth fade,But doth suffer a sea-changeInto something rich and strange.Sea-nymphs hourly ring his knell:Ding-dong.Hark! now I hear them — Ding-dong, bell.: Pete Seeger recorded "Two From Shakespeare: Full Fathom Five/ Perchance to Win" in his folk music album?Dangerous Songs!? Peter?"Pete"?Seeger?was an American folk singer and activist who played the banjo,?guitar,?recorder,?tin whistle,?mandolin,?piano and the ukulele. He sadly died in 27th January, 2014. December 1970: Michael Tippett's third opera,?The Knot Garden, has its first performance at the Royal Opera House. It contains various allusions to?The Tempest. In Act 3, a psychoanalyst, Mangus, pretends to be Prospero and declares that his production of?The Tempest?has begun: "This garden is now an island," and the characters play out the roles he assigns them in his therapy sessions. Mel and Dov act as Caliban and Ariel, Faber becomes Ferdinand, and Flora becomes Miranda. Thea and Denise remain themselves and critically comment on the action. 27th July 1985: John Eaton produces an opera with a fusion of live?jazz?with pre-recorded electronic music, with a libretto by Andrew Porter after Shakespeare.?: Michael Nyman's?Ariel Songs?are taken from his score for the film?Prospero's Books, a 1991 British fantasy drama (adaptation of The Tempest), written and directed by the successful Peter Greenaway. They are pieces for soprano and band. Michael Laurence Nyman,?is an English composer of?minimalist music, pianist,?librettist?and?musicologist. (Music by Michael Nyman, vocal by Sarah Leonard.)1991: Michael Nyman's opera-ballet?Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs?was first performed by?Karine Saporta, a French choreographer, dancer, photographer, and short film director. This opera is unique in that the three vocalists, a?soprano,?contralto, and?tenor.1998: the German band Never Again (former in 1997) changes its name to Caliban, after the character in The Tempest. They choose that name because they think that “he is a cool character” in the history of literature, plus it “sounds great”. They are a metalcore band and their lyrics are about love, relationships, inner struggles and society. 2001: Joseph Pehrson composed and arranged over 35 songs which were presented by Pulse Ensemble Theatre in Manhattan. Some of these songs were created a bit later, in 2002 and uploaded when they were done. Also, every song is composed in meantone (1/4 comma), tuning used in poetry by Shakespeare and other authors of that age. They tried to compose all of the songs as if they were composed by Shakespeare himself. However, some include modern electronic effects and tunes. Some songs refer to parts of the play like the “Ending of act I” and another songs refer to characters of the play like Iris, Juno or Stephano.: Luca Lombardi’s opera Prospero is premiered at Nuremberg Opera House. Ariel is sung by 4 female voices (S,S,MS,A) and has an instrumental alter ego on stage (flute). There is an instrumental alter ego (cello) also for Prospero. 2006: The Tempest: A Musical?debuts at the?Cherry Lane Theatre?in New York City. It featured a book by Ryan Knowles and Daniel Neiden, based on a concept by Thomas Meehanand. Neiden had previously been connected with another musical, entitled?Tempest Toss’d. 2006: The Decemberists' song "The Island: Come and See/The Landlord's Daughter/You'll Not Feel The Drowning" is commonly thought to be based on the story of Caliban and Miranda.?The Decemberists?are an American?indie?folk rock?band from Portland, Oregon, active since 2000.? 2011: the Boston symphony Orchestra performed a concert inspired by The Tempest by William Shakespeare a little after they performed the play all in honor of the author. There were interviews with the composer and conductor Thomas Adès and the soprano Hila Plitmann: William Ascenzo, a digital composer who lives in Madison, created a digital Album based in the character Prospero in the autumn of 2011 as a final project for his studies. He released the final disc in the summer of 2012 with two extra songs and a short introductory piece. October 2013: choreographer?Alexei Ratmansky’s one-act ballet of?The Tempest?by?was premiered by?American Ballet Theatre?set to the incidental music of?Jean Sibelius (Finnish?composer and violinist of the late?Romantic?and?early-modern?periods) in New York City. BIBLIOGRAPHY(composer) ................
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