Maple sugaring and the science of sap flow - University of Vermont
Maple sugaring and the science of sap flow
Photo by: Paula Murakami
What makes this possible?
The Science of Sap Flow and Maple Syrup
Production
1
Basic physiology of maple sugaring
Maple syrup production possible - 2 unique
properties of maple trees:
Ability to generate positive pressure in xylem sap
(Allows sap to flow)
The high sugar concentration in spring xylem sap
Basic physiology of maple sugaring
Must also have the right weather
conditions for sap to flow!
Freezing nights followed by warm days
Phloem Photosynthate (sugar) from source to sink
Xylem Water from soil to
leaves
(usually not sugars!)
2
Xylem Sap sugar
Air temperature
Nov 1
Jan 1
Mar 1
May 1
Vessel
Fiber cells
Sugar maple cross section
Ray cells containing starch
The sap flow mechanism in maple:
Freezing and thawing temperatures are required
3
Freezing causes liquid to expand
Why doesn't sap exude during a freeze and shrink during a thaw?
Vessel
Sugar maple wood section
Fiber cells air filled in
maple
Ray cells containing starch
Temperature: Above freezing for hours or days
Vessel with sap
Air-filled fibers
4
Vessel with sap
Air-filled fibers
Ice crystal growth (frost) occurs inside the air-filled fibers as the branches freeze. The water is supplied by the sap in the vessels.
Vessel with sap
Temperature: Falling from above freezing to
just below freezing
Air-filled fibers
Generates (-) pressure
Temperature: Below freezing for several hours
or days.
Vessel with sap
Air-filled fibers
5
Vessel with sap
Temperature: Rising from below to above freezing.
Air-filled fibers
Generates (+) pressure!
Temperature (oC)and Pressure (psi)
30
30
25
25
20 SSaapppprreessssuurree202-15t0p-o3psp-0sis5iippssii
20
15
Pressure
15
10
10
5
5
0
-5 March 20
0
Branch temperature -5
March 21
March 22
Temperature and pressure in the spring in untapped trees
But why does sap flow when we put a hole in the tree?
6
Sap pressure = 15 psi
Air pressure = 0 psi Sap
Atmospheric pressure lower than inside the tree ~ sap flows out of the wound!
Figure by: Tim Wilmot
Maple syrup production
Sap collection
Photos by: Brian Stowe
7
Sap collection
Trees are tapped with cordless drills and plastic spouts are most common
Photos by: PMRC
Sap collection
Photos by: PMRC
Sap collection
Network of 5/16" plastic tubing
connects to larger `mainlines'
8
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