Respiratory and Excretory Systems



Respiratory and Excretory Systems

Organisms exchange:

Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

A. Heterotrophs: (e. Humans)

1. Need 02 for cellular respiration

2. Release excess CO2 from cellular respiration

Examples of exchange of gases:

Earthworms – diffusion through skin.

Fish and Mollusks – gills (O2 that is dissolved in H2O.

Insects – through spiracles (holes along abdomen) that lead to a trachea. Hemolymph allows diffusion of gas into cells.

Cellular Respiration Equation

ORGANELLE - Mitochondria

C6H12O6 + O2 pyruvate + CO2+ ATP

ENZYMES

B. Autotrophs: (plants)

1. Need water, carbon dioxide and sunlight

Photosynthesis Equation

ORGANELLE - Chloroplast

SUNLIGHT

6CO2 + 6H2O ATP/NADPH C6H12O6 + O2

ENZYMES

Roots:

a. O2 is in spaces in soil and dissolved in water (enters plant through successive osmosis)

b. CO2 diffuses into soil following cellular respiration from heterotrophs

Stems:

a. Lenticles – small holes along branches, more on growing tips, allow O2 intake and CO2 release.

Leaves - job in photosynthesis

a. Gas exchange takes place in the spongy and palisade cells.

b. A thin film of H2O surrounds these cells, allowing diffusion of gases.

c. CO2 passes through stoma into cells

d. CO2 passes out to the air

Purpose of a Respiratory System?

a. To allow intake of O2

b. To allow release of CO2

Parts of the Respiratory System:

Pulmonary Artery – Delivers deoxygenated blood to lungs

Pulmonary Vein – Takes oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

Alveoli – where gases diffuse to (or from) lung spaces into (or out of) capillaries.

Oxygen – carried by hemoglobin in RBC’s

CO2 – carried dissolved in plasma, HCO3

CO – carbon monoxide has a 20X higher attraction to hemoglobin then O2. Can kill us by limiting our oxygen in blood.

External Respiration – Gas exchange in lungs.

Internal Respiration – Exchange at cells. Allows mitochondria to make ATP(Energy)

|Structure |Function |

|Nostrils |Warm air |

|Nasal Passage |Warm, Filter, Moisten Air |

|Pharynx |Direct air to trachea |

|Epiglottis |Keep food out |

|Glottis |Opening to trachea |

|Larynx |Voice Box |

|Trachea |Protect airway (cartilage rings) |

|Bronchus |Split to lungs |

|Bronchial Tubes |Branches of Bronchus |

|Bronchioles |Smaller branching |

|Alveoli |Sacs for gas exchange, delivery to the blood |

|Capillaries |Gas exchange |

|Diaphragm |Muscle to fill/empty lungs |

|Esophagus |Food ( stomach |

|Pleural Membrane |Sack around lungs, allows creation of a vacuum for “suction” |

|Step |Inspiration |Expiration |

| |Breathing In |Breathing Out |

|1 |Rib Muscles Contract |Relax |

|2 |Diaphragm Contracts |Relax |

|3 |Lowers Pressure |Lung Tissue Shrinks |

|4 |Creating a Vacuum |Forcing Air Out |

Average breaths a minute = 18

|Liters |Volume Name |Explanation |

|0.5 |Tidal |Normal in and out breathing |

|1.2 |Residual |Air that cannot be expelled |

|1.6 |Expiratory Reserve |Air that can be forced out |

|1.6 |Inspiratory Reserve |Air that can be forced in |

|3.7 |Vital Capacity |Tidal + Expiratory + Inspiratory |

|4.9 |Total |“ + “ + “ + residual |

Can I kill myself by holding my breath?

Nope, I would pass out and then the “automatic” portion of my brain would start my breathing again.

Problems with the Respiratory System:

Hyperventilate – Rapid Breathing, not getting rid of enough CO2

Lung Cancer – primary cause smoking.

Pneumonia – bacterial caused fluid in lungs.

Emphysema – Breaking up of alveoli, fewer areas for gas exchange, “suffocating” for years.

Bronchitis – Inflammation of the bronchi.

Asthma – immune system causes inflammation of bronchi.

Tuberculosis – Bacterial caused breakdown of lung tissue, coughing blood.

Suffocation – insufficient O2 to cells.

Smoking:

()

• Increase in # females that smoke

• Fastest growth in teenagers

• Tobacco companies increased addictive nature of cigarettes.

• About 430,000 deaths are attributed to cigarette smoking each year. ()

• Approximately one of every two lifelong smokers will eventually die of smoking.

• If current smoking patterns continue, an estimated 25 million persons alive today, including 5 million children younger than 18 years of age, will die prematurely of smoking-attributable diseases.

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Excretory System

Excretion – Removal of nitrogenous waste.

Nitrogenous waste:

1. Waste from the breakdown of Proteins, and other cellular functions.

2. Builds up in blood after being released from cells.

3. Is poisonous if it builds up in the body.

3 Types:

a. Ammonia (NH3) – highly toxic – may be excreted by Fish.

b. Urea [(NH2)CO] and Uric acid [C5H4N4O3]– less toxic forms that enable land animals to excrete nitrogenous wasted with minimal loss of H2O.

Why?

1. If toxic – poisons tissues.

2. If left in blood poison organs.

3. Gout – uric acid crystals that settle in joints, from protein-rich diets (liver)

How removed?

1. Aquatic organisms – live in H2O and excrete ammonia, diluted with water to decrease toxicity.

a. Fish – have kidneys to do this.

b. Other – excrete through skin

2. Terrestrial organisms – land organisms convert ammonia to urea or uric acid.

a. Earthworms – excrete ammonia through skin into wet soil and urea from kidneys.

b. Insects, Reptiles, Birds – excrete uric acid as insoluble crystals that will not dissolve in water.

c. Human/Mammals – have kidneys that excrete urea, H2O, and salts in urine.

Kidneys Job is Filtration

Located – Embedded in fat along either side of the spine.

Make urine = urea + excess salts + H2O

|Liver |Ammonia + CO2 to form less toxic urea, sent to kidney |

|Renal Artery |Carries blood to kidney to be filtered. (Filtered every 30 min. |

|Nephron |Tube in kidney that filters. |

|Glomerulus |Ball of capillaries in kidney |

|Bowman’s Capsule |Extracts water, salt, wastes from Glomerulus, takes too much H2O & salts from the blood. |

|Tubule |Tube in kidney that returns 99% of H2O & salts back to blood. |

| |ADH – hormone that triggers body to absorb water, rather than excrete it. |

|Renal vein |Carries filtered blood to body. |

|Ureters |Carries urine to bladder (2) |

|Urinary Bladder |Stores urine. |

|Urethra |Tube through which blood leaves bladder. |

Problems:

a. Alcohol – diuretic

b. Caffeine – diuretic

c. Nephritis – inflammation

d. Kidney failure – need dialysis to filter blood.

e. Homeostasis – balance of salt & H2O

f. Diabetes insipidus – extreme thirst due to passage of large quantities of dilute urine.

g. Diabetes Mellitus – sugar in urine due to lack of insulin.

Plants excrete?

No wastes, sometimes they concentrate

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emc.maricopa.edu/.../ BioBookRESPSYS.html

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Alveoli – Air sacs within lungs

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Nephron

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