Respiratory and Excretory Systems
Respiratory and Excretory Systems
Organisms exchange:
Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
A. Heterotrophs: (e. Humans)
1. Need 02 for cellular respiration
2. Release excess CO2 from cellular respiration
Examples of exchange of gases:
Earthworms – diffusion through skin.
Fish and Mollusks – gills (O2 that is dissolved in H2O.
Insects – through spiracles (holes along abdomen) that lead to a trachea. Hemolymph allows diffusion of gas into cells.
Cellular Respiration Equation
ORGANELLE - Mitochondria
C6H12O6 + O2 pyruvate + CO2+ ATP
ENZYMES
B. Autotrophs: (plants)
1. Need water, carbon dioxide and sunlight
Photosynthesis Equation
ORGANELLE - Chloroplast
SUNLIGHT
6CO2 + 6H2O ATP/NADPH C6H12O6 + O2
ENZYMES
Roots:
a. O2 is in spaces in soil and dissolved in water (enters plant through successive osmosis)
b. CO2 diffuses into soil following cellular respiration from heterotrophs
Stems:
a. Lenticles – small holes along branches, more on growing tips, allow O2 intake and CO2 release.
Leaves - job in photosynthesis
a. Gas exchange takes place in the spongy and palisade cells.
b. A thin film of H2O surrounds these cells, allowing diffusion of gases.
c. CO2 passes through stoma into cells
d. CO2 passes out to the air
Purpose of a Respiratory System?
a. To allow intake of O2
b. To allow release of CO2
Parts of the Respiratory System:
Pulmonary Artery – Delivers deoxygenated blood to lungs
Pulmonary Vein – Takes oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
Alveoli – where gases diffuse to (or from) lung spaces into (or out of) capillaries.
Oxygen – carried by hemoglobin in RBC’s
CO2 – carried dissolved in plasma, HCO3
CO – carbon monoxide has a 20X higher attraction to hemoglobin then O2. Can kill us by limiting our oxygen in blood.
External Respiration – Gas exchange in lungs.
Internal Respiration – Exchange at cells. Allows mitochondria to make ATP(Energy)
|Structure |Function |
|Nostrils |Warm air |
|Nasal Passage |Warm, Filter, Moisten Air |
|Pharynx |Direct air to trachea |
|Epiglottis |Keep food out |
|Glottis |Opening to trachea |
|Larynx |Voice Box |
|Trachea |Protect airway (cartilage rings) |
|Bronchus |Split to lungs |
|Bronchial Tubes |Branches of Bronchus |
|Bronchioles |Smaller branching |
|Alveoli |Sacs for gas exchange, delivery to the blood |
|Capillaries |Gas exchange |
|Diaphragm |Muscle to fill/empty lungs |
|Esophagus |Food ( stomach |
|Pleural Membrane |Sack around lungs, allows creation of a vacuum for “suction” |
|Step |Inspiration |Expiration |
| |Breathing In |Breathing Out |
|1 |Rib Muscles Contract |Relax |
|2 |Diaphragm Contracts |Relax |
|3 |Lowers Pressure |Lung Tissue Shrinks |
|4 |Creating a Vacuum |Forcing Air Out |
Average breaths a minute = 18
|Liters |Volume Name |Explanation |
|0.5 |Tidal |Normal in and out breathing |
|1.2 |Residual |Air that cannot be expelled |
|1.6 |Expiratory Reserve |Air that can be forced out |
|1.6 |Inspiratory Reserve |Air that can be forced in |
|3.7 |Vital Capacity |Tidal + Expiratory + Inspiratory |
|4.9 |Total |“ + “ + “ + residual |
Can I kill myself by holding my breath?
Nope, I would pass out and then the “automatic” portion of my brain would start my breathing again.
Problems with the Respiratory System:
Hyperventilate – Rapid Breathing, not getting rid of enough CO2
Lung Cancer – primary cause smoking.
Pneumonia – bacterial caused fluid in lungs.
Emphysema – Breaking up of alveoli, fewer areas for gas exchange, “suffocating” for years.
Bronchitis – Inflammation of the bronchi.
Asthma – immune system causes inflammation of bronchi.
Tuberculosis – Bacterial caused breakdown of lung tissue, coughing blood.
Suffocation – insufficient O2 to cells.
Smoking:
()
• Increase in # females that smoke
• Fastest growth in teenagers
• Tobacco companies increased addictive nature of cigarettes.
• About 430,000 deaths are attributed to cigarette smoking each year. ()
• Approximately one of every two lifelong smokers will eventually die of smoking.
• If current smoking patterns continue, an estimated 25 million persons alive today, including 5 million children younger than 18 years of age, will die prematurely of smoking-attributable diseases.
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Excretory System
Excretion – Removal of nitrogenous waste.
Nitrogenous waste:
1. Waste from the breakdown of Proteins, and other cellular functions.
2. Builds up in blood after being released from cells.
3. Is poisonous if it builds up in the body.
3 Types:
a. Ammonia (NH3) – highly toxic – may be excreted by Fish.
b. Urea [(NH2)CO] and Uric acid [C5H4N4O3]– less toxic forms that enable land animals to excrete nitrogenous wasted with minimal loss of H2O.
Why?
1. If toxic – poisons tissues.
2. If left in blood poison organs.
3. Gout – uric acid crystals that settle in joints, from protein-rich diets (liver)
How removed?
1. Aquatic organisms – live in H2O and excrete ammonia, diluted with water to decrease toxicity.
a. Fish – have kidneys to do this.
b. Other – excrete through skin
2. Terrestrial organisms – land organisms convert ammonia to urea or uric acid.
a. Earthworms – excrete ammonia through skin into wet soil and urea from kidneys.
b. Insects, Reptiles, Birds – excrete uric acid as insoluble crystals that will not dissolve in water.
c. Human/Mammals – have kidneys that excrete urea, H2O, and salts in urine.
Kidneys Job is Filtration
Located – Embedded in fat along either side of the spine.
Make urine = urea + excess salts + H2O
|Liver |Ammonia + CO2 to form less toxic urea, sent to kidney |
|Renal Artery |Carries blood to kidney to be filtered. (Filtered every 30 min. |
|Nephron |Tube in kidney that filters. |
|Glomerulus |Ball of capillaries in kidney |
|Bowman’s Capsule |Extracts water, salt, wastes from Glomerulus, takes too much H2O & salts from the blood. |
|Tubule |Tube in kidney that returns 99% of H2O & salts back to blood. |
| |ADH – hormone that triggers body to absorb water, rather than excrete it. |
|Renal vein |Carries filtered blood to body. |
|Ureters |Carries urine to bladder (2) |
|Urinary Bladder |Stores urine. |
|Urethra |Tube through which blood leaves bladder. |
Problems:
a. Alcohol – diuretic
b. Caffeine – diuretic
c. Nephritis – inflammation
d. Kidney failure – need dialysis to filter blood.
e. Homeostasis – balance of salt & H2O
f. Diabetes insipidus – extreme thirst due to passage of large quantities of dilute urine.
g. Diabetes Mellitus – sugar in urine due to lack of insulin.
Plants excrete?
No wastes, sometimes they concentrate
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emc.maricopa.edu/.../ BioBookRESPSYS.html
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Alveoli – Air sacs within lungs
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Nephron
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