Section III .edu



SECTION III

COMMON MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS

AND LABORATORY TESTS

COMMON MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS

To discuss a therapeutic regimen with a physician you must speak his language. The terminology that will confront you in the patient care areas is different from that to which you have previously been exposed. A typical conversation you might hear at the patient's bedside would go something like, " I hear an S-2 and S-4 with no split sounds or opening snap. Since there has been no history of dyspnea and the ASO was negative, I suspect an ASD or VSD, but we will not know for sure until after the results of the cath." An admission order written by the physician might read "up ad lib, ADA diet (2000 cal), S&A, MOM 30 ml, hs, pm. Lab tests as follows: CBC, Crit., Amylase, CPK, PBI, Blood Gases, BUN, Creatinine, LDH, SGOT, SGPT and Lytes." The language of the physician is oriented toward disease, diagnostic tests and treatment.

The most commonly encountered abbreviations and terminology will be helpful to you as a reference source. If you are not familiar with a term that is used, you should consult a medical dictionary or ask the physician.

Abbreviations

Abbreviation Explanation

ABE Acute bacterial endocarditis

ABS Admitting blood sugar

ADA American Dietetic Association

AF Acid Fast

ad lib As desired

A/G Albumin-globulin ratio

AHCA Agency for Healthcare Administration

AMA Against Medical Advice

AK Above knee amputation

A.L.T. Alanine Aminotransferase (formerly called SGPT)

Amb Ambulant

Ant Anterior

ANA Antinuclear antibody

ASCVD Anterioscherotic cardiovascular disease

ASD Atrial septum defect

ASHD Arteriosclerotic heart disease

ASO Antistreptolysin 0

A.S.T. Aspartate Aminotransferase (formerly SCOT)

AV Atrioventricular

BBB Bundle branch block or blood brain barrier

BBT Basal body temperature

BE Barium enema

BJ Bone and joint

BKA Below knee amputation

BM Bowel movement

BMR Basal Metabolic rate

BP Blood pressure

BRP Bathroom privileges

BS Breath sounds or bowel sounds

BSA Body surface area

BSP Bromsulphalein

BUN Blood urea nitrogen

BW Body weight

Bx Biopsy

Ca Carcinoma

Cal Calorie

C and S Culture and sensitivity

CBC Complete blood count

CC Chief complaint

Ceph Floc Cephalin Flocculation

CFT Complement fixation test

CHF Congestive heart failure

CHO Carbohydrate

chr Chronic

c/o Complains of

CNS Central nervous system

COLD Chronic obstructive lung disease

CONG Congenital

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPK Creatinine phosphokinase

CSF Cerebrospinal fluid

CST Convulsive shock therapy

CT Circulation time

CV Cardiovascular

CVA Cerebrovascular accident

CVD Cardiovascular disease

CVP Central venous pressure

D/C Discontinue

D and C Dilation and curettage

Derm Dermatology

diff Differential blood count

DM Diabetes mellitus

DOA Dead on arrival

DOE Dyspnea on exertion

DTR Deep tendon reflex

DQA Division of Quality Assurance

DX Diagnosis

ECG Electrocardiogram

ECT Electroconvulsive therapy

EEG Electroencephalogram

EENT Eye, ear, nose and throat

EKG Electrocardiogram

eg For example

EMG Electromyography

EPS Extra pyramidal syndrome

ER Emergency room

ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

EST Electroshock therapy

Ext Extremities

FBS Fasting blood sugar

F and R Force and rhythm of pulse

FH Family history

Fld Fluid

FRC Functional residual capacity

FTA Fluorescent treponemal antibody

FUO Fever of undetermined origin

Fx Fracture

GB Gallbladder

Gc Gonorrhea

GFR Glomerular filtration rate

GI Gastrointestinal

G-6-PD Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase

GSW Gun shot wound

GTT Glucose tolerance test

GU Genitourinary

GYN Gynecology

H Hypodermic

h Hour

Hb Hemoglobin

HCT Hematocrit

HCVD Hypertensive cardiovascular disease

Hgb Hemoglobin

H and P History and physical

HPI History of present illness

HT Height

HTVD Hypertensive vascular disease

Hx History

ICS Intercostal space

ICU Intensive care unit

I and D Incision and drainage

I and 0 Input and output

IM Intramuscular

Imp Impression

inf Inferior

int Interval

Int Med Internal medicine

IOP Intraocular pressure

IP Intraperitoneal

IPPB Intermittent positive pressure breathing

IV Intravenous

IVP Intravenous pyelogram

IVT Intravenous transfusion

JVD Jugular Venous distention

K Potassium

Kg Kilogram

KO Keep open

KUB Kidney, ureter, bladder

KVO Keep vein open

lat Lateral

L and A Light and accommodation (of pupils)

LBBB Left bundle branch block

LCM Left costal margin

LBCD Left border cardiac dullness

LDH Lactic acid dehydrogenase

LE Lupus erythematosus

LLQ Left lower quadrant

LMD Local medical doctor

LMP Last menstrual period

LOA Leave of absence

LUQ Left upper quadrant

LP Lumbar puncture

LVH Left ventricular hypertrophy

L and W Living and well

MCH Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCV Mean corpuscular volume

Med Medicine

MH Menstrual history

MI Myocardial infarction

rnm Millimeter

MOM Milk of magnesia

MRXI May repeat times one

MS Mitral stenosis or multiple schlerosis or morphine sulfate

MSE Mental status examination

MMSE Mini Mental Status Exam

N Normal

NB Newborn

Neg Negative

NM Neuromusclar

NG Nasogastric tube

No. Number

NPN Nonprotein nitrogen

NPO Nothing by mouth

N/S Normal saline

NSR Normal sinus rhythm

NTP Normal temperature and pressure

NTG Nitroglyercin

NYD Not yet diagnosed

OB Obstetrics

OB-GYN Obstetrics and gynecology

OOB Out of bed

OR Operating room

OT Occupational therapy

P Pulse

p After

PAC Premature atrial contraction

P and A Percussion and auscultation

Para 1 Having bom one child

PAT Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

PBI Protein - bound iodine

PCV Packed Cell Volume

PCO2 Carbon dioxide partial pressure

PE Physical examination

PM Post mortem

PHC Post hospital care

PMH Past medical hospital

PI Present illness

PID Pelvic inflammatory disease

PO By mouth

Post Op Post operative

PP Post partum

PPD Purified protein derivative of tuberculin

PPT Partial prothrombin time

PRA Plasma renin activity

Pre Op before surgery

P and R Pulse and respiration

PRN When necessary

Prog Prognosis

Ps Posterior

PSP Phenosulfonphthalein

Pt Patient

PT Physical therapy

PVC Premature ventricular contraction

qd Every day

qh Every hour

qod Every other day

R Right

RA Agglutinins or right atrium

RBBB Right bundle branch block

RBC Red blood cell

RHD Rheumatic heart disease

RLQ Right lower quadrant

R/O Rule out

ROM Range of motion exercise

RPF Renal plasma flow

RR Recovery room

ROS Review of systems

RV Right ventricle

RVH Right ventricular hypertrophy

RUQ Right upper quadrant

Rx Treatment

s Without

S-A Sino-atrial

SBE Subacute bacterial endocarditis

SC Subcutaneous

SGOT Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase

SGPT Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

SH Social history

Sig Let it be labeled

SOB Shortness of breath

s/p Status Post

Sp gr Specific gravity

SR Sedimentation rate

STAT At once

STS Serologic test for syphilis

sup Superior

Sx Symptoms

T Temperature

T and A tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

TB Tuberculosis

TBW Total body water

TCA's Tricyclic antidepressants

TIBC Total iron binding capacity

TP Total protein

TPN Total parenteral nutrition

TPR Temperature, pulse and respiration

TUR Transurethral resection

TV Trial visit

Tx Treatment

URI Upper respiratory infection

UTI Urinary tract infection

VC Vital capacity or vena cava

VD Venereal disease

VDH Valvular disease of heart

VDRL Venereal disease research laboratory

VF Visual field

vis Namely

VMA Vanilmandelic acid

VP Venous pressure

VS Vital signs

VSD Ventricular septal defect

WBC White blood cells

WNL Within normal limits

Wt Weight

LABORATORY TESTS

BLOOD CHEMISTRY

SERUM ENZYMES

ACID PHOSPHATASE - NV* = 0-4.0 (King Armstrong)

This enzyme occurs primarily in the adult prostate gland and in erythrocytes. The enzyme liberated from each system differs slightly. Elevated serum acid phosphatase may indicate metastatic carcinoma. Approximately 10-25% of patients with prostate tumors without metastasis will also have an elevated acid phosphatase. Within three or four days after removal of the tumor or after three or four weeks of estrogen therapy, the enzyme levels will decline.

ALDOLASE - NV 3-8

This is a glycolytic enzyme present in significant quantities in skeletal and heart muscle. Skeletal muscle damage results in high levels of aldolase, particularly in muscular dystrophy. The aldolase level does not rise in neurogenic disease such as muscular atrophy, myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis.

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE - NV = Adult 4-13, Child 13-20 Method = King-Armstrong (K-A)

The phosphatases are hydrolytic enzymes which catalyze the cleavage of phosphate esters. Most of the alkaline phosphatase is made in the osteoblasts and the liver. An elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase implies a disease either in the skeletal or the hepatobiliary system. It is also elevated in hyperthyroidism. Children have a higher alkaline phosphatase as a result of osteoblastic activity due to bone growth. Alkaline phosphatase is excreted through the biliary system and obstructive diseases may cause elevation.

AMYLASE - NV 60-160 (Somogyi Units)

Amylase splits starch into individual sugars. The pancreas and salivary glands secrete the enzyme into the pancreatic and salivary fluids where its activity is extracellular. An elevated serum amylase normally indicates pancreatic disease or obstruction of the pancreatic duct. Elevations are also observed in mumps and acute abdominal pain of peptic ulcer or intestinal strangulation.

CHOLINESTERASE - NV 1-5 IU

Cholinesterases hydrolyze acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid. Two of these enzymes have been described as "true cholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase." Serum levels of cholinesterases are low in hepatitis, chronic cirrhosis and poisoning from organic phosphates.

*NV = Normal Value

CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE (CPK) - NV 0-35

This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of high energy phosphate. The skeletal and cardiac muscles are the principal sites of activity but smaller amounts are found in the brain. C.P.K. levels are elevated in muscular dystrophy, myocardial necrosis and thyrotoxicosis.

LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) - NV 80-120

This is one of the glycolytic enzymes and is present in nearly all metabolizing cells. Its highest concentrations occur in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle and erythrocytes. It is fairly nonspecific indicator and damage to nearly any tissue can result in an elevated LDH. The enzyme is elevated in myocardial infraction, liver disease such as acute and toxic hepatitis, hepatic neoplasms, obstructive jaundice, and in pernicious anemia.

LIPASE - NV < 1.0

Lipase is a hydrolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum where it splits fatty acids from triglycerides with the aid of bile salts and calcium ions. Lipase, like amylase, occurs within the secretary cells and enters the blood stream as a result of damage to the pancreas. The most common cause of an elevated lipase is acute pancreatitis.

SERUM GLUTAMIC-OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE (SGOT) - NV 10-40 units/ml

The transaminase enzymes catalyze the transfer of amino groups. High concentrations of G.O.T. are found in the heart and liver, with smaller amounts in the skeletal muscles, kidney and pancreas. After myocardial necrosis, large quantities of G.O.T. are released into the circulation. Significant levels appear in the serum within 6 to IO hours following a myocardial infract.

SERUM GLUTAMIC-PYRUVIC TRANSAMINASE (SGPT) - NV 5-35 units/ml

The liver contains the highest concentration of G.P.T. while the kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle also have significant quantities. Hepatic cellular damage releases both G.O.T. and G.P.T. The S.G.P.T. is frequently highly elevated in acute hepatitis and obstructive jaundice and moderately elevated in chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and neplastic metastatic disease of the liver.

SERUM ELECTROLYTES

AMMONIA - NV 30-70 mcg/dl

Ammonia is formed from the action of bacteria on the proteins in intestinal contents. The liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to urea. Since ammonia is removed by the liver, elevated levels of ammonia normally indicate severe liver disease.

BLOOD pH - NV 7.35-7.45

The blood pH has a critical effect on the body and must be maintained within narrow limits.

CALCIUM - NV 9-1 1.0 mg/dl

Most calcium of the body exists within the skeletal system. Calcium ions effect neuromuscular excitability, cellular and capillary permeability and are required for clotting of blood. Serum calcium is elevated in hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D excess.

CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT NV 24-30 mEq/L (venous)

Total carbon dioxide content measures the sum of bicarbonate, carbonic acid and dissolved carbon dioxide present in the serum. This is elevated in metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis. It is reduced in metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.

CHLORIDE - NV 98-109 mEq/L (355-376 mg/dl)

Chloride is the principal anion of the body. Chlorides are excreted with cations during massive diuresis and are also lost by vomiting and diarrhea. Serum chlorides are elevated in renal insufficiency, and excessive salt intake. Excessive loss of fluid due to vomiting or diarrhea, diuretics and metabolic alkalosis decrease serum chloride levels.

PHOSPHORUS NV 3-4.5 mg/dl

Phosphorus also is found predominately in the skeletal system. It is required in the storage and liberation of energy. Serum phosphorus will be elevated in renal insufficiency and hypoparathyroidism.

POTASSIUM - NV 3.1-5.3 mEq/L (1 6-22 mg/dl)

Potassium is the primary intracellular cation. The serum potassium may be elevated in renal insufficiency or from excessive intake of potassium supplements. Decrease serum potassium may result from renal tubular disorder, diarrhea and vomiting and massive diuresis.

SODIUM - NV 135-145mEq/L (315-335 mg/dl)

Sodium is the predominant extracellular cation. Serum sodium levels may be increased in severe vomiting, sweating or diuresis. Low serum sodium may be observed in water intoxication or in inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

MISCELLANEOUS SERUM CONTENTS

ALBUMIN - NV 4-5 g/dl

This protein fraction normally comprises from 52 to 68 percent of the total protein value. Albumin elevation is infrequently elevated, but is observed in dehydration and shock. More commonly albumin will be decreased such as in malnutritions, chronic diseases of the liver, and excessive protein loss as in nephrosis, nephritis or bums.

BILIRUBIN TOTAL - NV 0. I- 1.2 mg/dl

Bilirubin is the predominant pigment of human bile and gives the yellow color. Bilirubin is

formed from hemoglobin of destroyed erythrocytes. Elevated levels of bilirubin occur in

hemolysis, malaria, hepatitis and septicemia.

BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN) - NV 8-18 mg/dl

Urea is the end product of protein metabolism and is produced only in the liver. After its production in the liver it is normally excreted through the kidneys. The most common cause of elevated BLJN levels is renal disease. Other disease states can result in abnormal levels of urea. These include diseases in which protein catabolism is marked such as in bums, massive hemorrhage into body cavities and carcinoma etc.

CHOLESTEROL - NV 130-230 mg/dl

The liver stores cholesterol and excretes esterified cholesterol into the plasma. Normally, half to three quarters of the serwn cholesterol is present in the esterified form. A decrease in the percentage of esters indicates liver disease, especially acute hepatitis and active cirrhosis.

CREATININE - NV 0.6-1.2 mg/dl

Creatine is found in skeletal muscle as creatine phosphate. Creatine is converted to creatinine in a nonenzymatic and irreversible reaction. The creatinine is excreted through the kidneys in quantities proportional to serum levels. By comparing serum creatinine concentration with the total quantity excreted within a certain time, the creatinine clearance of the renal system can be calculated. A rising serum creatinine signals diminished renal fimction. Specifically, the serum creatinine will be elevated in acute and chronic renal insufficiency.

FIBRINOGEN (Plasma) - NV 0.2-0.4 g/dl

Fibrinogen may be elevated in renal diseases such as glomerularnephritis, nephrosis and infectious diseases. Decreased levels may occur in hepatic insufficiency.

GLOBULIN (Serum) - NV 65-100 mg/dl

The globulins (gamma) contain the antibodies of the body. Low levels of gamma globulin occur as a congenital abnormality and these patients have frequent bacterial infections. Chronic infections may elevate gamma globulin levels.

GLUCOSE (Fasting) - NV 65-100 mg/dl

The primary storage form of glucose is in the form of glycogen. When needed the glucose can be mobilized from glycogen. Glucose can also be derived from fat or protein sources, both this method results in the production of acidic by-products. Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of hyperglycemia, however, other diseases such as Cushing's or hyperthyroidism may also product the effect. Any circumstances which mobilizes epinephrine may also cause hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia is observed in hyperinsulinism, adrenalinsufficiency, or pituitary disease.

GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (GTT)

This test is conducted by administration of 75 GMS of glucose to a fasting patient. Blood and urine are collected before the test and at stated intervals. Diabetics will characteristically show initial high elevated glucose levels with a slow return to fasting level. In severe liver disease, the initial glucose level may be high with a rapid fall to below fasting levels in three to four hours.

ICTERUS INDEX - NV 3-8 units

The icterus index is a measure of the dejzree of Jaundice. This test is an approximation of the bilirubin levels.

PROTEFN-BOUND IODINE (pbi - 3.7-7.6 mcg/dl

Most circulating iodine exists in the form of thyroid hormone bound to serum proteins. Nearly all of the iodine results from the hormone thyroxine. An elevated level indicates hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis or hepatitis. A decreased PBI value is found in nephrosis, chronic liver disease, and pancreatic malabsorption.

SERUM IRON - 75-150 mcg/dl

Serum iron can be elevated as a result of multiple transfusions, hemolytic diseases and as a result of excess iron administration.

TEYMOL TURBIDITY - 0.5 SH units

This test reflects normal liver function and protein synthesis. The value is increased in hepatocellular damage and negative in obstructive or hemolytic jaundice.

TOTAL IRON BINDING CAPACITY (TIBC) - NV 250-350 mcg/dl

This test is elevated in the presence of low serum iron and iron deficiency states

and is decreased in the presence of high serum iron.

TOTAL PROTEINS (Serum) - NV 6.7-8.3 g/dl

The normal serum contains approximately 7 grams of protein per I 00 ml. Various diseases may affect the amount of total protein in the serum of one of the individual protein fractions (Albumin, Globulin or Fibrinogen).

TRIGLYCERIDES - NV 30-140 mg/dl

The concentration of total lipids in the blood is quite variable and depends on many factors including diet, age and sex. Variations in the concentration of lipids are rarely characteristic of any particular disease. A great increase in the plasma triglycerides does occur in essential familiar hyperlipemia.

URIC ACID - NV Male 3.4-7.8, Female 2.5-6.2 mg/dl (in general, 3-7 mg/dl)

Uric acid production in the body results from degradation of purine containing compounds (nucleic acids of RNA and DNA). Since uric acid is poorly soluble it may precipitate out of solution when the concentration in the body fluids rises. The serum uric acid is elevated in gout, leukemia, renal insufficiency and as a result of cytolysis as in treatment with antileukemic drugs.

HEMATOLOGY VALUES

BASOPHILS - NV O.-l percent

Few conditions cause an increase in the number of basophils. Chronic myelocytic leukemia, colitis and myxedema have reportedly caused these increases.

BLEEDING TIME - IVY Method NV 1-5 Minutes

This test measures the time necessary for active bleeding to cease from a clean, superficial wound. The bleeding time is prolonged when the platelet count is low or if the platelets are defective. This procedure tests only the response to superficial injury, and in this instance bleeding can be controlled by platelets and vascular response. Therefore, the hemophilia patient may have non-nal values.

CLOT RETRACTION - NV Gross Observation of Clot

This procedure evaluates platelet function by the observation of retraction of clot formations. When platelet function or number decreases, the clot retraction is impaired.

CLOTTING TIME - (Lee-White) NV 6-12 minutes

This test measures the time required for clotting to occur in a test tube. Clotting time can be prolonged by deficiencies of any intrinsic factor or by the presence of a circulating anticoagulant.

EOSINOPHILS - NV 1-3 percent

The most common cause of eosinophilia are allergic reactions, skin diseases and infections with parasites.

ERYTHROCYTE COUNT - Male 4.5-6.5, Female 4.0-5.6 million celIS/mm 3

The erythrocyte count is decreased in various anemias and may be increased in a rare condition of polycythemia.

ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATIONS RATE - NV Female 0.20, Male 0. IO mm, per hour

This test measures the speed with which red blood cells settle in fluid blood. In this test anticoagulated blood must be used. A column of blood 100mm high is allowed to settle for one hour. The rate of settling depends on the concentration of plasma proteins and concentration of the red cells. When plasma proteins are high and red cell content is low - the cells settle rapidly. Increased sedimentation rates are observed during pregnancy and multiple myeloma while decreased values occur in sickle cell disease.

HEMATOCRIT - NV Male 40-54, Female 37-47 percent

The hematocrit represents the portion of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells and provides a visual means of estimating the red cell count. Hematocrit levels will be decreased as a result of hemorrhage or red blood cell destruction.

HEMOGLOBIN - NV Male 13-17, Female 11-16 g/dl

The hemoglobin value expresses the total amount in 1 00 ml of blood. Adequate production of red blood cells requires that ftmctioning hemoglobin be produced and incorporated into the red cells. Only a few conditions result in an increased hemoglobin content of the blood. Conversely, numerous conditions result in a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (decrease in hemoglobin). The increased loss or destruction of the hemoglobin red cell mass is seen in all types of blood loss and destruction of red cells.

LEUKOCYTE COUNT - NV 4,000-1 1,000 cells/mm' (5,000-10,000 often used)

Three principal types of white cells are found in the body. These are the granulocytes, lymphocytes, and the monocytes. Granulocytes include important as is the proportion of cell types present. The white cell count is elevated in inflammations, fevers and anemias.

LYMPHOCYTES - NV 25-33 percent

Lymphocyte production occurs in the lymphoid tissue rather than in the bone marrow. Lymphocytes play a major role in the antigen antibody reaction. Adrenal steroids have a suppressant effect on the lymphocytes. Increased numbers of lymphocytes are common after viral and bacterial infections.

MONOCYTES - NV 3-7 percent

Neither the function nor the origin of the monocyte has been determined. An increased number of monocytes occurs frequently in tuberculosis.

NEUTROPHILES - NV Juvenile 0-1%, Band 0-5%, Segmented 40-60%

Neutrophilic granulocytes are the most numerous circulating white cells in normal adults. The neurtophils appear to be the body's first line of defense in infection and other trauma. They perform their fimction by phagocytosis. Neutrophils respond quickly to stimulation and increased numbers of neutrophils occur in gram-positive and many gram-negative infections. Neutrophilia also occurs in some virus and rickettsiae infections. These cells also increase during inflammatory processes, neoplasms and acute hemorrhage.

PLATELET COUNT - NV 140,000-440,000 cells/mm'

Thrombocytes or platelets appear to be essential for normal hemostasis.

Decreased platelets occur in many disorders including leukemias, aplastic anemia, septicemia and after exposure to certain drugs. Bleeding does not normally occur unless the platelet count drops below 80,000 per cu. mm.

PROTHROMBIN TIME - NV 70-1 1 0 percent of control (within 2 sec. of control)

In the sequence of coagulation of fluid blood, prothrombin reacts with ionized calcium to form thrombin. The time in which a mixture of blood from the patient clots is compared to a control sample. This test is often used to monitor the effects of coumarin anticoagulants.

RETICULOCYTE COUNT - NV 0.5-1.5 percent

Normal red cells are non-nucleated, biconcave disks. At the time red cells enter the blood stream from the bone marrow, all evidence of nucleated material have normally disappeared. In the presence of massive erythropoietic stimulation, immature red cells may be released into the circulation. These cells (Reticulocytes) contain nuclear material. The percentage of reticulocytes increases after blood loss. An absence of reticulocytes following extensive blood loss indicates decreased bone marrow function.

SICKLE CELL - NV Negative

Sickle cell disease results from a genetically determined abnormal type of hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S. Approximately 8 percent of the American Negroes produce some hemoglobin S in their cells but have no symptoms of disease. This is called sickle cell trait. A much smaller percent of the race (0.2%) produce high concentration of hemoglobin S and, therefore, have sickle cell disease. The disease results in hyperhemolytic crisis and vascular occlusion.

URINE

AMINO ACID NITROGEN NV 50-200 mg/24hr

The amount of amino acids excreted in the urine of adults ranges from 0.4 to 1.0 Gm. per 24 hours. This is equivalent to from 100 to 200 mg of amino acid nitrogen. In the normal individual, protein is hydrolyzed in the small intestine, and metabolized by the liver. Various metabolic defects may cause large quantities of certain amino acids to appear in the urine

BILIRUBIN NV 0

In certain pathologic conditions pigments may be found in the urine. Bilirubin is formed from hemoglobin and the bilirubin which has passed through the liver is more diffusible that prehepatic bilirubin. Bilirubin resulting from obstructive jaundice occurs in the urine earlier than that resulting from hemolytic disease. Hepatitis and biliary tract obstruction will normally produce increased values of bilirubin in the urine.

CALCIUM NV < 160 mg/24 hr

The patient on a normal diet excretes less than 160 mg of calcium per day. A decreased urinary calcium indicates hypocalcemia or hypoparathyroidism or osteomalacia while increased values may signal hy-perparathyroidism or bone neoplasms.

CASTS

Casts are cylindrical structures which form in the renal tubules as a result of coagulation of protein. The occurrence of casts in the urine is termed cylindruria. The casts which form may entrap cellular elements or be free of cells. The composition of the cast indicates various types of disease processes. For instance, casts made up of white cells indicate pyelonephritis while the inclusion of red cells indicates hemorrhage from the glomeruli.

CHLORIDE NV 75-200 mEq/24 hr

A decreased excretion of chlorides usually indicates decreases in blood chlorides, excessive sweating, heart failure or nephritis, etc.

CREATININE NV 1.0-1.8 g/24 hr

Creatinine is a product of endogenous metabolism of muscle tissue and is filtered and secreted into the urine. The excretion of urinary creatinine does not vary greatly with the nutritional state of the patient or his general state of health. In patients with prolonged decreased urinary function, the serum creatinine levels increase while the urinary excretion decreases.

CREATININE CLEARANCE NV 100- 150 ml/min

Since the excretion and serum creatinine levels are constant, a determination of creatinine clearance can be estimated over a 24 hour period. The formula for estimating clearance is

Clearance = UV

P

U = urine creatinine in mg per 1000 ml

V = urine volume in liters per 24 hours

P = serum creatinine in mg per liter

CRYSTALS

Normal urine sediment will frequently contain crystals. The crystals are usually of phosphates, uric acid, calcium carbonate or sodium urate.

ERYTHROCYTES

The presence of a large number of red cells in the urine indicates that some type of trauma to the urinary tract has occurred. This may include glomerulonephritis, tumors, calculi, or hemorrhagic disease.

GLUCOSE NV 0

Glucose may be detected in the urine under certain conditions in normal individuals. Some of the pathologic conditions which can produce glucose in the urine are diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hypertension and chronic liver disease.

HEMOGLOBIN NV 0-3 mg/dl

Hemoglobin is normally absent from the urine, however, when it is present it is called hemoglobinuria. This condition results from excessive hemolysis of red blood cells. Hemolysis may be present in such conditions as malaria and chemical poisoning, etc.

17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS NV 2-12 mg/24 hours

The hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex have a 17-carbon structure (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring) as their basic structure. The urinary free cortisol excretion is the urinary reflection of unbound plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. The value of this test will be elevated in Cushing's syndrome, adrenal adenomas, adrenal carcinoma, in severe hypertension and in thyrotoxicosis. Decreased values are observed in Addison's disease.

5-HYDROXY INDOLE ACETIC ACID (5-HIAA) - NV 2-9 mg/24 hours

The majority of serotonin (90%) is found in the gastrointestinal mucosa. The remainder is found in blood platelets, spleen and the brain. Serotonin is metabolized to 5-H.I.AA and is found in the urine. In patients with carcinoid tumors the level of 5-H.I.A.A. will be elevated.

KETONES - NV Negative

In the body fatty acids are normally completely to carbon dioxide and water. Intermediate products of this metabolic process are not found to any great extent in the blood or urine. However, in acidosis these by-products of fat metabolism (ketone bodies) accumulate in the blood and are excreted into the urine. The most commonly observed causes of ketonuria is diabetes mellitus. It is also observed in starvation and other conditions in which the carbohydrate intake has been reduced.

17-KETOSTEROIDS - NV Male 7-15 mg, Female 4-10 mg/24 hours

This test reflects the amount of weakly androgenic secretions of the adrenal cortex and does not measure overall adrenal cortical activity. This test may be elevated in tumors of the testicles, adrenal cortical hyperplasia and lute in cell tumors of the ovary.

LEUKOCYTES

A few leukocytes are found in the normal urine. Increased numbers of leukocytes present in the urine is indicative of bacterial infection.

pH VALUE - NV 6.0 Range 4.8-8.5

Fresh urine normally has an acid reaction of pH 6.0. As urine stands it becomes alkaline as ammonia is formed from urea. In acidosis, diabetes mellitus, gout and leukemia the urine is strongly acid. Ingestion of acids, and many drugs also produce an acid urine.

PHOSPHORUS - NV 900-1800 mg/24 hours

Phosphate excretion through the urinary system is increased in alkalosis and decreased in patients in nephritis or hypoparathyroidism.

PROTEIN (Albumin) - NV 0.025-0.070 mg/dl

Normal urine contains minute quantities of protein. Albumins and globulins are the most important proteins found in the urine. Albumin in the urine can be produced in renal disease, hypertension and infections of the kidney.

SEDIMENT Normal Findings - Few desquamated epithelial cells, rate erythrocytes, leukocytes and cast cells.

The sediments test consists of a microscopic examination of urine sediment after centrifuging. A pathologic process may cause an increase in the number of cells found in the urine.

SODIUM - NV 75-200 mEq/24 hours

The sodium intake and output varies considerable. The loss of sodium may occur through the renal system or from sweating.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY - NV 1.010-1.030

The specific gravity of the urine depends upon the concentrating ability of the kidneys. The morning specimen is more concentrated and is usually greater than 1.020. The specific gravity may be elevated in diabetes mellitus, fever, sweating and glomerulonephritis. It is low in diabetes insipidus and chronic nephritis.

UREA NITROGEN - NV 12-16 g/24 hr

The average adult excretes about 20-35 grams of urea in 24 hours. Of the total nitrogen of human urine approximately 85% is in the form of urea. Excretion of urea may result from increased catabolism, such as in febrile reactions or wasting disease.

URIC ACID - NV 400-800 mg/24 hours

Uric acid is formed in the liver and approximately one-half is also metabolized in the liver. The excretion of uric acid is increased in leukemia, liver disease and high fever. Excretion is decreased in the urine before a gout attack.

UROBILINOGEN - NV 0. 1 - 1.2 units/2 hours

When bilirubin enters the intestine, it's acted upon by bacteria which convert the substance to urobilinogen. Normally from 1-4 mg of urobilinogen are excreted in the urine during a 24 hour period. The values may be increased if excessive hemolysis occurs or if there is liver pathology present such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.

VANILMANDELIC ACID (VMA) - NV 0.7-6.8 mg/24 hours

Epinephrine is the major hormone of the medulla. Norepinephrine and epinephrine circulate in quantities sufficient for biologic activity but in insufficient quantities for biologic determinations. Norepinephrine is found predominately in the urine. Catecholamines are degraded to acid end products and are found in the urine. Vanilmandelie acid is one of these metabolites and is frequently used to indicate catecholamine production. These levels may be elevated in pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma.

VOLUME - NV 1000- 1500 ml

The normal adult secretes from 1000 to 1500 ml of urine in a 24 hour period. The output of urine can be increased by increasing fluid intake and also by maintaining a high protein diet. Sweating, diarrhea and vomiting also decrease urine output.

SPINAL FLUID

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), originates in the choroid plexus of the ventricles. The concentration of most electrolytes in the CSF varies with the plasma levels and is usually somewhat lower than the plasma levels. Red and white blood cells are normally excluded from the CSF but may occur from rupture of blood vessels or from inflammation of the meninges.

GLUCOSE - NV 50-75 mg/dl

The CSF glucose may be reduced in meningitis due to disturbance of the active transport systems in the meninges which are responsible for getting glucose into the CSF.

PRESSURE - NV 120 mm of water

The pressure will vary from 75 to 200 mm of water. Elevation of pressure may indicate intracranial tumors, infection and inflammation.

PROTEIN - NV 15-45 mg/dl

Since serum proteins are large molecules which do not pass the blood-brain barrier, the spinal fluid normally contains very little protein. In the presence of inflammation the effectiveness of the blood-brain barrier may be decreased and permit the entry of all types of serum protein. This condition may occur in meningitis, and in tumors of the brain and spinal cord.

STOOL

STOOL GUAIAC - NV Negative

Gross appearance of blood in the stool is not observed in bleeding lesions of the upper intestinal tract because of the effect on digestion. Gum guaiac has been used to detect the presence of hemoglobin in the stool. The test is not specific and may be positive in numerous circumstances.

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download