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Social Assessment Report for the World Bank Financed Wuxi Taihu Lake Integrated Environmental Management Project
Management Office of the Wuxi Taihu Lake Integrated Environmental Management Project
May 2010
Contents
Foreword 1
1 Background of the Project 2
1.1 Introduction to the Taihu Lake watershed 2
1.2 Components of the Project and impact evaluation 3
1.2.1 Components of the Project 3
1.2.2 Overview of social impacts of the Project 4
1.3 Blue Algae Event and “Environmental Protection Action” package 7
1.3.1 General Plan for Integrated Aquatic Environment Management of the Taihu Lake Watershed 9
1.3.2 Working Plan of Jiangsu Province on Water Pollution Control of Taihu Lake 9
1.3.3 Special Plan of Wuxi Municipality for Integrated Aquatic Environment Management of Taihu Lake 9
1.3.4 Decision of Wuxi Municipality on Carrying out the “6699” Action for Taihu Lake Management and Water Source Conservation with All Efforts 10
1.3.5 Circular of Working Opinions on Strengthening Aquatic Environment Protection of Key Lakes 10
1.3.6 Regulations of Jiangsu Province on Water Pollution Control of Taihu Lake 11
1.3.7 Measures of Wuxi Municipality for the Conservation of Drinking Water Sources 11
1.3.8 Regulations of Wuxi Municipality on Aquatic Environment Protection 11
1.4 Project impacts 12
1.4.1 Beneficiary areas 12
1.4.2 Affected areas and impacts 12
1.5 Socioeconomic background of the affected areas 15
1.5.1 Socioeconomic background of Wuxi Municipality 15
1.5.2 Socioeconomic background of New District 16
1.5.3 Socioeconomic background of Binhu District 17
1.5.4 Socioeconomic background of Huishan District 18
1.5.5 Socioeconomic background survey of the affected towns/Xiangs 18
1.5.6 Women 20
1.5.7 Poor population 20
1.5.8 Ethnic minorities 21
1.5.9 Floating population 21
2 General introduction to social assessment 22
2.1 Tasks and objective of social assessment 22
2.2 Basis of social assessment 22
2.3 Main scope of work 23
2.4 Field survey process 23
2.5 Survey methodology 26
2.6 Social assessment methodology 27
2.7 Social assessment procedure 29
2.8 Social assessment staff 29
3 Stakeholder analysis 31
3.1 Identification of stakeholders 31
3.2 Analysis of key stakeholders 31
3.3 Analysis of impacts on stakeholders 34
3.4 Impacts of stakeholders on the Project 36
4 Project impact analysis 37
4.1 Affected population 37
4.1.1 Directly affected population 37
4.1.2 Temporarily affected population 41
4.2 Analysis of common impacts of the Changguangxi and Hongshan components 41
4.2.1 Impact analysis of replacement of land contracting and management rights 41
4.2.2 Impacts of house demolition 45
4.2.3 Impacts of enterprise relocation 54
4.2.4 Impacts on infrastructure, ground attachments and special facilities 55
4.2.5 Possible impacts of project construction 56
4.3 Analysis of common impacts of the Meiliang Lake and Huishan components 57
4.3.1 Impact analysis of temporary land occupation 57
4.3.2 Impacts of enterprise relocation 57
4.3.3 Analysis of possible environmental impacts during construction and operation 58
4.4 Project benefit analysis 60
4.4.1 Environmental benefits of the Project 60
4.4.2 Economic benefits 61
4.4.3 Social benefits 62
4.4.4 Other benefits 63
5 Mutual adaptability analysis between the Project and society 64
5.1 Economic support 64
5.2 Fusion between the Project and regional development 64
5.3 Consistency of policy purposes 65
5.4 Improving the environmental awareness of affected residents 65
6 Social risk management 66
6.1 Identification of social risks 66
6.1.1 Social risks of the Changguangxi and Hongshan components 66
6.1.2 Social risks of the Meiliang Lake component 74
6.1.3 Social risks of the Huishan component 74
6.1.4 Other risks 74
6.2 Risk aversion measures of the Project 75
6.2.1 Risk aversion measures of the Changguangxi and Hongshan components 75
6.2.2 Risk aversion measures of the Meiliang Lake and Huishan components 78
7 Analysis of participation of target groups 80
7.1 Objectives of participation 80
7.1.1 Improving farmers’ livelihoods 80
7.1.2 Buiding a public participation mechanism with equal opportunities 80
7.1.3 Fostering and improving the target groups’ sense of participation 81
7.2 Principles of participation 81
7.2.1 Principle of people orientation 81
7.2.2 Principle of extensive participation 81
7.2.3 Principle of priority for vulnerable groups 81
7.2.4 Principle of equal participation 81
7.2.5 Paying attention to the role of rural grass-root organizations 81
7.2.6 Respect for local knowledge and rural community elites 82
7.3 Significance of participation 82
7.3.1 Building the environmental awareness of residents 82
7.3.2 Fostering the capacity of the public to participate in the Project 82
7.3.3 Promoting community development 82
7.3.4 Protecting interests of vulnerable groups 82
7.4 Perspective of participation 82
7.5 Scope of participation 83
7.6 Methodology of participation 84
7.7 Process of participation 85
7.7.1 External preparation for public participation (village entry plan) 85
7.7.2 Planning of public participation 88
7.7.3 Implementation process of participation 90
7.8 Public participation survey 96
7.8.1 Basic composition of respondents 96
7.8.2 Public willingness and satisfaction survey 97
8 Institutional arrangements and monitoring 100
8.1 Institutional arrangements 100
8.2 Monitoring agency 101
8.3 Procedure and scope of monitoring 101
8.4 Monitoring indicators 103
9 Conclusion and suggestions 105
9.1 Conclusion 105
9.1.1 The Project will promote sustainable local economic and environmental development 105
9.1.2 A public participation system has taken shape 106
9.1.3 Employment risk for some 40th-50th people affected by the Changguangxi and Hongshan components 106
9.1.4 Double replacement will be easier to implement on the basis of adequate information disclosure 106
9.2 Suggestions 106
9.2.1 Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project 106
9.2.2 Proposed measures for the Changguangxi and Hongshan components 107
9.2.3 Suggestions for improving community management 108
9.2.4 Measures to alleviate environmental impacts 109
List of impacts, risks and risk aversion measures 110
Annex 1 Changguangxi and Hongshan components 110
Annex 2 Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project 111
Annex 3 Huishan WWTP (Phase 4) and Recycled Water Reuse (Phase 1) Project 111
Annex 4 Case of semi-structured interview 111
Annex 5 Case of open-ended interview 113
Annex 6 Flowchart of group interview 115
Annex 7 SWOT analysis of public participation of the Changguangxi and Hongshan components 116
Annex 8 Rankings of needs of displaced villagers 117
Annex 9 Seasonal activity calendar of villagers of Lianghong Village (by month) 118
List of Tables
Table 1-1 Basic information of the Project 3
Table 1-2 Impact factors of the components 5
Table 1-3 Policies and regulations on Taihu Lake management 8
Table 1-4 Impacts of the components 15
Table 1-5 2009 basic socioeconomic statistics of Wuxi Municipality 16
Table 1-6 2009 basic socioeconomic statistics of Binhu District, Wuxi 17
Table 1-7 basic socioeconomic statistics of Huishan District, Wuxi 18
Table 1-8 2009 basic socioeconomic statistics of the affected towns/Xiangs (sub-districts) 19
Table 1-9 Poverty in the affected areas 20
Table 2-1 Survey schedule of the Project 24
Table 2-2 Procedure and scope of social assessment 29
Table 2-3 Social assessment agencies and staffing 30
Table 3-1 List of stakeholders of the Project 31
Table 3-2 Demand analysis of stakeholders involved in the Project 33
Table 3-3 Implementing agencies of the components 34
Table 3-4 Analysis of impacts on stakeholders 34
Table 3-5 Impacts of stakeholders on the Project 36
Table 4-1 Statistics of directly affected population 37
Table 4-2 Statistics of temporarily affected population 41
Table 4-3 List of replacement of land contracting and management rights of the components 41
Table 4-4 Percentage of agricultural income to gross income 42
Table 4-5 Rural residential houses affected by the Project 45
Table 4-6 Concerns of different age groups and impacts of house demolition 48
Table 4-7 Detailed information of vulnerable groups 51
Table 4-8 Impact analysis of enterprise relocation 54
Table 4-9 Summary of affected attachments and special facilities 56
Table 4-10 Statistics of affected enterprises 57
Table 4-14 Distribution of residents around spoil grounds 59
Table 4-15 Tourist income of Wuxi Municipality in the past years 62
Table 5-1 Socioeconomic information of the affected areas 64
Table 6-1 Comparison of family income and expenditure before and after relocation 68
Table 6-2 Risk analysis of enterprise relocation 69
Table 6-3 Risk analysis of resettlement communities by category 70
Table 6-4 Risk analysis of community management 72
Table 6-5 Survey of villagers’ needs for resettlement communities 73
Table 7-1 Summary of methods and procedures of participation 84
Table 8-1 Information of the implementing agencies of the components 101
Table 8-2 Social risks of the Project—risk aversion measures—participation plan—implementation—monitoring 104
List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Map of the Taihu Lake watershed 3
Figure 1-2 Schematic map of the Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project 13
Figure 1-3 Schematic map of the Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project 14
Figure 1-4 Schematic map of the Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project 15
Figure 1-5 Schematic map of the components 19
Figure 4-1 Percentage of agricultural income to gross income 42
Figure 4-2 Houses on rural old housing sites rented by migrant population 53
Figure 4-3 Real views of the case-study enterprise 55
Figure 4-4 Real views of the Lianghong component (Phase 1) 61
Figure 4-5 Garbage around rural houses in Hongshan Town 61
Figure 4-6 Growth of percentage of tourist income to GDP in past years 62
Figure 6-1 Flowchart of identification of social risks of the Project 66
Figure 6-2 Exterior view of plant buildings in the Hongshan Industrial Resettlement Zone in New District, Wuxi 69
Figure 6-3 Real view of completed plant building in the Hudai Industrial Park 69
Figure 6-4 Fangquan Garden resettlement community for the Changguangxi component Figure 6-5 Xianhe Garden resettlement community for the Changguangxi component 71
Figure 6-6 Hongyun Garden resettlement community for the Hongshan component Figure 6-7 Hongtai Garden resettlement community for the Hongshan component 71
Figure 6-8 School and commercial street near a resettlement community for the Hongshan component 75
Figure 7-1 Flowchart of public participation 85
Figure 8-1 Organizational chart 101
Figure 9-1 Schematic diagram of objectives of Taihua Lake integrated environmental management 105
Foreword
The Wuxi Municipal Finance Bureau applied for a loan with the World Bank (WB) together with the relevant implementing agencies of New District and Binhu District to implement the Wuxi Taihu Lake Integrated Environmental Management Project (hereinafter referred to as the “Project”) in order to improve the aquatic environment of Taihu Lake, promote the new round of integrated aquatic environment management of Taihu Lake, and expand sources of finance of the Project.
In the Project, necessary scenic spots and water-soil conservation works will be constructed, and rural non-point pollution control and wetland rehabilitation will be carried out around Taihu Lake in light of the requirements for urban construction, socialist new countryside building and ecological environment improvement to create favorable conditions for building a harmonious society and a beautiful urban environment.
WB is particularly concerned about the effectiveness of projects funded by it in terms of poverty reduction, environmental improvement and protection, public participation, gender equality, vulnerable group protection and employment promotion. According to WB policies, its projects should not result in new poverty, reduction in the standard of living of those affected, and destroy the ecological environment; its projects should be implemented in a fair manner so that the interests of the people within the affected areas are not infringed on while the target groups are benefited, the environment of the affected areas is improved, employment is increased and livelihoods of vulnerable groups are improved. A social assessment (SA) is necessary for the Project as required by WB. The National Research Center for Resettlement, Hohai University was entrusted by the executing agency of the Project to undertake the social assessment task of the Project. The SA Team of the World Bank Financed Wuxi Taihu Lake Integrated Environmental Management Project was established in April 2009 to conduct the SA work of the Project in accordance with the WB operational principles and the WB experts’ requirements for the SA of the Project, and by reference to the opinions of the expert panel at the technical preparation stage of the Project.
The SA Team drafted the terms of reference, report outline, questionnaire and interview outline from late April to early June 2009. After the technical route and the terms of reference were approved by WB, the SA Team conducted field investigation, data collection, questionnaire survey and interview of the components many times from May 2009 to March 2010 based on the variations of the components of the Project to solicit opinions, inputs and requirements for the Project from all affected institutions, enterprises, households, beneficiaries and implementing agencies in the affected areas extensively.
On June 30, 2009, the first draft of the SA Report was submitted for the first preparatory mission; on December 13, 2009, the first draft of the revised SA Report was submitted for the second preparatory mission. From December 2009 to March 2010, the SA Report was revised again according to the field investigation of the second preparatory mission of WB; during April-May 2009, this SA Report (evaluated version) was created based on the pre-evaluation opinions and requirements of WB and the latest variations of the Project.
Acknowledgement goes to WB exports, the director of the municipal PMO, the project design agency, the preparing agency of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report, the implementing agencies of the components, the affected towns (sub-districts) and village teams, and representatives of affected villagers, who offered great support during the preparation of this report.
Background of the Project
1.1 Introduction to the Taihu Lake Watershed
The Taihu Lake watershed is located in the south rim of the Yangtze River Delta, with a total area of 36,900 square kilometers and a population of about 30 million, covering two provinces and one city. Thanks to favorable natural conditions, convenient land and water transport facilities, good basic conditions for agricultural production, advanced industrial development, strong economic base, high population density and labor quality, strong technological strength, well-informed market information and better infrastructure and investment environment, it is one of the main coastal open regions of China and one of the largest comprehensive industrial bases of China.
The Taihu Lake watershed is a water branch system which centers on the Taihu Lake in the most downstream of the Yangtze River and takes the Huangpu River as its main draining river. See Figure 1-1 for the Taihu Lake watershed. The watershed is east to the Tianmu Mountain and the Maoshan structure, south to the mouth of the Yangtze River, east to the Donghai Sea and north to the Hangzhou Bay. The watershed covers an area of 36,900km2, and its administrative map includes the southern region of Jiangsu Province, Jiaxing City and Huzhou City in Zhejiang Province, some regions of Hangzhou City and most regions of Shanghai Municipality. Wherein, Jiangsu Province accounts for 53%, Zhejiang Province 33.4%, Shanghai Municipality 13.5% and Anhui Province 0.1%.
Since the 1990s, the population concentration in the Taihu Lake watershed has being increasing and urban expansion has been underway, which, on the one hand, promotes rapid economic development, however, on the other hand, has also brought negative impact since the amount of agricultural, domestic and industrial wastes increased and the water quality of Taihu Lake has been seriously affected. Governments of various levels in China have endeavored to carry out water pollution control work, continuously strengthened water pollution treatment and obtained some achievements. However, the worsening trend of water environment has not been effectively controlled.
At the end of May, 2007, blue algae broke out in the Taihu Lake, causing water pollution in Wuxi Municipality, seriously affecting the normal life of nearly one million of residents, attracting the wide attention of the society. State leaders have attached great importance to the impact of blue algae of the Taihu Lake on the living of the residents and required the National Development and Reform Commission to take the lead so as to enhance comprehensive control and management and make research to propose specific proposals and measures. In January, 2009, the State Development and Reform Commission officially issued Overall Plan for Integrated Treatment of Water Environment in the Taihu Lake Watershed, followed by Implementation Plan for Integrated Treatment of Water Environment in the Taihu Lake Watershed of Jiangsu Province and Implementation Plan for Integrated Treatment of Water Environment in the Taihu Lake Watershed of Wuxi Municipality in succession. The integrated treatment of water environment in the Taihu lake watershed of new round is carried out in an overall manner.
[pic]
Figure 1-1 Map of Taihu Lake Watershed
1.2 Components of the Project and Impact Evaluation
1.2.1 Components of the Project
The Project mainly includes 5 components which are as follows.
Component 1 is the Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project. The component mainly involves Binhu District. The project occupies an area of 143.7 hectares and aims at, through engineering measures such as surface flow and subsurface flow wetland projects, wetland arrangement and water system communication engineering, wetland ecological restoration projects and wetland wildlife habitat restoration, enhancing water environmental bearing capacity, reducing pollution load into the lake, improving water quality and the regional ecological quality and biodiversity, protecting drinking water safety and ultimately restoring of ecological wetland functions of Changguangxi so as to allow runoff water to be purified by the wetland.
Component 2 is the Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project of Hongshan’s Million Hectares of Fertile Farmland. This component mainly covers 6 administrative villages of Hongshan Town. Comprehensive planning and integrated treatment of this project area is carried out. Comprehensive supporting facilities of ditches are formed and perfect irrigation and drainage system and complete and convenient road system are established after the demolition of houses. Comprehensive supporting facilities of farmland irrigation are constructed to enhance the irrigation and drainage functions of farmland irrigation facilities; reasonable layout of farmland road and production road in this project area is realized to meet the need of mechanical production and agricultural product transport; the agricultural production condition and ecological environment of this project and farmland quality are improved, and the sustainable utilization of land resource is promoted; through land arrangement, scale, centralized and industrialized operation of land is promoted and the optimal allocation of land resource is realized.
Component 3 is the Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project. The component mainly covers Binhu District of Wuxi Municipality. Ecological dredging is carried out to the polluted sediment of the Meiliang Lake area of Wuxi Municipality so as to effectively reduce the source pollution of sediment, improve the water qualify of the lake and benthic environment and facilitate the restoration of aquatic ecosystems.
Component 4 is the Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant (Phase 4) and Recycled Water Reuse (Phase 1) Project. Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant is located in the Hujiadu Village on the north bank of the Grand Canal in Wuxi in the southwest part of Huishan District. Its current scale reaches 50,000m3/d, plus 25,000m3/d enlarged by the project of Phase 4, and thus its total scale reaches 75,000m3/d so as to meet the sewage disposal requirement within water receiving range. The total scale of the Recycled Water Reuse Project of the wastewater treatment plant reaches 60,000m3/d, and the scale of the Recycled Water Reuse Project of Phase 1 is 15,000m3/d. Meanwhile, newly built recycling pipe network reaches 29,915 meters. The land acquisition area of this project reaches 152,420m2 (228.63 mu). It is proposed that the construction of the project will be carried out on the reserved land of the current plant area, so it is unnecessary to add new land for construction. Recently, the reserved land of the plant is idle land without any building or ancillary facility, so it can be directly used for the project of Phase 4.
Component 5 is Taihu Lake Environmental Management Capacity Building and Support for Project Implementation. The component mainly covers various relevant units, carrying out management capability training and project management capability of relevant units through Component 4. Besides, it also includes project execution capability building training and agricultural pollution treatment and environment management capability building organized by community to enhance the water environment management capability and the management capability of the project of Wuxi Municipality.
See Table 1-1 for the construction content of each component.
Table 1-1 Basic Information of the Project
|No. |Components |Content of project |Construction unit |
|1 |Changguangxi Ecological |Surface flow and under flow wet land project |Wuxi Chengkai Investment |
| |Wetland Rehabilitation Project| |Development Company |
| | |Wet land systemization and water system connection project | |
| | |Wet land habitat restoration project | |
| | |Wet land creature shelter restoration project | |
| | |Subsidiary support project | |
|2 |Non-point Pollution Control |Agricultural non-point pollution control system |Wuxi Wu Culture Exposition |
| |Demonstration Zone Project of | |Park Construction Development|
| |Hongshan’s Million Hectares of| |Co., Ltd. |
| |Fertile Farmland | | |
| | |Separate solid waste collection system of rural area | |
| | |Ecological river restoration | |
| | |Capacity construction and construction evaluation | |
|3 |Meiliang Lake Key Areas |Heavy pollution sediment of surface deposit within dredging project |Wuxi Water Resources Bureau |
| |Ecological Dredging Project | | |
| | |Establishment of four sludge disposal areas (Kongwan and Baimao No.1,| |
| | |No.2 and No.3) and one temporary stabilized soil storage (Hongwang) | |
| | |Fluid mud concretion and treatment | |
|4 |The Huishan Wastewater |Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant with an expansion scale of 25,000 |Wuxi Huishan Water Treatment |
| |Treatment Plant (Phase 4) and |m3/d |Co., Ltd. |
| |Recycled Water Reuse (Phase 1)| | |
| |Project | | |
| | |Recycled water reuse project with scale of 15,000 m3/d | |
| | |Recycled water reuse sewer network project with sewer length of 2530m| |
| | |and sewer diameter of DN150-DN600 | |
|5 |Taihu Lake Environmental |Comprehensive management capacity training |Relevant agencies of the |
|1 |Management Capacity Building | |project in the charge of |
| |and Support for Project | |Finance Bureau lead by the |
| |Implementation | |Municipal People’s Government|
| | |Water environment quality supervision capacity building | |
| | |Ecological dredging project and water volume monitoring capacity | |
| | |building of Water Resources Bureau | |
| | |Wet land monitoring capacity building of Agriculture and Forestry | |
| | |Bureau | |
| | |Environmental management strategies research capacity building of | |
| | |Wuxi Municipal Development and Reform Commission | |
| | |Building management and project implementation capacity building of | |
| | |the PMO | |
| | |Operation management capacity building of construction unit | |
| | |Agricultural pollution control and environmental management capacity | |
| | |building with communities participation | |
1.2.2 Overview of Social Impacts of the Project
Taihu Lake watershed extends across Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, Shanghai Municipality and Anhui Province and occupies an area of 36,500m2, wherein Jiangsu accounts for 52.5%. There are 37 big and medium cities and county-level cities in the watershed.
The areas benefiting from the Project include the areas around the Taihu Lake watershed, especially New District, Binhu District and Huishan District.
The impact factors of each component are as follows. See Table 1-2 for the main impact factors and content of each component and specific analysis of each impact factor will be introduced in Chapter IV.
Table 1-2 Impact Factors of the Components
|Project name |Impact factor |Object of impact |Content of impact |Common impact factor |Common impact content|
| |Impact of house demolition |1. Villagers whose houses are demolished. |They are forced to Leave hometown and adapt to new environment in terms of | | |
| | |2. Migrant population renting houses in rural|thinking and behavior modes. | | |
| | |areas | | | |
| |Impact of enterprise |1. All employees (including migrant |1. Facing reemployment and possibly having the risk of losing job | | |
| |relocation |population) of the enterprises relocated |2. Increase of enterprise’s production operation cost | | |
| | |2. Enterprise legal person | | | |
|Hongshan Rural |Impact of replacement of |Villagers losing land management rights |Loss of land and increase of partial basic living expense | | |
|Non-point Pollution |collective land contracting | | | | |
|Control Demonstration|and management rights | | | | |
|Zone Project | | | | | |
| |Impact of house demolition |1. Villagers whose houses are demolished. |They are forced to leave hometown and adapt to new environment in terms of | | |
| | |2. Migrant population renting houses in rural|thinking and behavior modes. | | |
| | |areas | | | |
| |Impact of enterprise |1. All employees (including migrant |1. Facing reemployment and possibly having the risk of losing job | | |
| |relocation |population) of the enterprises relocated |2. Increase of enterprise’s production operation cost | | |
| | |2. Enterprise legal person | | | |
|Meiliang Lake Key |Impact of land temporarily |Contracting villagers of land temporarily |1. Collective land contractors suffer economic loss since they cannot carry out | | |
|Areas Ecological |occupied |occupied |plantation during the land occupation period. | | |
|Dredging Project | | |2. The quality of land after use is lower than that of land before use. | | |
| |Impact of project operation |Villagers of villages affected by the project|Smelly odor of sludge and discharge of sludge wastewater towards near ditches will| | |
| |(impact of odor, wastewater | |affect the living environment of villagers in the project area. | | |
| |and noise) | | | | |
|Huishan Wastewater |Impact of project operation |Villagers of villages affected by the project|Wastewater and sludge recycled during operation possibly produce odor pollution | | |
|Treatment Plant |(impact of odor and | |and affect the living quality of public space of villagers nearby. | | |
|(Phase 4) and |wastewater) | | | | |
|Recycled Water Reuse | | | | | |
|(Phase 1) Project | | | | | |
1.3 Blue Algae Event and “Environmental Protection Action” Package
In the winter and spring of 2007, the intensity of the northern cold air was relatively low and by north, which caused the abnormal climate in Wuxi Municipality. The temperature had continuously hit a record high and the precipitation was relatively low, and the wind direction was changed ahead of time which caused rich overwinter blue algae in Taihu Lake and the recovery and reproduction was earlier than expected. Simultaneously water eutrophication occurred in Taihu Lake. The various elements all contributed to the outburst of the blue algae in Taihu Lake. And because of the prevailing of the southeastern wind southerly, and Wuxi Municipality located in the north of Taihu Lake was firstly affected and the Meiliang Lake and Gong Lake, where the source region of tap water of Wuxi Municipality is located, became the area most seriously affected by blue algae. From May 29th, peculiar smell occurred in the tap water supplied to Wuxi Municipality, which seriously affected the normal life of the urban citizens. Various effective counter-measures were adopted by the municipal Party committee and the municipal government in time and in June, 1st, the quality of tap water in Wuxi Municipality was improved. In the subsequent summer and autumn, the temperature was raised continuously and large-scale blue algae bloom occurred in the central and north part of the Taihu Lake for several times. Even till December, blue algae bloom still occurred in Taihu Lake, but because the prevailing wind had been changed into north wind, the algae bloom occurred by north and caused relatively little impact on the water source of Wuxi Municipality.
“The outburst of the blue algae in Wuxi Municipality was caused by both natural factors and human factors.” After the blue algae event, the deputy-director of State Environmental Protection Administration, Zhang Lijun expressed, in the news release conference held by the Information Office of the State Council, which Taihu Lake was presenting a whole-lake eutrophication trend, but the State Environmental Protection Administration would endeavor to conduct the pollution prevention for Taihu Lake watershed. As Zhang Lijun had pointed out, from the perspective of natural element, the water level of Taihu in this year was lower than that of the past years. Additionally, warm winter occurred in 2006 and in April, 2007, the temperature of Wuxi was about 20 ℃, which was suitable for the growing of blue algae. Simultaneously, he acknowledged that human factor was also a big cause which could be shown by the relatively high nitrogen and phosphor concentration in the Taihu Lake.
In order to stress the importance of and execute the governing over the water environment of the Taihu Lake fundamentally, from the central government to the local governments, the department began to issue a series of policies and measures to realize the long-term planning and regulating of the Taihu Lake Watershed. See Table 1-3 for details. As can be seen from the table, no matter the central or the local government began to pay more attention on the regulation of the Taihu Lake after the “Blue Algae Event”.
This project conformed to the general planning object of the State, Jiangsu Province and Wuxi Municipality, which will promote the environmental protection in Taihu Lake Watershed. By Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation in the area surrounding Taihu Lake, key areas’ ecological dredging, integrated treatment of rural non-point pollution, the building of ecological environment comprehensive capacity to reduce the pollution load of Taihu Lake, restore biodiversity, improve water quality of Taihu Lake to protect the lake drinking water safety of residents and improve the quality of life of residents along the lake and also to further improve the living standards of residents. Simultaneously, effective integrated treatment system of rural non-point pollution shall be executed to reduce the pollution of the surface on the surrounding water system and the water in Taihu Lake; low-pollution agricultural technology service center shall be established for advertising, managing and technical support for low-pollution agricultural production activities for strengthening the environmental consciousness of the residents; the exemplary role of the demonstration zone shall be exerted.
Table 1-3 Policies and Regulations on Taihu Lake Management
|Schemes or policies |Issuing unit |Issuing time, |Sphere of |Content of policy |Policy objective |
| | |Implementation time |application | | |
|General Plan for |National |2007.5 |The surrounding |Water environment integrated control, |Setting the safety of the|
|Integrated Aquatic |Development and | |provinces and |pollution control over key and general |drinking water as the |
|Environment |Reform Committee, | |cities of Taihu |area, budgetary estimates, management |prior objective and the |
|Management of the |relevant ministries| |Lake Watershed |system and security system |sewage control and |
|Taihu Lake Watershed |and commissions of | | | |emission reduction, |
| |State Council | | | |ecological rehabilitation|
| |(China), China | | | |and increase of |
| |International | | | |environmental capacity as|
| |Engineering | | | |the key treatment point |
| |Consulting Company.| | | | |
|Working Plan of |Jiangsu Provincial |2007.7.4 |The area |Sewage treatment, surface water |The rehabilitation of the|
|Jiangsu Province on |Government |2008.1.1 |surrounding |treatment, diversion and water-control,|natural beauty in Taihu |
|Water Pollution | | |Taihu Lake in |ecological rehabilitation, innovation |area and establishing of |
|Control of Taihu Lake| | |Jiangsu Province|mechanism. |the local pollution |
| | | | | |emission standard more |
| | | | | |strict than the state |
| | | | | |requirement for |
| | | | | |industries such as the |
| | | | | |sewage treatment industry|
| | | | | |in the towns in Taihu |
| | | | | |District, the dyeing and |
| | | | | |finishing industry and |
| | | | | |chemical industry. |
|Regulations of |Standing Committee |2007.9.27 |Taihu Lake |Putting prevention first, combining |Strengthening the |
|Jiangsu Province on |of Zhejiang |2008.6.5 |Watershed within|prevention with control, unified |pollution prevention in |
|Water Pollution |Provincial People's| |Jiangsu Province|planning and comprehensive treatment, |Taihu Lake, protecting |
|Control of Taihu Lake|Congress | | |establishing strict environmental |and improving the water |
| | | | |standards, adopting strict managing |quality of Taihu Lake, |
| | | | |method, establishing tight supervising |ensuring the safety of |
| | | | |system, effectively prevent industrial |the drinking water and |
| | | | |pollution, domestic pollution and |human health, promoting |
| | | | |widespread pollution from the overuse |the coordinated |
| | | | |of fertilizers and pesticides in rural |development of economy, |
| | | | |area, controlling and reducing |society and environment. |
| | | | |eutrophication in Taihu Lake and | |
| | | | |promoting the fundamental improvement | |
| | | | |of the water quality of Taihu Lake. | |
|Regulations of Wuxi |Standing Committee |1997.8.29 |Wuxi |Putting prevention first, combining |Controlling the water |
|Municipality on |of Wuxi Municipal | |Municipality |prevention with control, controlling |pollution in Wuxi |
|Aquatic Environment |People's Congress | | |the headwaters, comprehensive treatment|Municipality |
|Protection | | | |and the principle of holding those who | |
| | | | |cause pollution responsible for | |
| | | | |cleansing up and holding those who | |
| | | | |develop responsible for protection, | |
| | | | |gradually execute the control over the | |
| | | | |total pollution emission quantity and | |
| | | | |executing the pollutant discharging | |
| | | | |license system | |
1.3.1 General Plan for Integrated Aquatic Environment Management of the Taihu Lake Watershed
Although the pollution control has been conducted in Taihu Lake for several years, the water environment in Taihu Lake has not been fundamentally improved. After the blue algae event in Taihu Lake at the end of May, 2007, the National Development and Reform Committee compiled General Plan for Integrated Aquatic Environment Management of the Taihu Lake Watershed (General Plan in the following part), together with relevant ministries and commissions, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai and China International Engineering Consulting Co. pointed out that the recent (2012) management goal was to improve the average water quality in Taihu Lake from below-V in 2005 to V in 2012，raise the water quality in the waters in the east coast from V to IV and stop the deterioration trend of eutrophication. The water quality in main drinking water source and its main water transmission riverway reach III category; in a long term (2020), the water in Taihu Lake will be evaluated to be improved from V category in 2012 to IV category, and some parts of the waters will reach III category and the deterioration trend of the lake water eutrophication will be controlled and improved, from medium eutrophication level to light-medium eutrophication level.
In order to stress the important point and to better realize the goal and task of comprehensively control over the water environment in Taihu Lake Watershed, General Plan in total arranges ten categories with 770 projects such as drinking water security project and ecological rehabilitation project. General Plan for Integrated Aquatic Environment Management of the Taihu Lake Watershed has confirmed the range of comprehensive treatment area: the 4 cities of Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Zhenjiang in Jiangsu with totally 30 counties (cities, districts), the 3 cities of Huzhou, Jiaxing and Hangzhou in Zhejiang with totally 20 counties (cities, districts), the Liantang Town, Jiangze Town and Zhujiajiao Town in Qingpu District in Shanghai, with a total area of 31,800 km2. Considering the tough task, heavy investment and wide range of the comprehensive treatment of water environment in Taihu Lake Watershed, and in accordance with the pollution level of drinking water source, the main Taihu Lake body and the rivers entering the lake, the General Plan also select the key treatment zone, including 22 counties (cities, districts) in Jiangsu, 10 counties (cities, districts) in Zhejiang, 3 towns in Shanghai, with a total area of 19,600 km2, covering 61.64% of the total comprehensive treatment zone. The General Plan will be executed in two stages, the recent stage from 2007 to 2012 and the future stage from 2013 to 2020, with the base year of 2005.
1.3.2 Working Plan of Jiangsu Province on Water Pollution Control of Taihu Lake
At the end of May, 2007, a large-scale blue algae event broken out in advance, causing water supply risk in Wuxi Municipality, which attracted the attention of Jiangsu Provincial Party committee and government, and in July, 4th, the standing meeting of the provincial government passed the Working Plan of Jiangsu Province on Water Pollution Control of Taihu Lake in principle, determining the aspects such as the general objects, the main task, the action plan, the policy measures and responsibilities for Taihu Lake pollution control.
The Implementation Plan for Integrated Treatment of Water Environment in the Taihu Lake Watershed of Jiangsu Province is a guiding document compiled in accordance with the requirements in Overall Plan for Integrated Treatment of Water Environment in the Taihu Lake Watershed, aiming at further making clear and detailing the treatment task and measures pointed out in the Overall Plan, comprehensively carrying out the general plan of Jiangsu Provincial Party committee and government on Taihu Lake pollution control, smoothly conducting the Taihu Lake pollution control work and comprehensively realizing the goal of Taihu Lake pollution control work.
The total investment on the key project of this plan is 108.31 billion yuan, wherein 58.374 billion yuan has been listed into the state general plan. The Wuxi project requires 25.995 billion yuan, the Suzhou project 34.208 billion yuan, Changzhou project 14.913 billion yuan, Zhenjiang project 5.996 billion yuan, Nanjing project 1.015 billion yuan, and cross-administrative district project 26.183 billion yuan.
1.3.3 Special Plan of Wuxi Municipality for Integrated Aquatic Environment Management of Taihu Lake
In accordance with the Regulations of Jiangsu Province on Water Pollution Control of Taihu Lake issued by Jiangsu Province in September, 2007, Wuxi Municipality established the Special Plan of Wuxi Municipality for Integrated Aquatic Environment Management of Taihu Lake, with the plan range of all administrative regions under the jurisdiction of Wuxi Municipality including such 7 Districts as Chong’an, Nanchang, Beitang, Xishan, Huishan, Binhu and New Districts and such 2 county-level cities as Jiangyin and Yixing. The area of the plan area is 4787.61 km2, among which the water area is 1502km2.
1.3.4 Decision of Wuxi Municipality on Carrying out the “6699” Action for Taihu Lake Management and Water Source Conservation with All Efforts
In 2007, after the blue algae event in Wuxi Municipality, in order to protect and reconstruct the ecological environment in Taihu Lake Watershed and to ensure the safety of water for living and production in urban and rural part of Wuxi Municipality, the standing committee of Wuxi Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government determined after study to comprehensively organize execution of the “6699” Action for Taihu Lake management and water source conservation. This document set the goal as renovating water environment, restraining water pollution, protecting water source, rebuilding water ecology and ensuring water safety, and required the carrying out of various measures including the 9 water source cleaning projects as soon as possible. This Action included “6 emergency countermeasures”, “6 working mechanisms”, “9 water source cleaning projects”, “9 pollution prevention measures”, preventing any action of harming water of Taihu Lake from the headwater and ensuring the quality of drinking water in Wuxi Municipality and health of the residents, to well manage Taihu Lake from the strategy, and to ensure the completion of national water-saving city and ecological city group by 2010. The 9 pollution prevention measures mentioned are:
(1) Closing the below-scale chemical manufacturing enterprises;
(2) Making clear and strictly execute the standard matching in the blockage and dirt blockage in the drain and in the section of the water function zone;
(3) Renovating and banning all ships and the surrounding management places that directly discharge pollution into Taihu Lake;
(4) Collective treatment of the domestic sewage in all towns/xiangs and collective collection and treatment of the domestic garbage in rural area;
(5) Removing the beasts and birds farms, the below-scale industrial enterprises and village and traditional crop cultivation and aquaculture inside the Taihu Lake First-grade Protection Zone;
(6) Prohibiting the building of projects needing discharging of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants and limiting the total emission of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants;
(7) Comprehensively carrying out the denitrification and dephophorization of tail water and recycling of industrial and domestic sewage in the domestic sewage treatment plant;
(8) Comprehensively carrying out the recycling of industrial and domestic sewage in Shanjunzhang Mountain, Daxiaoji Mountain, Zhongdu Mountain, Chong Mountain and Ma Mountain;
(9) Canceling the behaviors such as fixing the fishing gear, angling and swimming and fishing in fishing banning period;
In order to ensuring that the “6699” Action can achieve the anticipative effect, the Wuxi Municipal Committee and Government also established detailed protection measures, firstly establishing and perfecting the leadership system and work progress mechanism, secondly depending largely on the experts for scientific water control, thirdly increasing financial support and multiple input for Taihu Lake management and fourthly conducting the assessment over the objective and responsibility of various work strictly.
1.3.5 Circular of Working Opinions on Strengthening Aquatic Environment Protection of Key Lakes
This circular was issued by the General Office of the State Council in January, 12th, 2008. This circular pointed out that in order to rehabilitate the natural beauty in the key lake area, it is necessary to strengthen the urban domestic sewage treatment, to control the rural domestic pollution and non-point pollution, to reduce the pollution load inside the lake and to strengthen ecological protection and rehabilitation.
Strengthen the urban domestic sewage treatment: the newly-built, under-construction and built sewage treatment plant have to be provided with denitrification and dephophorization facilities to ensure the outlet water to be up the first-grade standard; the construction of sewage treatment plants, sewage recycling and sludge treatment facilities has to be arranged in coordination; the construction of assorted pipe network shall be strengthened and the rain water and sewage separation system in the water discharging pipe network shall be improved or perfected.
Controlling the rural domestic pollution and non-point pollution: the rural sewage and garbage pollution control shall be conducted by the local people's government in the key lake watershed; beasts and birds raising district shall be scientifically planned and the guano of beasts and birds shall be comprehensively utilized to ensure the emission up to standard; development of agricultural clean production shall be developed and the use of biological pesticide or effective, low-toxicity and low-residual farm chemical shall be promoted.
Reduce the pollution load inside the lake: eco-dredging of substrate sludge shall be conducted designedly in the key lake; the purse-seining aquiculture and fertile water aquiculture in the breeding banning zone in the lake of “three lake” (Taihu Lake, Caohu Lake and Dianchi Lake) watershed.
Strengthen ecological protection and rehabilitation: the lake water resource shall be developed rationally to ensure ecological water usage; the self-purification capacity of ht water shall be reinforced; the carrying out of the lake wetland protection and rehabilitation project shall put as the priority. The ecological system in the watershed shall be rehabilitated by adopting measures such as biological control, breeding filter-feeding fishes and transplanting of bottom dweller; the construction and protection of the ecological green belts such as ecological lakefront and water source conservation forest shall be strengthened. The main river courses and river mouths leading to the lake shall be comprehensively controlled and ecological rehabilitation shall be executed.
1.3.6 Regulations of Jiangsu Province on Water Pollution Control of Taihu Lake
This Regulation came into force from June, 5th, 2008. In accordance with this Regulation, the water conservancy construction in Taihu Lake watershed shall be strengthened; the water conservancy facilities shall be dispatched rationally; the water exchange process in Taihu Lake shall be hastened; the ecological dredging shall be conducted designedly; the bank-protecting forest and vegetation shall be planted; the environmental capacity of the Taihu Lake shall be expanded; the self-purification capacity of the water network of the watershed shall be strengthened; the protection and rehabilitation of the ecological function of Taihu Lake shall be strengthened by the local people’s governments in Taihu Lake Watershed; the measures such as canceling of plough, fishing and bleeding and returning of forest, river and wetland shall be conducted with measured strokes; the ecological protection belt and separation belt shall be constructed and the ecological safety in Taihu Lake shall be maintained.
1.3.7 Measures of Wuxi Municipality for the Conservation of Drinking Water Sources
These Measures came into force from June, 5th, 2008. In accordance with these measures, the water administration authorities shall be in charge of the unified supervision and management of the drinking water resource. The water administration authorities shall be in charge of the execution of water licensing within the protection zone, being in charge of the supervision over the water volume in the drinking water source and the river courses leading to the lake (reservoir and river) and reporting the hydrology prediction of the protection zone to the society, being in charge of water transferring and spreading and improving of the water quality of drinking water source, being responsible for the ecological dredging inside the protection zone and punishing the illegal activities such as inning in the watershed and changing the dam function without authority, being responsible for formulating protection plan for the drinking water source together with the administrative responsible institutions for environmental protection and water supply, being in charge of supporting the conducting of water quality supervision done by the administrative responsible institutions for environmental protection and ratifying the filth accommodating capacity of the watershed in the water environment(function) compartment and presenting the opinion of limiting the total pollution discharging volume to the administrative responsible institutions for environmental protection.
1.3.8 Regulations of Wuxi Municipality on Aquatic Environment Protection
This Regulation came into force from December, 1st, 2008. According to this Regulation, the following ecological environment management work shall be organized and conducted by local people’s governments:
Promote the protection and rehabilitation of the ecological function of water environment: canceling of plough, fishing and bleeding and regaining of forest, river and wetland shall be conducted designedly and with measured strokes; the construction of water source conservation, wetland protection and ecological isolation belt shall be strengthened; several measures shall be adopted to increase the on-spot permeating storage and to reduce surface runoff; the effective blue-algae refloatation system shall be established; forest planting and planting in the cave mouth shall be conducted to raise the forest coverage rate.
Hasten the infrastructure construction in urban and rural environment: the object of completely covering of sewage pipe network in the town shall be realized and the covering surface of the rural sewage pipe network shall be expanded; the rural domestic garbage collective transport system shall be constructed and perfected; the garbage collecting and treatment work shall be strengthened, and the transforming and innocent treatment of the salvaged material such as excrement and garbage shall be promoted.
Increase the effort on pollution blockage for the urban and rural domestic sewage: the construction standard of the sewage treatment facilities shall be raised; the sewage shall be blocked in the coverage area of the pipe network; the rural sewage treatment work shall be hastened and rural sewage purification treatment pattern shall be introduced in those areas that can hardly be covered by the sewage pipe network and the construction of small-scale sewage treatment facilities shall be encouraged; the publicizing of the harm that washing articles will do to the water environment and supervision of the market of washing articles shall be strengthened.
Hasten water exchange, improving self-purification capacity and expanding water environmental capacity: the measure of water transferring and spreading shall be actively adopted and the construction of clean water passage and special tail-water passage shall be hastened; the dredging project shall be comprehensively carried out to dredge up the river way; ecological construction of bulkheads shall be promoted to clean up the sludge in the river and lake; the water blockage project or barrier blocking the water shall be removed and the hydrographic net shall be connected to improve the free-flowing of the water system.
Develop ecological agriculture and strictly controlling the agricultural non-point pollution: the livestock and poultry breeding industries shall be planned in integration; the fertilizer and farming chemical shall be used properly and the organic fertilizer shall be given priority; new fertilization and agricultural combined prophylactico-therapeutic measures shall be promoted actively.
1.4 Project Impact
1.4.1 Beneficiary Areas
The Taihu Lake watershed extends across Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, Shanghai Municipality and Anhui Province and occupies an area of 36,500km2, wherein Jiangsu accounts for 52.5%. There are 37 big and medium cities and county-level cities in the watershed.
The beneficiary areas include the areas around the Taihu Lake watershed, especially New District and Binhu District.
Wuxi Municipality is the municipality directly under the central government in Jiangsu Province. It is an important part of the Taihu Lake watershed, located in the lake corridor of Yangtze River Delta and the southeast region of Jiangsu Province. It has predominant geological location since it is on the east to Suzhou, with a distance of 128 kilometers from Shanghai, to the north of the Taihu Lake bordering upon Zhejiang province, to the east of Changzhou, with distance of 183 kilometers from Nanjing, and south to Yangtze River, facing Jingjiang City directly under the jurisdiction of Taizhou City.
The Project benefits the entire beneficiary areas with more obvious social benefits, environmental benefits and certain economic benefits. The Project is engaged in the restoration of ecological wetlands, key areas’ ecological dredging, integrated treatment of the pollution in rural areas, the ecological environment comprehensive capacity building to reduce the pollution load of the Taihu Lake, restore biodiversity, improve water quality of the Taihu Lake to protect the lake drinking water safety of residents and improve the quality of life of residents along the lake and also to further improve the living standards of residents in Wuxi Municipality, so it benefits the physical and mental health of urban residents, enhances the image of Wuxi Municipality, further improves the investment and tourism environment and is conducive to economic development and social progress of Wuxi Municipality.
1.4.2 Project Impact Areas and Impact
The affected areas of the Project are Binhu District, New District and Huishan District of Wuxi Municipality. New District covers the 6 administrative villages in Hongshan Town and Binhu District covers 2 towns and 6 administrative villages, so New District covers 3 towns and 12 administrative villages in total, while Huishan District only covers one administrative village. Only land double replacement and temporary land occupation, but no land acquisition is involved in the Project; while the Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project covers temporary land occupation.
1. Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project
This project is located in the south of Changchuangxi and connected with the Qingyuan Road in the south of the Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project (Phase 1) in the north and Renzi Harbor in the outlet (inlet) of Changguangxi in the south, with a total length from south to north of about 4.5km and total project area of about 143.7ha. For administrative area, the Project mainly affects the Gedai Community and Wangxi Village of Xuelang Subdistrict of Taihu Lake Tourist and Holiday Resort, and Ren Port and Yucun Village of Binhu Subdistrict. Refer to schematic map of Figure1-2 for detailed impact range.
This project covers replacement of land contracting and management rights and demolition of residential houses and enterprise relocation, mainly covering Gedai Community, Wangxi Village administered by Xuelang Subdistrict and Rengang Village and Yucun Village administered by Binhu Subdistrict in Taihu of Binhu District. The replacement area of land contracting and management rights is 852.3 mu, with 970 rural residential houses demolished with a total area of 211,575m2 and 55 relocated enterprises.
[pic]
Figure 1-2 Schematic Map of Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project
|长广溪湿地公园示范段（已建成） |Demonstration section of Changguangxi Wetland Park |
| |(constructed). |
|长广溪湿地生态修复工程一期（在建） |Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project (Phase |
| |1) (under construction) |
|本次项目范围 |Scope of the project |
2. Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project
This project covers Hongshan Town in New District, totally covering 6 administrative villages. Hongshan Subdistrict, the location of the project, is in the southeast part of Wuxi Municipality, south to Hongshan, north to Wangyu River, from Caohe in the east and west to Meicun, so the main affected areas of the project are the east of Hongshan Town and areas surrounded by Wangyu River, Bodu Port and East Huanhong Road. The project area is 14.7Km2. Refer to schematic map of Figure1-3 for detailed impact range.
The component of the Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project, for the need for project construction, mainly covers 6 administrative villages in Hongshan Subdistrict, Hongshan Town. The replacement area of land contracting and management rights is 5,329 mu, with 3,213 village demolished residential houses with a total area of 1,024,839 m2 and 125 relocated enterprises.
[pic]
Figure 1-3 Schematic map of the Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project
|中国吴文化博览图 |Map of Chinese Wu culture |
|主体功能 |Main functionality |
3. Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project
The ecological dredging mainly covers the area of the water area in the west coast of the Meiliang River and its surrounding, and the area from Dalieju of Eighteen Gulf to the river area of Tanxi Gulf along with the Shilimingzhu Dam in Mashan Mountain. Four spoil grounds and one temporary storage zone for solidified soil are compared and chosen for this project in accordance with optimal ratio of the scheme. They are Kongwan Spoil Ground, No.1, No.2 and No.3 Baimao Spoil Grounds respectively and Hongwan Solidified Soil Storage zone. The Kongwan Spoil Ground, located near Xishanju and in the lap of Yunlin Steam and the northwest of Huanhu Highroad, is an already-built one with the need of expansion and its predicted total area is 144 mu. No.1, 2 and 3 Baimao Spoil Grounds are already-built spoil grounds, locating in Wutangmen Village in Binhu Street of Shanshuichen Holiday Resort in Binhu District, with a total area of 291 mu. The temporary land occupation time of the spoil ground is 35 years. Hongwan Solidified Soil Temporary Storage Area is located in Hushan Village in Wuxi National Travel Resort, covering an area of about 60 mu and with a temporary land occupation time of 3-5 years. The spoil grounds and heap field of the Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project, in total require collective land of 610 mu, mainly the mainly Hushan Village in Wuxi National Travel Resort subordinate to Huban District and Wutangmen Village, wherein a land area of 319 mu in Hushan Village and a land area of 291 mu in Wutangmen Village are required to be occupied with the occupation time of 3-5 years. Refer to schematic map of Figure1-4 for detailed impact range.
4. Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant in Wuxi Municipality
This project is located in the Hujiangdu Village in the north bank of the Grand Canal in Wuxi in southwest of Hushan District, in the east of Yanqiao Harbor, in the north of the Grand Canal in Wuxi and is crossed by Shanghai-Nanning Highway in the east side. This project requires a land area of 228.63 mu, however, with all of the required land acquired in the reserved land of the original factory area, it requires no new land acquisition.
The Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant (Phase 4) and Recycled Water Reuse (Phase 1) Project are in the original factory area, and therefore requires no land acquisition and demolition. For the need of constructing the resurgent water pipe grid, urban land such as road and green area need to be temporarily occupied, with the temporarily occupied land area of 9.68 mu which is totally state-owned. Simultaneously, for avoiding secondary pollution of environment, the mud produced in the sewage treatment process will all undergo innocent treatment by Wuxi Jinyuan Mud-disposal New-fuel Technology Co., Ltd.
Figure 1-4 Schematic map of the Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project
|红湾固化土暂存区 |Hongwan Solidified Soil Temporary Storage Area |
|孔湾排泥场 |Kongwan Spoil Ground |
Refer to Table1-4 for detailed impact by each component .
Table 1-4 Impact of Each Component
|Components |Impacts |
| |Replacement of land |Temporary land |Country residential house |Enterprises house demolition |
| |contracting and |occupation |demolition | |
| |management rights | | | |
| | | | | |
|Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation|852.3 mu |0 |970 households, 211,575m2 |55 enterprises |
|Project | | | | |
|Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control |5,329 mu |0 |3,213 households, 1,024,839 |125 enterprises |
|Demonstration Zone Project | | |m² | |
|Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging |0 |495 mu |0 |2 enterprises; covering an |
|Project | | | |area of 9.2 mu and house |
| | | | |demolition area of 5,990 m² |
|Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant (Phase 4) |0 |9.68 mu |0 |0 |
|and Recycled Water Reuse (Phase 1) Project | | | | |
1.5 Socioeconomic Background of the Project Areas
1.5.1 Socioeconomic Background of Wuxi Municipality
The total area of Wuxi is 4,787.61 km2 (with the urban district area of 1,622.64 km2) and in 2009, a local GDP of 499.2 billion yuan was achieved in Wuxi. Calculated by the permanent population, the GDP per capita is 81,151 yuan, namely, USD11,885, converted in accordance with the current exchange rate. The general budgetary receipt was 41.591 billion yuan, with the fixed asset investment in the whole society of 238.756 billion yuan; the total volume of retail sales for social consumer goods was 165.137 billion yuan; the total export-import volume in the foreign trade was USD 43.945 billion; the ratio of added value in private economy to the local GDP was 62.1% and the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 25,027 yuan; the average yearly salary of workers at their posts in units above collective units in all towns of the city was 43,346 yuan; the per capita net income of farmers was 12,403 yuan. Refer to Figure 1-5 for detailed information about the social and economic backgrounds.
Table 1-5 2009 Basic Social and Economic Statistics of Wuxi Municipality
|Index |Unit |Wuxi Municipality |
|Total population of year end |10,000 |770 |
|Registered permanent residents |10,000 |458 |
|The increased population in employment in | 10,000 |11.8 |
|urban areas | | |
|Population of laid-off reemployment | 10,000 |7.39 |
|GDP |100 million yuan |4992 |
|Industrial added value |100 million yuan |2390.62 |
|Total fiscal revenue |100 million yuan |1061.99 |
|General revenue of local government |100 million yuan |415.9 |
|Total amount of import and export trade |100 million yuan |439.45 |
|The amount of fixed assets investment |100 million yuan |2387.56 |
|Personnel employed by private economic |10,000 |182.15 |
|sectors | | |
|Total industrial output value of private |100 million yuan |7410.4 |
|economic sectors | | |
|Urban registered unemployment rate |% |3.12 |
|Total retail sale of consumer goods |100 million yuan |1651.37 |
|Decrease rate of consumer price |% |0.5 |
|Average earning of employment |yuan |43346 |
|Rural resident's personal average net |yuan |12403 |
|income | | |
|Per-capita disposable income of urban |yuan |25027 |
|residents | | |
1.5.2 Social and Economic Background of New District
The areas under direct jurisdiction of New District include 2 towns, 4 subdistricts, 96 neighborhood committees and 15 village committees. The land area of New District is 219.12 km2, in which water area occupies 10.64 km2 and built-up area covers 104.79 km2. In 2009, a local GDP of 60.02 billion yuan was realized in the district, increasing by 19.3%. The financial revenue exceeded ten billion yuan, reaching 11.43 billion yuan and the local general budgetary receipt was 4.876 billion yuan, with a growth rate of more than 38%, 1 to 2 percentage points higher than that of the whole city; the sales volume of industries exceeded 200 billion yuan to reach 209.72 billion yuan, and the total revenue of the service industry reached 79 billion yuan, increasing by 27.4% and 26.3% respectively. Contribution portion on the whole city made by main economic indicators was raised by 1-2 percentage points. The New District, with 6% of the population and land in the city, created more than 15% of local GDP and local general budgetary receipt, 25% of the total output value in above-scale industries, 45% of the added value of high and new technology, 50% of the service outsourcing revenue and paid-up foreign investment, 60% of the total export and import volumes and 90% of the export volume of new high-tech products. In the comprehensive development evaluation, it is ranked in the second place among the development zones and ranked in front among the development zones throughout the country. Refer to Figure1-6 for detailed social and economic backgrounds.
Table 1-6 2009 Basic Socioeconomic Statistics of New District, Wuxi
|Index |Unit |New District |
|Total population of year end (registered |10,000 |30.82 |
|permanent residents) | | |
|Females |10,000 |15.5342 |
|Personnel employed of year end |10,000 |41.14 |
|GDP |100 million yuan |600.2 |
|The added value of primary industry |100 million yuan |0.92 |
|The added value of secondary industry |100 million yuan |443.23 |
|Industrial added value |100 million yuan |434.17. |
|The added value of tertiary industry |100 million yuan |156.05 |
|Fiscal revenue |100 million yuan |114.33 |
|Revenue of local government |100 million yuan |48.76 |
|Gross industrial output value |100 million yuan |434.17 |
|The total amount of import and export |Hundred million dollar |298.8 |
|The amount of fixed assets investment |100 million yuan |294.2 |
|Industrial investment |100 million yuan |212.0 |
|Total retail sale of consumer goods |100 million yuan |90.87 |
|Average earning of employment |yuan |32581.00 |
|Rural resident's personal average net |yuan |12788.00 |
|income | | |
|Per-capita disposable income of urban |yuan |20898.00 |
|residents | | |
1.5.3 Social and economic background of Hubin District
The Binhu District of Wuxi Municipality borders on Taihu Lake, with elegant scenery. The areas under the jurisdiction of Hubin District includes 2 towns, 8 subdistricts, 58 neighborhood committees and 61 village committees, with a total area of 608.58km2. Hubin District possesses strong economic strength. In 2009, the local GDP was 49.355 billion yuan , the total industrial output value 13.388 billion yuan, the total export-import volume USD 1.22 billion, the total retail sales amount of social consumer goods 42.802 billion yuan, the per capita income of rural residents13,540 yuan, the per capita disposable income of urban residents 26,300 yuan and average wages of urban employees 24,664 yuan. Revenue of 7.62 billion yuan was achieved all the year round, wherein the general budgetary receipt occupied 4.2 billion yuan. The fixed asset investment of the entire society reached 21.799 billion yuan and the comprehensive economic strength was newly strengthened. Refer to Figure 1-6 for detailed information about the socio-economic backgrounds .
Table 1-6 2009 Basic Socioeconomic Statistics of Binhu District, Wuxi
|Index |Unit |Binhu District |
|GDP |100 million yuan |493.55 |
|Cash revenue of industrial output value |100 million yuan |133.88 |
|The total amount of import and export |Hundred million dollar |12.2 |
|Total retail sale of consumer goods |100 million yuan |428.02 |
|Per capita average income of rural |yuan |13540 |
|residents | | |
|Per-capita disposable income of urban |yuan |26300 |
|residents | | |
|Average income of unban employees |yuan |24664 |
|Fiscal revenue |100 million yuan |76.2 |
|Amount of fixed assets investment |100 million yuan |217.99 |
|Amount of fixed assets investment in |100 million yuan |0.52 |
|primary industry | | |
|Amount of fixed assets investment in |100 million yuan |40.78 |
|secondary industry | | |
1.5.4 Socioeconomic Backgrounds of Huishan District
Huishan District of Wuxi Municipality is located in the hinterland of Yangtze River delta, bordering Taihu Lake in the south, Yangtze River in the north, Shanghai and Suzhou in the east and Nanjing and Changzhou in the west. The current area of the whole district is 327 km2, with one province-level economic development zone, four organic towns and three subdistricts, with a total population of 398,900. It is one of the sub-centers of the megalopolis blue print of Wuxi and a important part of the international manufacturing base in the Yangtze River Delta.
In 2007, the local GDP of the whole district reached 30.8 billion yuan, wherein the per-capita GDP was 77,000 yuan, which enable the district to rank sixth in the selecting activity for top 100 small-and-medium-sized cities in comprehensive strength; the average wage of the employees on the post was 31,366 yuan and the per-capita annual net income for farmer was 10450 yuan; in 2006, the local GDP reached 26.73 billion yuan with a fiscal revenue of 4.53 billion yuan, wherein the general budgetary receipt was up to 1.98 billion yuan. The whole-society fixed-asset investment reached 18 billion. All their growth rates were more than 15%.
Table 1-7 2009 Basic Social and Economic Statistics of Wuxi Municipality
|Index |Unit |Huishan district |
|2006 |-{}-Local GDP |100 million yuan |308 |
| |Fiscal revenue |100 million yuan |45.3 |
| |Social fixed-asset investment |100 million yuan |180 |
| |No. of industrial enterprises |Households |6000 |
| |Employees of enterprises |10,000 |20 |
| |Above-scale enterprises |Households |913 |
| |Enterprises with the annual output |Households |104 |
| |value of more than one hundred | | |
| |thousand | | |
| |Total industrial output |100 million yuan |829.4 |
| |Added value of service trade |100 million yuan |69.2 |
| |Total retail sale of consumer goods |100 million yuan |47.4 |
| |Investment in service trade |100 million yuan |78 |
| |Employees service trade |10,000 |3.5 |
|2007 |Local GDP |100 million yuan |308 |
| |Per-capita GDP |yuan |77000 |
| |Average earning of employment |yuan |31366 |
| |Per-capita average annual net income |yuan |10450 |
| |of farmer | | |
1.5.5 Socioeconomic Background Survey of Affected Towns/xiangs
Figure1-8 indicates the location of each project, mainly covering New District, Hubin District, Huishan District and the subdistricts and villages surrounding the Taihu Lake.
[pic]
Figure 1-8 Schematic Map of Each Project
|无锡市市区政区图 |Administrative Division Map of Wuxi Municipality |
|惠山污水处理厂四期及再生水回用一期工程 |Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant (Phase 4) and Recycled Water|
| |Reuse (Phase 1) Project |
|长广溪生态湿地修复工程 |Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project |
|鸿山农村面源污染管理示范区工程 |Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone |
| |Project |
|梅梁湖重点区域生态清淤工程拍泥场 |Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project |
This project in total affects Binhu District and 5 subdistricts under the jurisdiction of New District.
The Changguangxi Project mainly affects the Taihu Lake Shanshuicheng Travel Resort in Binhu District; the Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project mainly affects Hongshan Town; the Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project affects Wuxi Taihu Lake National Travel Resort and Taihu Lake Mountain-River City Travel Resort. Refer to Figure4-4 for detailed information of towns/xiangs(subdistricts) affected by each component.
Table 1-8 2009 Basic Socioeconomic Statistics of the Affected Towns/Xiangs (Sub-districts)
|Components |Changguangxi |Hongshan Rural |Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging |
| |Ecological Wetland |Non-point Pollution|Project |
| |Rehabilitation Project|Control | |
| | |Demonstration Zone | |
| | |Project | |
|Impacts on villages and towns |Taihu Lake region |Hongshan town |Wuxi Taihu Lake |Taihu Lake |
| |tourist resorts | |National Tourism |shanshuicheng tourist |
| | | |Vacation Zone |resorts |
|Total area of land (km2) |46.8 |58.6 |176.24 |46.8 |
|Total population |39115 |82214 |30925 |39115 |
|Population of employees |22465 |49868 |21542 |22465 |
|Primary industry population |2287 |1714 |628 |2287 |
|Secondary industry population) |15085 |30040 |14437 |15085 |
|Tertiary industry population |5093 |18114 |6477 |5093 |
|Arable land (hectares) |384 |2712.4 |462 |384 |
|GDP (ten thousand yuan) |307368 |176137 |372700 |307368 |
|Output of primary industry (ten |4350 |7843 |8100 |4350 |
|thousand yuan) | | | | |
|Output of secondary industry |135401 |120044 |241300 |135401 |
|(ten thousand yuan) | | | | |
|Output of tertiary industry (ten|167617 |48250 |123300 |167617 |
|thousand yuan) | | | | |
|Per capita rural average net |11249 |8835 |10890 |11249 |
|income (yuan) | | | | |
Seen from Table1-8, within the project impact area, the agricultural population occupies not more than 10% of the total labor force, and that in Hongshan Town and the Wuxi Taihu Lake National Tourism and Vacation Zone is not more than 5%. The key reasons for the low proportion of labor force are the developed secondary industry and tertiary industry inside the district and there are more employment opportunities for labor. Compared with the impact on the area with relatively high proportion of agricultural population, the attained demolition impact is relatively low.
1.5.6 Women
Wuxi Municipality is located in the Yangtze River Delta with relatively high economic level and this relatively good environment provides more jobs and working opportunities. Women in the project areas enjoy relatively high socioeconomic status. In accordance with 2009 Statistical Yearbook published by Wuxi Municipality, the total number of employees in Wuxi Municipality is 561,700, wherein the female employees occupy 299,200, covering 53.3% of the total number of employees. The female employment rate is relatively high.
In accordance with the sampling survey carried out by the SA team in the impact area of the Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project, 43% of female workers are working in the factories. Although the aging female workers are able to be employed outside, they are mainly engaged in the domestic work at home, considering the need for managing family and the cultivation of the private plot.
From the survey, it can be seen that though the economic contribution of women to the family is relatively low compared with that of men, women contribute more to family management and cultivation of the rural collective land than men, which enables men to work outside diligently. This internal and external equilibrium makes relatively balanced status of women and man within this area, so it can be seen that the execution of this project has no special impact on the rights of women.
1.5.7 Poor population
The overall economy in Wuxi is developed, however, a small number of poor population is also existing. With the increasingly developed economy, Wuxi Municipality also raises the minimum living standard of this city and executes the system of coordinative development of the urban and rural minimum living standard. The minimum living standard in the town with city area is raised from per-capita 350 yuan/month to per-capita 380 yuan/month; while normal development mechanism is executed in the rural area within the city in accordance with 25% of the per-capita net income of farmer in 2008 and a guiding line of rural minimum living standard of not lower than per-capita 260 yuan/month is followed. The minimum living standard for the local urban and rural residents in Hubin District and New District is unified successively in 2009 in the process of unifying.
From January, 2009, the urban and rural minimum living standard is unified in Hubin District, namely the minimum living standard in rural area is adjusted from per-capita 220 yuan/month to per-capita 350 yuan of that of the urban area. Till September of that month, subsidization for minimum living standard of 9.17 million yuan was given to 2028 households and 4170 person needing minimum living security in the whole area. The same execution standard was executed in New District from January and in accordance with the statistics, the 1623 households with 3193 persons received minimum living lowest security in New District by September. The urban and rural conditions of minimum living standard are as shown in Table 1-9.
Table 1-9 Poverty Condition within Project Area
|the project areas |New District |Binhu District |
| |Total number in New|Hongshan town |Xin’an |Total number in |Pproject areas |
| |District | |Subdistrict |Binhu Subdistrict | |
|Minimum living security |350 |350 |350 |350 |350 |
|standards (yuan) | | | | | |
|Total population |308200 |82214 |34700 |472200 |8425 |
|Ratio of households receiving |1.3% |0.4% |0.9% |0.9% |0.3% |
|minimum living security (%) | | | | | |
Data source: government websites of New District and Binhu District of Wuxi Municipality, May, 2009.
The rates of the population receiving minimum living security in both districts over the total population are all about 1%. Among the affected population in the project, 16 households with 28 residents belong to vulnerable groups. Within the impact range of the Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project, 12 households with 22 residents belong to vulnerable groups and within the impact range of the Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project, 4 households with 6 residents belong to vulnerable groups. Most affected vulnerable families live in hardship for lack of working capacity or for long-period illness, with the main income from the lowest security for rural and urban residents by the government. The per-capita annual income of these 16 vulnerable groups is about 3,900 yuan and the annual family income thereof is about 6,800 yuan, far below the average level.
1.5.8 Ethnic Minorities
Wuxi Municipality belongs to an area inhabited by multi-ethnic groups. In accordance with the Fifth Nationwide Census, there are 45 minority nationalities in Wuxi Municipality with a population of 17,700 covering 0.34% of the total population within the city. The minority nationalities in Wuxi Municipality with the permanent registered population of more than 1,000 thousand are as follows: Tujia, Miao, Hui, Chuang, Puyi and Dong. Among them, the population of Hui is 2,199, ranked in the first place in the proportion in the total population and it can be known that they are engaged in the Moslem food industry from government branches.
In accordance with the information gained from various village committees, the proportion of minority nationalities is low in the project area and no ghettos is in the direct project impact area. The minority groups, as residents of this city, can enjoy the far-reaching environmental and economic benefits brought by this project while they will not suffer any loss in a short term.
1.5.9 Floating Population
The floating population in Wuxi Municipality is mainly those floating population into this urban area. According to the statistics in 2008, the migrant population in Wuxi Municipality has reached 2.5 million, occupying 45% of the total population of Wuxi Municipality. It is predicted that within two or three years in future, this data will be continuously increased with a certain speed. The source of this huge group is wide and those one with the educational background lower than junior middle school account for about 90%. According to the sampling survey, 48.65% of the migrant workers are engaged in private enterprises and 35.16% thereof are self-employed households; more than half of the migrant personnel concentrate on the manufacturing industry and social service industry, wholesale and retail industry, building industry, catering industry, transportation and storage industry, etc. according to the migrant population. The employees are mostly with low educational background and the technology content of the posts are also low. The incomplete survey on part of the floating population and in-depth interview result indicate that relative incident of poverty in the floating population is also in extremely low level. The lowest daily wage for a worker is 50 yuan/day and the random survey on the part of the migrant workers also indicates that the monthly salary of the migrant worker group is generally 1500-2000 yuan/month. The net income of the floating population is higher than the minimum living standard for urban residents stipulated by Wuxi Municipality. Migrant workers are mostly living in the dormitories provided by the enterprises or in the rent houses in the neighboring village or from the local residents.
General introduction to social assessment
Social assessment (SA) is a method of incorporating social analysis and public participation in the design and implementation of a project. In the SA of the Project, social factors affecting and affected by the Project are to be investigated and analyzed systematically, and suggestions and measures to reduce or avoid negative social impacts proposed to ensure the successful implementation of the Project and the realization of its objectives.
1 Tasks and objective of social assessment
The SA will look at and analyze social development objectives, potential negative impacts and other social factors related to project design and implementation, such as beneficiaries’ participation, poverty, gender, ethnic minority development, replacement of land contracting and management rights, social risks of house demolition and vulnerable groups; a participatory approach is to be used to collect socioeconomic data of the affected areas, the demographics of stakeholders, and information that may affect the Project potentially in the local society and life, analyze social factors that affect project implementation, and possible social risks arising from project implementation, and propose suggestions and measures to reduce or avoid negative social impacts, reduce social risks and improve the effectiveness of project implementation.
The main tasks of this SA can be summarized as follows:
(1) Learning the basic socioeconomic conditions of the affected areas, and analyzing key social factors that affect the realization of the project objectives;
(2) Identifying key stakeholders, carrying out project activities that involve the key stakeholders, and analyzing their needs and impacts;
(3) Identifying key social factors affecting and affected by the Project at the preparation, implementation and operating stages of the Project;
(4) Evaluating potential positive and negative impacts of the Project, and analyzing social risks that may arise from the Project;
(5) Designing a participation framework for stakeholders, and implementing a community participation strategy to make the Project sustainable;
(6) Incorporating social factors related to the realization of the project objectives into the project design, proposing measures to reduce or avoid negative impacts, and designing an institutional framework to control social risks and make the Project sustainable; and
(7) Designing an institutional framework for sustainable development
The main purpose of this SA is to identify social impacts and risks arising from the Project, propose suggestions and measures to eliminate or minimize negative social impacts arising from project implementation, align the design, construction and operating management of the Project with the development objectives of the affected areas, the local conditions and the development needs of the target population, provide more extensive development opportunities to the affected people, improve the effectiveness of project implementation, enable the Project to contribute to regional social development, and promote balanced socioeconomic and environmental development; it also aims to implement WB’s security policy and the entitlements of project-affected people outlined therein, and carry through the applicable policies of the PRC more effectively, so as to facilitate the successful implementation of the Project.
2 Basis of social assessment
The SA is conducted in accordance with the applicable laws, regulations, policies and documents, etc.
(1) World Bank’s security policy
(2) World Bank’s requirements for the Project
(3) Designs and proposals of the components, Feasibility Study Report, Environmental Impact Assessment Report
(4) China International Engineering Consulting Corp., Guidelines for the Social Assessment of Chinese Investment Projects
(5) China International Engineering Consulting Corp., Guidelines for the Feasibility Study of Investment Projects
(6) World Bank operational policy OP4.12 Involuntary Resettlement, December 2001
(7) Guidelines of World Bank for Resettlement Monitoring and Evaluation of Chinese Loan Projects (draft for discussion), June 2000
(8) World Bank Operational Handbook—OP4.10 Indigenous Peoples, March 2005
(9) Wuxi Municipal Statistical Bureau, Socioeconomic Statistical Yearbook
3 Main scope of work
The SA is concerned about the following based on social factors that may affect the realization of the project objectives:
(1) Population in the affected areas, and impacts of the Project on this population;
(2) Involuntary resettlement arising from the Project: The replacement of land contracting and management rights, and house demolition may change the livelihoods and income of displaced persons, and lead to a series of potential and long-term social, cultural and mental adaptations.
(3) Present situation of payment, and willingness and ability to pay: Although Wuxi Municipality is a developed city in Jiangsu Province and ranks top in the province and even the whole country in terms of per capita income, there is still a poor population that deserves particular attention. In addition, those to be pauperized due to relocation should also be taken care of.
(4) Behavior of affected residents and environmental protection: This report pays special attention to the environmental awareness of the affected groups and the suitability of their lifestyle for the project objectives, and thinks that the environmental problems arising in the affected areas are closely associated with their lifestyle.
4 Field survey process
Through the questionnaire survey, the SA Team not only communicated basic project information to more people, but also collected opinions and inputs from residents directly; by visiting the villages where the soil grounds are located, and interviewing displaced persons and affected residents, the SA Team obtained firsthand information on the conditions, needs and suggestions of the direct stakeholders, gave publicity to the purpose and expected results of the Project, promoted the understanding and participation of stakeholders, and dissipated worries arising from the lack of information.
In the SA of the Project, the components were adjusted, identified, surveyed and analyzed continually based on the WB experts’ opinions and advice. Site visit and information collected were conducted using a number of participatory methods, such as FGD (FGD) with stakeholders. See Table 2-1 for the SA agenda:
Table 2-1 Survey schedule of the Project
|Time |Component |Location |Participants |Details |
|April 2009 |3 components |Wuxi Municipal Finance Bureau |Staff of municipal PMO, staff of component PMOs, project team of|Giving preparatory training on the Project |
|↓ | | |NRCR, Hohai University | |
|Early May 2009 |Hongshan component |Lianghong, Jianxin, Dongtangjie |Project team of NRCR, Hohai University, affected residents, |Conducting a detailed socioeconomic survey of affected |
|↓ | |and Nantang Villages, Hongshan |staff of Hongshan component PMO |households, enterprises and rural collective organizations |
| | |Town | | |
| |Meiliang Lake component |Wuxi Municipal Water Resources |Staff of municipal PMO, Jiangsu Engineering Consulting Center, |Giving opinions and advice on the site selection of spoil |
| | |Bureau |China Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, project team |grounds and stockyards |
| | | |of NRCR, Hohai University, local residents | |
|Late May 2009 |Meiliang Lake component |Wuxi Municipal Water Resources |Staff of municipal PMO, China Research Academy of Environmental |Socioeconomic survey of residents near stockyards and |
|↓ | |Bureau |Sciences, project team of NRCR, Hohai University, local |affected by temporary land occupation |
| | | |residents | |
|June 2009 |Hongshan component |Wuxi Wu Culture Expo Park |Jiangsu Engineering Consulting Center, NRCR, Hohai University, |Consulting on the selection of demonstration villages |
|↓ | |Construction Co., Ltd. |Wuxi Wu Culture Expo Park | |
|July 2009 |Meiliang Lake component |Wuxi Municipal Water Resources |Municipal PMO, staff of land and resources bureau, affected |Consulting on compensation for temporary land occupation |
|↓ | |Bureau |village committees, affected people, project team of NRCR, Hohai|and signing a compensation agreement |
| | | |University | |
|October 2009 |Hongshan component |Municipal PMO, relocation office |Municipal PMO, relocation office, staff of land and resources |Compensation and resettlement policies and preliminary |
|↓ | |and location of affected people |bureau, affected people, project team of NRCR, Hohai University |resettlement program |
| | | | |Socioeconomic survey |
|October 20, 21 and 22, 2009 | |Committees of Gedai Community, |Project team of NRCR, Hohai University, affected residents, |Holding a FDG on compensation and the resettlement program |
| | |Rengang Village, Yucun Village |staff of Changguangxi component PMO | |
|Mid November 2009 |Hongshan component |Lianghong, Jianxin, Dongtangjie |Project team of NRCR, Hohai University, affected residents, |Conducting a supplementary survey on the changes of the |
|↓ | |and Nantang Villages, Hongshan |staff of Hongshan component PMO |proposal for this component |
| | |Town | | |
| |Changguangxi component |Committees of Gedai Community, |Project team of NRCR, Hohai University, affected residents, |Conducting a detailed supplementary socioeconomic survey on|
| | |Rengang Village, Yucun Village |staff of Hongshan component PMO |affected households, enterprises and rural collective |
| | | | |organizations |
|Early and mid January 2010 |Hongshan component |Lianghong, Jianxin, Dongtangjie |Project team of NRCR, Hohai University, heads of affected |Surveying the enterprises to be relocated, and consulting |
|↓ | |and Nantang Villages, Hongshan |enterprises, staff of Hongshan component PMO |business owners about the resettlement program |
| | |Town | | |
|January 11-14, 2010 |Changguangxi component |Committees of Gedai Community, |Project team of NRCR, Hohai University, heads of affected |Conducting a supplementary survey on affected households |
|↓ | |Rengang Village, Yucun Village |enterprises, staff of Changguangxi component PMO |and enterprises, and improving the resettlement and SA |
| | | | |programs according to the opinions of the WB SA experts |
| |Meiliang Lake component |Village committees near the |Staff of municipal PMO, project team of NRCR, Hohai University, |Listening to opinions of business owners about the |
| | |location of the component |heads of affected enterprises |resettlement program for enterprises to be relocated, and |
| | | | |surveying the resettlement industrial park |
|February 24-27, 2010 |Hongshan component |Municipal finance bureau |Staff of municipal PMO, project team of NRCR, Hohai University |Discussing the changes in the range and scope of this |
|↓ | | | |component to prepare for supplementary survey in the next |
| | | | |week |
|March 5-8, 2010 | |Lianghong Village Committee, |Project team of NRCR, Hohai University, affected enterprises, |Conducting a supplementary survey of the new affected area:|
|↓ | |Hongshan Town, typical |staff of Hongshan component PMO |collecting information on enterprises and relocation, and |
| | |enterprises | |interviewing villagers and business owners |
|March 10, 2010 |Huishan component |Huishan WWTP and Hujiadu Village |Staff of municipal PMO, project team of NRCR, Hohai University |Surveying the impacts of Huishan WWTP on Hujiadu Village |
| | | | |and the surrounding communities and living environment |
|March 22-29, 2010 |Pre-evaluation |Finance bureau, water resources |Municipal PMO, consulting agencies |Evaluating project progress and giving opinions on |
| | |bureau | |improvement |
|April 25-26, 2010 |Supplementary survey of |Village committees, villages and |Staff of municipal PMO, project team of NRCR, Hohai University |Conducting a supplementary survey based on the feedback |
| |components |relevant agencies | |from the pre-evaluation and the changes of the component |
5 Survey methodology
The following methods were used in this SA:
(1) Literature review
Literature review is a research method that discusses and analyzes social behaviors, relations and phenomena by collecting and analyzing existing literatures in written, digital, symbolic and graphic forms. The purpose is to learn the history and background of socioeconomic development of the affected areas, which is an important basis of field survey. Literatures collected include:
Background materials and executive summaries related to the Project: such as the project proposal, Feasibility Study Report and urban development plan, etc.
Statistics: socioeconomic development statistics of Wuxi Municipality and the towns (sub-districts) of the components; population census and sampling survey data
Documents: documents of the land and resources bureau, environmental protection bureau, urban administration bureau, planning bureau, construction bureau and museums on present land uses and planning, key pollutants and environmental protection planning, house demolition, garbage collection, disposal and planning, new countryside building, river mud, meteorology, soil, sewage charges and treatment, and documents of the civil affairs department on minimum living security standards
Research findings: existing research findings on ecological wetland rehabilitation, ecological dredging, and integrated rural pollution control techniques, domestic garbage charging, domestic sewage treatment planning, domestic sewage treatment charging and other aspects of the Project.
When applying the above references, the SA Team follows three principles: First, the latest statistical data should be used where possible; second, where village-level statistical data is involved, firsthand information from fieldwork should be used where possible to ensure objectiveness and accuracy; and third, relevant issues are analyzed and discussed on the basis of opinions and inputs from the key stakeholders, the project management agencies and the owners so as to be comprehensive and objective.
(2) FGD
① In each affected town (sub-district), the SA Team held FGDs with staff of the PMOs at different levels, implementing agencies and government departments concerned to learn their attitudes to, ideas about and advice for the Project, the socioeconomic level, environmental conditions, medical treatment level, social security, employment, per capita income, garbage disposal and sewage treatment and their impacts on the affected areas, the production level and standard of living of stakeholders, and the government policies on environmental management, resettlement, replacement of land contracting and management rights, and house demolition.
At each surveyed community, the SA Team held FGDs with village/community officials and residents. The key stakeholders present include those directly and indirectly affected by the Project, especially representatives of the poor and women, to learn information on replacement of land contracting and management rights, and house demolition, the socioeconomic conditions of the affected villages, village committees’ and villagers’ attitudes to, requirements for and opinions about the Project, their opinions about domestic garbage, domestic sewage and agricultural pollution, willingness to pay, and suggested measures to reduce negative impacts, replacement of land contracting and management rights, and preliminary opinions about compensation and resettlement for house demolition.
(3) In-depth interview
According to the SA specification, the survey plan and the survey outline, the SA Team interviewed typical households(including beneficiary households, households affected by replacement of land contracting and management rights and house demolition, and environmentally affected households) in the affected towns (sub-districts) and villages to learn the socioeconomic conditions of affected households, impacts of replacement of land contracting and management rights and house demolition, their attitudes to, requirements for and opinions about replacement of land contracting and management rights, and compensation and resettlement for house demolition; by interviewing environmentally affected households, the SA Team learned the living conditions of the respondent households, their feelings about and comments on the environmental impacts of the Project, and attitudes to the Project. By interviewing typical households in the beneficiary areas, the SA Team learned the respondent households’ living conditions, willingness to pay, and attitudes to the Project.
(4) Questionnaire survey
In the communities and affected areas surveyed, the SA Team conducted a questionnaire survey of the key stakeholders. The sample covered key stakeholders of different types, paying particular attention to such vulnerable groups as women and the poor. The sample was selected by hierarchical and random sampling to cover residents of different standards of living and living areas in consultation with neighborhood committees or village committees.
The door-to-door interview was conducted mainly in the affected areas by random sampling by component and area to cover residents of different standards of living, genders, living areas, age groups, occupations and income levels.
(5) Field visit
During the SA, the SA Team visited the discharge sits of production and domestic wastewater, the spoil grounds and the surrounding areas, the wetland rehabilitation sites and the resettlement sites.
6 Social assessment methodology
1. Combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis
Since the SA involves extensive aspects and complex social issues, quantifiable indicators are quantified where possible, such as population structure, educational level, socioeconomic indicators and environmental indicators. These indicators are calculated using conventional mathematical methods and evaluated objectively. Qualitative indicators are subject to statistical or qualitative analysis as the case may be.
2. Comparative analysis
This method aims to investigate the social conditions of the affected areas in the absence of the Project, and forecast the social impacts of the Project. Through comparative analysis, we can identify the social impacts of the Project, namely the nature and degree of different benefits and impacts.
3. Logic framework analysis
The logic framework analysis method is used to improve the project design by analyzing causalities, and defining the project objectives and the associated preconditions.
4. Stakeholder analysis
Stakeholders refer to parties directly or indirectly interested in the Project, and having direct or indirect influence on the success of the Project. In the stakeholder analysis method, we have to identify all stakeholders involved in the Project, prepare a stakeholder identification table, then assess attitudes to, expectations for and importance for the Project of different stakeholders, analyze the key stakeholders and their interactions with the Project, including the impacts of the Project on them and their possible impacts on the Project, determine the ability of the poor and vulnerable groups to tolerate different impacts and costs, and finally propose measures to be taken for different stakeholders during implementation.
5. Participatory assessment—application of community participation
Participation is a process through which stakeholders can affect and share the control over development initiatives and decisions, and their resources.
When the government decision-making agencies are planning, developing and implementing policies, relevant residents and organizations express ideas, and influence public policies or decisions through public participation.
Public participation designs development in such a manner that potential beneficiaries are motivated to participate in things, and use their own resources to participate in own development and identify their own needs. Public participation is not only a process and means for the government and NGOs to participate in community development, but also a behavior and process for community residents to participate in community development plans, projects and other public affairs, embody the sharing of community development responsibilities and results by residents. It is based on a new and fair understanding of, and sufficient respect for the local people’s knowledge and skills; its core is empowerment and equality of opportunity. In sum, community participation is a behavior and process in which subjects of a community express their willingness, contribute wisdom, and share responsibilities and development results by participating in community affairs in diversified forms.
The communities within the affected areas are regional social communities composed of a certain amount of population with common economic interests and mental factors, internal interactions and cultural cohesion, and tourist service functions based on local environmental resources.
In the Project, communities are included in the decision-making and implementation system of major matters in environmental planning and development as subjects of environmental protection to promote resources conservation and community development in a way that benefits the environment and the local society simultaneously. The Project highlights community development, resources conservation and the participation of the local communities, and stresses that most interests are retained within these communities, thereby promoting them to take a more active part in resources conservation and environmental development.
Some measures are taken in the implementation of the Project (see Chapter 7) to make residents shift from passive participation to active participation, and from individual participation to organizational, mass and comprehensive participation.
6. Other methods
Many data analysis tools and methods are also used in this SA:
(1) Socioeconomic survey: quantitative socioeconomic statistics of communities and households affected by the components;
(2) Institutional analysis: identifying the capacity of relevant agencies to carry out necessary activities, evaluating the adequacy of their internal coordination mechanisms, and proposing measures to strengthen institutional capacity building;
(3) Social gender analysis: identifying the impacts of the Project on the local social genders, especially women, determining the method of participation and the “bottlenecks” on the participation of women throughout project implementation, and describing the daily activities and ways of benefiting from the Project of different social agencies;
(4) Project impact analysis: analyzing potential positive and negative impacts of the Project on society and environmental, including on their income, standard of living, employment, stakeholders (including vulnerable groups), local culture, education, public health, infrastructure and social services;
(5) Poverty analysis: identifying measures to realize the poverty reduction objectives of the Project, avoid risks and seek for development opportunities according to the poverty line; establishing effective participation mechanism and means, and evaluating different options;
(6) Social risk evaluation: identifying social risks arising from social variations, paying particular attention to longstanding, extensive and sharp social risk factors;
(7) Building a participation framework: A participation framework will be built by designing means and methods for different stakeholders to participate in the Project. A participation framework can promote the consultation with stakeholders, two-way information flow, and the sense of possession and mission of the target groups effectively to improve the success rate of the Project.
7 Social assessment procedure
The SA can be divided into three main stages:
(1) Project identification stage: preliminary screening of social factors;
(2) Project preparation stage: detailed social analysis and assessment;
(3) Project implementation stage: SA and monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
This SA involves the former two stages, as detailed in Table 2-1:
Table 2-2 Procedure and scope of social assessment
|Stage |Detailed steps and scope |
|Project identification |Identifying strategic key stakeholders; |
|stage: preliminary | |
|screening of social | |
|factors | |
| |Identifying social matters significant for project design and implementation; |
| |Summing up key social issues; |
| |Demonstrating the necessity of the Project from an SA perspective according to the order of |
| |priority of development and social development objectives of the affected areas; |
| |Identifying possible negative social impacts of the Project; |
| |Judging whether further SA is required |
|Project preparation |Collecting local socioeconomic and environmental information; |
|stage: detailed social | |
|analysis and assessment | |
| |Conducting a questionnaire survey to learn local residents’ attitude to, opinions about and |
| |suggestions for the Project; |
| |Conducting field visit and interview at the selected sites to learn local villagers’ and village |
| |committees’ attitudes to, opinions about and suggestions for replacement of land contracting and |
| |management rights, house demolition and project construction; |
| |Evaluating compatibility between project activities and local needs; |
| |Evaluating institutional and organizational issues, and identifying social resources that |
| |facilitate stakeholders to participate in the Project; |
| |Developing a participation framework, so that men, women, the poor and vulnerable groups and more |
| |stakeholders can participate in the Project; |
| |Designing a participation mechanism as part of the participation framework; |
| |Determining the responsibilities of stakeholders and project activities monitored by them; |
| |Developing an implementation plan; |
| |Assessing social benefits and risks (including potential conflicts and costs); |
| |Proposing measures to relieve negative impacts |
8 Social assessment staff
A scientific and rational social assessment staff is the foundation of scientific and accurate SA, as shown in Table 2-3.
Table 2-3 Social assessment agencies and staffing
|Item |Hongshan Rural |Meiliang Lake Key |Changguangxi |Taihu Lake |Project Management |
| |Non-point Pollution |Areas Ecological |Ecological Wetland |Environmental |Capacity Building |
| |Control Demonstration |Dredging Project |Rehabilitation Project|Management Capacity | |
| |Zone Project | | |Building | |
|Main |Participant|A director of the |A director of the |A director of the |A director of the |A director of the |
|participant|s of local |municipal PMO, 2 |municipal PMO, 2 |municipal PMO, a |municipal PMO |municipal PMO |
|s |agencies |managers of Wuxi Wu |managers of Wuhu |manager of Binhu | | |
| | |Culture Expo Park |(Taihu Lake) Int’l |District Urban | | |
| | |Construction Co., Ltd.|Science Park |Development Company | | |
| |Participant|Background of |Background of |Background of |Background of |Participants of SA |
| |s of SA |sociology, economics |sociology, economics |sociology, economics |sociology, economics |agencies |
| |agencies |and engineering, 4 |and engineering, 4 |and engineering, 4 |and engineering, 4 | |
| | |females and one male |females and one male |females and one male |females and one male | |
|Assistant participants |An expert with experience in participatory development of international projects was employed, and key officials|
| |and technical leaders of the local departments concerned participated in the SA to varying degrees. |
Stakeholder analysis
1 Identification of stakeholders
Stakeholders refer to parties directly or indirectly interested in the Project, and having direct or indirect influence on the success of the Project, and usually include beneficiaries, victims and affected people of the Project, agencies providing funding to the Project, the implementing agencies (including planning, design, consulting and management agencies, etc.). Identifying all potential stakeholders is the first step of stakeholder analysis.
The stakeholders and key stakeholders of the components identified by the SA Team are shown in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 List of stakeholders of the Project
|Component |Beneficiaries |Victims |Both beneficiaries and |
| | | |victims |
|Hongshan Rural |1. Wuxi Wu Culture Expo Park Construction Co., | |1. Displaced persons |
|Non-point Pollution |Ltd. | |2. The poor |
|Control Demonstration |2. Nursery contractors and Wuxi Jinhong | |3. Relocated enterprises |
|Zone Project |Landscaping Engineering Co., Ltd. | |4. Floating population |
| |3. Municipal PMO | | |
| |4. Hongshan Town Government | | |
| |5. 8 village committees within the affected areas| | |
| |6. Other relevant government agencies | | |
| | | | |
|Meiliang Lake Key |1. Wuxi Municipal Water Resources Bureau |1. Residents | |
|Areas Ecological |2. Municipal PMO |(villagers) near | |
|Dredging Project |3. Binhu District Government |stockyards | |
| |4. Village committees at stockyards |2. Villagers affected | |
| |5. Other relevant government agencies |by temporary land | |
| | |occupation | |
| | |3. The poor | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
|Changguangxi |1. Affected residents | |1. Displaced persons |
|Ecological Wetland |2. Binhu District Urban Development Company | |2. The poor |
|Rehabilitation Project|3. Municipal PMO | |3. Relocated enterprises |
| |4. Binhu District Government | |4. Floating population |
| |5. Village committees within the affected areas | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
|Huishan WWTP (Phase 4)|1. 200,000 residents in the service areas | | |
|and Recycled Water |2. Wuxi Huishan Water Treatment Co., Ltd. | | |
|Reuse (Phase 1) |3. Enterprises in the Huishan Economic | | |
|Project |Development Zone | | |
2 Analysis of key stakeholders
Different stakeholders have different needs for the Project. Analyzing the key stakeholders’ needs can help identify key social factors of the Project, avoid potential social risks and promote the successful implementation of the Project. The SA Team have consulted and communicated with all stakeholders in the affected areas by means of questionnaire survey, interview, FGD and observation to learn their different needs. Table 3-2 sums up such needs:
Table 3-2 Demand analysis of stakeholders involved in the Project
|Component |the key stakeholders |Common needs |Special needs |
|Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution |Affected residents (including the poor, |①Controlling river and lake pollution caused by external factors |①The poor: getting stable income by taking |
|Control Demonstration Zone Project |displaced persons, women, etc.) |②Including house rent losses |part in project construction |
| | |③Developing the regional economy, especially tourism |②Public institutions: having convenient and |
| | |④Participating in project construction |sufficient office spaces and conditions |
| | |⑤Ensuring community safety during construction |③Enterprises: compensating for house rent |
| | |⑥Improving community infrastructure |losses to ensure livelihoods of enterprise |
| | | |employees |
| | | |④Displaced persons: arranging rational |
| | | |resettlement measures and jobs |
| | | |⑤Migrant population: offering new job |
| | | |opportunities |
|Changguangxi Ecological Wetland | | | |
|Rehabilitation Project | | | |
|Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological |Villagers affected by stockyards (including |①Ensuring that the village environment will not be ruined |①Farmers near stockyards: ensuring traffic and|
|Dredging Project |the poor, surrounding farmers, farmers |②Disposing of garbage scientifically and safely |public security during construction, disposing|
| |affected by temporary land occupation, etc.) |③Developing village economy, and offering preferential conditions for village |of sludge properly to reduce environmental |
| | |development |impacts |
| | |④Improving village infrastructure |②Farmers affected by temporary land |
| | |⑤Expecting villagers’ production and livelihoods will not be affected |occupation: restoring temporarily occupied |
| | |⑥Publishing environmental monitoring data periodically |land |
| | |⑦Ensuring community safety during construction | |
| | |⑧Treating wastewater scientifically and safely to ensure that water resources are | |
| | |not polluted | |
| | |⑨Disbursing land compensation fees timely and in full | |
|Huishan WWTP (Phase 4) and Recycled Water|Nearby residents |①Reducing environmental and infrastructure impacts during project construction and| |
|Reuse (Phase 1) Project | |operation | |
| | |②The project will not increase living costs, especially water costs. | |
Affected residents can hardly identify their interests and needs from a macroscopic perspective, but are more concerned about the impacts of project construction and operation on their own interests and livelihoods. This can also be seen from our survey and analysis. Farmers focus on their own economic condition and living needs, and are less concerned about negative impacts of their existing living habits and behaviors on the Taihu Lake watershed.
Other stakeholders’ needs are as follows:
(1) Municipal PMO: It expects the Project to be constructed successfully, which will be an achievement of its chief leaders. It also expects to receive funds to improve the remuneration and working environment of its staff, and to increase its business volume and influence in order to take charge of future WB financed projects of Wuxi Municipality.
(2) Municipal government: The Project will introduce capital to expedite and promote local environmental improvement and economic development, solve environmental problems of Taihu Lake, and improve the city’s image; the Project will help to relieve the burden of the municipal government in Taihu Lake environmental improvement.
(3) Other government agencies: They expect to avoid negative social impacts of the Project, facilitate successful project implementation, improve urban environment and people’s standard of living, promote the development of enterprises in the affected areas and improve the government’s image.
(4) Implementing agencies: They expect to improve their own economic conditions and their staff’s remuneration using project funding; project implementation will bring many opportunities to their staff, such as promotion, transfer and talent exertion. Therefore, they expect leaders to support the Project strongly, and other agencies to support the Project, reduce construction and operating costs, and maximize the profitability of the Project. The implementing agencies are shown in Table 3-3:
Table 3-3 Implementing agencies of the components
|Item |Hongshan Rural |Changguangxi |Meiliang Lake Key |Huishan WWTP (Phase 4) and |
| |Non-point Pollution |Ecological Wetland|Areas Ecological |Recycled Water Reuse (Phase|
| |Control Demonstration |Rehabilitation |Dredging Project |1) Project |
| |Zone Project |Project | | |
|Implementing agencies |Wuxi Wu Culture Expo |Binhu District |Wuxi Municipal |Wuxi Huishan Water |
| |Park Construction Co., |Urban Development |Water Resources |Treatment Co., Ltd. |
| |Ltd. |Company |Bureau | |
(5) Local town (sub-district) governments and village committees: They can receive financial support to improve village infrastructure and environment.
3 Analysis of impacts on stakeholders
The impacts of the Project on the key stakeholders are shown in Table 3-4:
Table 3-4 Analysis of impacts on stakeholders
|Component |Key stakeholders |Positive impacts |Negative impacts |
|Hongshan Rural |Affected residents |1. Improving the surrounding environment |1. Negative impacts of |
|Non-point Pollution |(including the poor, |2. Improving public infrastructure |relocation |
|Control Demonstration|displaced persons, |3. Increasing the value of intensive land |2. Impacts of enterprise |
|Zone Project |women, etc.) |utilization |relocation |
| | |4. Including farmers in the social security system |3. Unstable employment |
| | |to drive urban-rural integration |3. Temporary construction |
| | |3. Improving the natural and social environment for|impacts |
| | |nearby residents, promoting their mental and | |
| | |physical health, and long-term economic and social | |
| | |development | |
|Changguangxi |Affected residents |1. Improving the surrounding environment |1. Negative impacts of |
|Ecological Wetland |(including the poor, |2. Improving public infrastructure so that farmers |relocation |
|Rehabilitation |displaced persons, |enjoy more urban public services |2. Impacts of enterprise |
|Project |women, etc.) |3. Improving the surrounding living and working |relocation |
| | |environment, beautifying urban spaces |3. Temporary construction |
| | |4. Driving urban-rural integration |impacts |
|Meiliang Lake Key |Villagers affected by|1. Improving the water quality and environment of |1. Odor from sludge, river |
|Areas Ecological |stockyards (including|Meiliang Lake and the surrounding area |pollution and groundwater |
|Dredging Project |the poor, surrounding|2. Offering job opportunities |pollution |
| |farmers, farmers | |2. Occupation of |
| |affected by temporary| |infrastructure |
| |land occupation, | | |
| |etc.) | | |
|Huishan WWTP (Phase |Nearby residents, |1. improving the efficiency of wastewater |Possible environmental impacts|
|4) and Recycled Water|Huishan WWTP |treatment, reducing impacts of production and | |
|Reuse (Phase 1) | |domestic wastewater discharge | |
|Project | |2. Improving the public sense of water conservation| |
| | |and making full use of water resources | |
Impacts of the Project on other stakeholders:
(1) Municipal PMO
It is a main duty of the municipal PMO to coordinate the Project and enable the Project to pass WB assessment, which is also one of its key performance indicators. Whether the Project is successful will affect the municipal PMO greatly. If the Project is successful, it will become an important achievement of the municipal PMO, and lay a foundation for similar projects in the future. If the Project fails, the municipal PMO will not have to exist or even be dissolved.
(2) Municipal government
The Project is necessary for the sustainable socioeconomic development of Wuxi Municipality. With the rapid growth of the economy, the elevation of the city’s status and the growth of people’s standard of living, a clean, comfortable and beautiful urban environment is needed.
It can be seen from the blue algae event in 2007 that the environment of Taihu Lake is closely associated with the city and people’s livelihoods. The water quality of Taihu Lake determines the quality of drinking water and affects people’s physical health directly. Taihu Lake environmental management is imperative in order to protect the living environment and physical health of residents and develop the city’s economy.
At the same time, the Project will relieve the environmental pressure on the municipal government, improve the investment environment, vitalize the economy, and bring a brand-new outlook to the city. The Project will also become an achievement of the municipal government.
(3) Other agencies of municipal government
The implementation of the Project requires the support from other agencies of the municipal government, and will add to their workload unavoidably. This is because the Project is a key project of the city.
(4) Implementing agencies
Although the Project adds to the workload of these agencies, its successful implementation will become an achievement of their chief leaders. On the other hand, the Project brings funds to these implementing agencies and helps improve the remuneration of their staff.
(5) Local town (sub-district) governments and village committees
The construction of the components does not generate direct interests for the local town (sub-district) governments, whose workload will be increased during the construction and operating periods of the Project.
4 Impacts of stakeholders on the Project
Project implementation is a process of interaction of interests. While the Project is affecting stakeholders, stakeholders are also affecting the Project. The scope of the Project can be optimized by learning the needs of stakeholders, so as to eliminate obstacles and promote project implementation. The impacts of stakeholders on the Project are shown in Table 3-5:
Table 3-5 Impacts of stakeholders on the Project
|Key stakeholder |Impact analysis |
|Municipal PMO |It is the highest organizational coordination agency. Its working attitude, competencies, |
| |efficiency, and coordinating capability determine the success of the Project directly. It must |
| |handle relations between WB, the implementing agencies and owners of the components, and the |
| |consulting and design agencies. This is a key factor to the success of the Project. |
|Municipal government |It is the highest administration agency. Its attitude to the Project will determine whether the |
| |Project can be constructed successfully. It plays a decision-making and coordinating role at the|
| |preparation and implementation stages. Replacement of land contracting and management rights, |
| |house demolition and resettlement work will be implemented successfully with the support of the |
| |municipal government only. |
|Other government agencies |They support the implementing agencies in project implementation. Their attitude will affect the|
| |Project to some extent, because relevant formalities need their support. |
|Implementing agencies |The implementing agencies are responsible for practical project implementation. Although they do|
| |not affect the success of the Project, their competencies, work-style and engagement will |
| |determine the benefits of the Project directly. |
|Affected towns |Their acceptance of the Project plays a critical role in whether the Project can be implemented |
|(sub-districts) and village |successfully. Replacement of land contracting and management rights, and house demolition must |
|committees |be coordinated by the affected town (sub-district) governments and village committees. |
|Affected residents |It was learned from the survey that most of residents in the affected areas support the Project.|
| |They can express their opinions about and advice for the Project in some ways, and participate |
| |in project construction. |
|Villagers near stockyards |Villagers affected by temporary land occupation can decide whether stockyards are allowed to be |
| |built in their villages. The Project will be affected by them during and after construction. |
|Villagers affected by |Replacement of land contracting and management rights, and house demolition have to be conducted|
|replacement of land |with their consent. They should be consulted for compensation and resettlement measures. Their |
|contracting and management |consent will affect the Project greatly. |
|rights and house demolition | |
Project impact analysis
4.1 Affected Population
4.1.1 Directly Affected Population
In total, two components in the whole project require demolition of rural resident houses, namely, Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project and the Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project respectively.
The Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project mainly covers replacement of rural land contracting and management rights of 852.3 mu, with totally 970 households and a population of 3014 affected. It mainly covers the 4 villages such as Gedai Community, Wangxi Village administered by Xielang Subdistrict and Renguang and Yicun Village administered by Binhu Subdistrict in Taihu of Binhu District. The Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project covers the replacement of rural land contracting and management rights with an area of 5,329 mu, totally affecting 3213 households and a population of 11,318. It mainly covers 6 administrative villages in Hongshan Subdistrict, Hongshan Town. No land requisition and rural residential house demolition is involved in the Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project, however, 2 enterprises need to be relocated, which affects 80 people, and the component in Huishan District does not require house demolition and enterprise relocation.
Refer to the following Table4-1 for details.
Table 4-1 Statistics of Directly Affected Population
|Components |Towns |Administrative |Nature village |Country residential house |Affected institutions and |
| |/Xiangs |village | |demolition |enterprises |
| | | | |Number of |Population |Number of |Population |
| | | | |households | |households | |
| | | |South Hengshan |66 |171 | | |
| | | |Pujiali |41 |115 | | |
| | | |Gu road | | | | |
| | | |Geqi village |130 |391 | | |
| | | |Hongkou dun |172 |509 | | |
| | | |Xiaoxiang shang |45 |135 | | |
| | | |Subtotal |520 |1515 |30 |600 |
| | |Rengang |Zhoujiawan |44 |132 | | |
| | | |Zhangfuqiao |41 |123 | | |
| | | |Yinzhu new |23 |69 | | |
| | | |village | | | | |
| | | |Zhaojiawan team |61 |183 | | |
| | | |15 | | | | |
| | | |Shi Road team 16|29 |87 | | |
| | | |Shi Road team 4 |58 |174 | | |
| | | |Chaodong Road |45 |135 | | |
| | | |Subtotal |301 |903 |14 |689 |
| | |Yucun village |West jingtou |139 |556 | | |
| | | |South shao | | | | |
| | | |Yufeng new |10 |40 | | |
| | | |village | | | | |
| | | |Subtotal |149 |596 |11 |463 |
|Subtotal | | | |970 |3014 |55 |1752 |
| |Hongshan |Dangdong |Dongqiaoiao |39 |128 | | |
|Village pollution |town | | | | | | |
|management | | | | | | | |
|demonstration | | | | | | | |
|areas projects | | | | | | | |
| | | |Yangjiali |45 |159 | | |
| | | |Xiaobatou |41 |150 | | |
| | | |Qidali |37 |133 | | |
| | | |Bantou |46 |146 | | |
| | | |Gujiali |21 |70 | | |
| | | |Dongjiali |43 |130 | | |
| | | |Banxi |42 |124 | | |
| | | |Subtotal |314 |1040 |33 |180 |
| | |Defangqiao |Zhuji Road |35 |107 | | |
| | | |Jinxaio’erfang |10 |40 | | |
| | | |Zhoujiewan |18 |66 | | |
| | | |Jinjiali |51 |147 | | |
| | | |Siwanli |39 |148 | | |
| | | |Fangjieli |23 |82 | | |
| | | |Xiaoqiaotou |21 |80 | | |
| | | |Manan |17 |48 | | |
| | | |Hongtoushuxia |38 |144 | | |
| | | |Huajieli |37 |123 | | |
| | | |Tangengshang |23 |72 | | |
| | | |Huang genshang |33 |116 | | |
| | | |Handong |42 |143 | | |
| | | |Hanxi |36 |126 | | |
| | | |Fangnan |32 |94 | | |
| | | |Zhangjiabin |34 |128 | | |
| | | |Subtotal |489 |1664 |31 |315 |
| | |Lianghong |Shounan |21 |70 | | |
| | | |Shouxi |23 |91 | | |
| | | |Shoubei |48 |196 | | |
| | | |Chejiali |22 |85 | | |
| | | |Shenqian |26 |91 | | |
| | | |Shenhou |20 |61 | | |
| | | |Zhoujiawan |14 |52 | | |
| | | |Dongtouwan |14 |41 | | |
| | | |Beitouwan |26 |95 | | |
| | | |Dangzhongheng |20 |66 | | |
| | | |Hujiali |20 |74 | | |
| | | |Shuidong |26 |93 | | |
| | | |Shuizhong |19 |73 | | |
| | | |Shuixi |38 |130 | | |
| | | |Shuibei |26 |86 | | |
| | | |Dongsheng |20 |82 | | |
| | | |Hongqi |25 |105 | | |
| | | |Bangshang |24 |84 | | |
| | | |Dangmenqian |23 |79 | | |
| | | |Zhanqian |32 |115 | | |
| | | |Zhannan |25 |91 | | |
| | | |Zhanbei |29 |90 | | |
| | | |East Shangbang |29 |87 | | |
| | | |North Shangbang |23 |89 | | |
| | | |Waibang |27 |106 | | |
| | | |Northsouth Xitou|39 |146 | | |
| | | |Lvjiawan |31 |101 | | |
| | | |Xifangshang |37 |116 | | |
| | | |Jingengshang |46 |148 | | |
| | | |Waibei |34 |118 | | |
| | | |Wainan |20 |72 | | |
| | | |Libang |44 |161 | | |
| | | |Yuandong |23 |93 | | |
| | | |Yuanxi |27 |104 | | |
| | | |Qiaotou Road |59 |229 | | |
| | | |Shijiali |27 |101 | | |
| | | |Maxi |20 |66 | | |
| | | |Madong |34 |129 | | |
| | | |Zhangjiali |21 |62 | | |
| | | |Kuidong |18 |69 | | |
| | | |Kuixi |25 |81 | | |
| | | |Shuangyuanli |14 |50 | | |
| | | |Subtotal |1139 |4078 |14 |84 |
| | |Jianxin |Donghe village |65 |188 | | |
| | | |Bangdong |28 |85 | | |
| | | |Qiangengshang |23 |110 | | |
| | | |Jiangshang |28 |85 | | |
| | | |Qianhoulugeng |40 |139 | | |
| | | |Batou |13 |45 | | |
| | | |Jingengshang |20 |73 | | |
| | | |Xisanfang |28 |86 | | |
| | | |Jinjiali |33 |117 | | |
| | | |Bangxi |29 |102 | | |
| | | |Xugengshang |35 |115 | | |
| | | |Chenjiali |26 |112 | | |
| | | |Luojiaqiao |31 |118 | | |
| | | |Zhugengshang |34 |133 | | |
| | | |Subtotal |433 |1508 |17 |111 |
| | |Dongtang street |Xutangqiao |20 |71 | | |
| | | |Tangjiaqiao |14 |54 | | |
| | | |Xujiali |29 |109 | | |
| | | |Tangengshang |32 |115 | | |
| | | |Luhuangtian |25 |90 | | |
| | | |Youcheli |17 |69 | | |
| | | |Jiqingqiao |33 |117 | | |
| | | |Huazhuangqiao |29 |113 | | |
| | | |Wangchuan road |35 |124 | | |
| | | |Jinjiawan |18 |74 | | |
| | | |Bajiubang |26 |100 | | |
| | | |Qiangengshang |37 |137 | | |
| | | |Libang |31 |98 | | |
| | | |Waibang |31 |121 | | |
| | | |Shisanfang |18 |64 | | |
| | | |Shaojiali |30 |103 | | |
| | | |Wanli |28 |103 | | |
| | | |Beiye |20 |69 | | |
| | | |Xujiaqiao |26 |69 | | |
| | | |Subtotal |499 |1800 |9 |568 |
| | |Houzhong |East lujiali |22 |77 | | |
| | | |Qin liujiawan |40 |122 | | |
| | | |Shangxiachang |19 |82 | | |
| | | |Jian’anqiao |22 |84 | | |
| | | |Nanhuayuan |20 |70 | | |
| | | |Da sanfang |17 |62 | | |
| | | |Xige road |25 |92 | | |
| | | |Tongqiaotou |38 |144 | | |
| | | |Shengjiali |26 |93 | | |
| | | |Beishengtan |42 |149 | | |
| | | |Xiatianqiao |30 |116 | | |
| | | |Xihuanggeng |38 |137 | | |
| | | |Subtotal |339 |1228 |21 |358 |
|Subtotal | | | |3213 |11318 |125 |1616 |
|Meiliang Lake Key |Taihu Lake |Hushan village | | | |2 |80 |
|Areas Ecological |tourist | | | | | | |
|Dredging Project |resorts | | | | | | |
|Subtotal | | |Subtotal |0 |0 |2 |80 |
|Total | | | |4183 |14332 |182 |2054 |
In the social project impact analysis, the most important part is the analysis on the affected group of the project. From the above table, it can be seen that the population under direct impact is mainly distributed in the components of Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project and Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project, therefore, the analysis on the affected group by the above two components is the key point in the project impact population analysis.
4.1.2 Temporarily Affected Population
Because the temporarily occupied lands are mostly waste lands remote from the crowd, the Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project will not affect the daily production and living of most residents. However, short-period of renting the fish ponds and forest is required in the construction of spoil ground and solidified soil storage area in Taihu Lake, which affects the production and living of part of the residents. This part of residents belongs to short-period affected population, which, in total, covers 177 households with 569 residents.
Table 4-2 Statistics of Temporarily Affected Population
|Components |District |Location |Administrative village |Subtotal |
| | | | |Number of households |Population |
|Changguangxi |Taihu Lake |Gedai Community |467.57 |520 |1515 |
|Ecological |Shangshuicheng | | | | |
|Wetland |(Xuelang Street) | | | | |
|Rehabilitation | | | | | |
|Project | | | | | |
| | |Wangxi Village |11.33 | | |
| |Taihu Lake |Rengang |258.5 |301 |903 |
| |Shangshuicheng | | | | |
| |(Binhu Street) | | | | |
| | |Yucun Village |114.9 |249 |596 |
|Subtotal |2 |4 |852.3 |970 |3014 |
|Village pollution|Hongshan Town |Dangdong |539 |314 |1040 |
|management | | | | | |
|demonstration | | | | | |
|areas projects | | | | | |
| | |Dafangqiao |850 |489 |1664 |
| | |Lianghong |2100 |1139 |4078 |
| | |Jianxin |758 |433 |1508 |
| | |Dongtang Street |468 |499 |1800 |
| | |Houzhong |614 |339 |1228 |
|Subtotal |1 |6 |5329 |3213 |11318 |
|Total |3 |10 |6181.3 |4183 |14332 |
The replacement area of land contracting and management rights required by these two components is 6181.3 mu in total.
4.2.1.1 Analysis of Impact on Family Income by Replacement of Land Contracting and Management Rights
According to the survey over the villages within the project area needing replacement of land contracting and management rights, most workers are working in the enterprises and some are engaged in the commercial activities or manual working and the families purely depending on agricultural production and land output is extremely few. The arable land contracted by the villagers will not be lied waste but will not be cultivated with much time. One saying by the local farmers is that plantation is just for fun. The main source of income for most families is wage income from enterprises and income from operation, while income from agriculture occupies only a small part. According to the statistics of the surveying documents, the data is as follows:
Table 4-4 Percentage of Agricultural Income to Gross Income
|Percentage of agricultural income to gross income |Percentage of number of people to gross population|
| |surveyed |
|0 |25.71% |
| |2.86% |
[pic]
Table 4-1 Percentage of Agricultural Income to Gross Income
|农业收入占总收入家庭比例图 |Percentage map of agricultural income to gross income |
From the above statistics, percentage of agricultural income to gross income in 37.14% of the families is lower than 5% and ratio of agricultural income to total income in only 2.86% of the families is higher than 5%. The reason for the high ratio of the agricultural income in these families is not the low total income but that some farmlands are contracted by these families for the plantation of the elderly while other family members are working in the enterprises, which enables them to gain considerable family income.
By in-depth interviewing the residents in Gedai Community, the villagers conduct a calculation for the investigators: “A land of about 1 mu can produce about 1,000 catties of rice and the price for each catty of rice is 0.9 yuan, so, the rice can be sold for 1,000 yuan. However, planting wheat almost earns no money because the output of 1 mu of wheat land is only about 600 catties and the price is 0.6 yuan, so the total wheat can be sold for only 360 yuan. And among the total wheat, some are arranged for private use. Even if all the agricultural products are sold, only about 1300 yuan can be gained.” The expense on rice seed, farm insecticide and fertilizer is 150 per mu and the expense on irrigation is 45 yuan per mu. The reaping is conducted by manual force sometimes and by machine sometimes and the expenses on reaping wheat and rice are about 50-60 yuan per mu and 90-100 yuan per mu respectively and about 250 yuan per mu in total.
From the calculation, when the grain produced by a land of one mu is totally sold out, the net income is about 1,000 yuan. In Gedai Community, the reserve land for each household is about 0.5 mu and some part of the grain is reserved for self-use in rural families, so the agricultural income of farming families is relatively low.
4.2.1.2 Analysis of Impact on Different Age Groups by Replacement of Land Contracting and Management Rights
4.2.1.2.1 Children and teenager group (younger than 18 years old)
The impact on such age group is the puzzle on selecting schools after resettlement, the aspects such as the procedure limitation, the adaptation to the new school, the establishment of same-age and peer group, and adaptation to the new living environment shall be considered. Additionally, the impact on the family and income will indirectly affect the school-age population. The replacement of land contracting and management rights exert indirect impact on this group, mainly by affecting the aspects such as the family income, the work and employment of their parents, and the harmony level of the family and the impact aspects includes financial support for education, the increase and decrease of their pocket money, the change of the attention paid by the parents to the education of the children, and the impact over the children exerted by family relationship after replacement of land contracting and management rights.
4.2.1.2.2 Youth group (from19 to 30 years old)
As the result of the sampling survey indicates, 9% of the total population in both areas is 19 -30-year-old youths, among which those with the age between 20-30 years old cover 10%. By interview and comprehensive social analysis, this age group is affected by the project in different ways and the requirements on the project are slightly different from that of other age groups.
Seen from the social characteristics of this group, it belongs to youth group with relatively stronger ability for accepting new things with higher educational level than that of other local group with higher age, open mind, flexible thought and with the life style and step more resembling the urban citizens in the wave of urbanization and is the main group in the potential urbanization process, therefore, their acceptance for the change from rural life style to community-based life style is higher than that of the older group.
Simultaneously, they differ from the other group in the requirements such as the soundness of the entertainment facilities, the convenience of various consuming site, the requirement on the similarity of community management and community culture in urban community, more independent living space, the structure of backbone family and the high requirement on the educational resources for the next generation. This group of people has far less attachment extent on land than that of the elder group and seen from the economic value of land and the relations of dependence on land, the land relation coefficient of this group is not high. Therefore, for this group longing to be urban citizens, the impact of the replacement of land contracting and management rights can only have indirect respect to this group by the impact on the comprehensive impact on family, without direct impact on the livelihood and will hasten the urbanization of this group. After the replacement of land contracting and management rights, the security resettlement is executed and brought into the social insurance range for urban enterprise workers and the group can enjoy corresponding social insurance benefit in accordance with the social insurance stipulations for enterprise workers and can enjoy the benefit gained in the process of changing from farmers to urban citizens.
4.2.1.2.3 Middle-age Group One (Male from 30 to 50 Years Old and Female from 30 to 40 Years Old)
This group is the main labor force of the family. From the survey, most time in a year, they work on the enterprise nearby and only in busy farming season or holidays will they help manage the family land and be in charge of sowing, spraying insecticide, irrigation, reaping, etc. The vegetable and grain are firstly for self use, and some have even quitted farming. The main reasons are as follows: (I) The profit in traditional crop farming is extremely low. For the increasing cost on the agricultural materials such as fertilizer, insecticide and seed in recent years, and the relatively stable price for agricultural products especially grain, the profit in small-scale crop farming is extremely low. (II) There are many private enterprises in the towns in Binhu District, giving the local young people excellent condition for employment and the salary in enterprises is far higher than the agricultural profit. (III) There is relatively little arable land in the area with each person possessing 0.5 mu of private plot. With the popularization of the modern mechanized operation, one laborer is enough for the farmland for the whole family, and most of the time, the land is cultivated by the middle-aged with farming experience. And the local agricultural condition can not provide employment opportunities for the rich laborers. Therefore, the replacement of land contracting and management rights exerts slight impact on such group of people. Moreover, just the same as the above group, security resettlement is also executed for this group who is also brought into the social insurance range of urban enterprise employees and enjoys corresponding social insurance treatment in accordance with the regulations of social insurance of urban enterprise employees.
4.2.1.2.4 Middle-age Group Two (Male from 50 to 60 Years Old and Female from 50 to 60 Years Old, “4050” Group)
“4050”group is generally considered as a disadvantaged group that is not employed in agriculture. In accordance with the survey, the males generally work in the enterprises or in the workshops nearby, mostly work in the non-technical post while at the same time a few vegetable land is also cultivated; and the females are often engaged in taking care of the grandchildren without much employment desire. After the replacement of land contracting and management rights, their expense on purchasing food will be increased. With the increase of age, the employment pressure for“4050”group will be gradually increased.
4.2.1.2.5 Senior Citizen Group (above 60-year-old)
According to the survey, the number of the local above 60-year-old senior citizens occupies about 21.7% of the total population which forms the typical old-aged social structure. (1) Those few disabled senior citizens are not directly affected by replacement of land contracting and management rights. They are affected indirectly, mainly coming from the direct impact on their children losing the land while having to support them, but this impact is relatively low. (2) For the senior citizens still engaging in farming within the project areas, though the profit for crop farming is relatively low, these agricultural products are not for market dealings, but as the food for settling feeding and clothing problem in the family. Farming and planting vegetables can basically satisfy the living needs of the senior citizens, and not much living expense shall be borne by their children. After the replacement of land contracting and management rights, the resettlement fee of 330 yuan per month exceeds the agricultural income in the past. The life of this group of people is basically secured.
|Respondent: Chen Huiming, Lianghong Village, male, 60-year-old |
|Time of interview: November, 23rd, 2009 |
|Mr. Chen: Our land was requisitioned, and to tell the truth, we are reluctant to give them up. If we can plant some vegetable |
|and some rice, how good it is. Born and living here, we are reluctant to leave, and we do not want to spend the money of the |
|children. If we live in the town, many things have to be bought and their prices are very high |
Summary: it can be concluded that the local residents depend little on the land for income and the replacement of land contracting and management rights affects them slightly and no livelihood risk will arise on the family. The group with the males of above 60 years old and the females of above 55 years old can also enjoy the benefit brought by care and resettlement. The replacement of land contracting and management rights involved in this project affects mainly the attachment of the senior citizen group. They will express their attachment on the land from the perspective of the low-cost village life.
4.2.2 Impact of House Demolition
House demolition is involved in both the Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project and the Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project. The components of the Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project totally affect 970 households and require a total removal area of 211575m². Among them, 520 relocated households 1,515 in 6 natural villages of Gedai Community of Xuelang Subdistrict are involved, with the total house demolition area of 118,465.5 m² and 301 relocated households 7 natural villages of Renguang Village of Binhu Subdistrict are involved, with the total house demolition area of 68,794.50 m²and also 149 relocated households 2 natural villages in Yicun Village are involved, with the total house demolition area of 1,345.00 m². The components of the Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control Demonstration Zone Project totally influence 111 natural villages under the jurisdiction of 6 administrative villages, 3,213 households, with a total house demolition area of 1,024,839 m².
Table 4-5 Rural Residential Houses Affected by the Project
|Components |Towns and Xiangs |Administrative |Nature village |Number of |Area of demolished houses (m2) |
| | |village | |households | |
|Changguangxi |Xuelang Street |Gedai community |North Hengshan |66 |15132.68 |
|Ecological | | | | | |
|Wetland | | | | | |
|Rehabilitation | | | | | |
|Project | | | | | |
| | | |South Hengshan |66 |13822.62 |
| | | |Pujiali, Guxiang |41 |9782.28 |
| | | |Gedai Village |130 |30572.08 |
| | | |Hongkou dun |172 |40118.58 |
| | | |Xiaoxiang shang |45 |9037.26 |
| | |Subtotal |6 |520 |118465.5 |
| |Binhu Street |Rengang |Zhoujiawan 10 |44 |8280.10 |
| | | |Zhangfuqiao 16 |41 |9373.00 |
| | | |Yinzhu New Village |23 |4270.00 |
| | | |Zhaojiawan Team 15 |61 |15313.60 |
| | | |Shixiang Team 16 No.95 |29 |5899.00 |
| | | |Shigang Team 4 No.44 |58 |13592.50 |
| | | |Chaodong Road |45 |12066.30 |
| | |Subtotal |7 |301 |68794.50 |
| | |Yucun Village |Xijingtou |139 |22970.00 |
| | | |Yufeng New Village |10 |1345.00 |
| |Subtotal |2 |149 |24315.00 |
|Subtotal |15 |970 |211575.00 |
|Hongshan Rural |Hongshan Town |Dangdong |Dongqiaojiao |39 |10733 |
|Non-point | | | | | |
|Pollution Control| | | | | |
|Demonstration | | | | | |
|Zone Project | | | | | |
| | | |Yangjiali |45 |12745 |
| | | |Xiaobatou |41 |12640 |
| | | |Qidali |37 |10660 |
| | | |Bantou |46 |11985 |
| | | |Gujiali |21 |4705 |
| | | |Dongjiali |43 |9565 |
| | | |Banxi |42 |10295 |
| | |Subtotal |8 |314 |83328 |
| | |Defangqiao |Zhuji Road |35 |8160 |
| | | |Jinxiao’erfang |10 |3280 |
| | | |Zhoujiewan |18 |4450 |
| | | |Jinjiali |51 |14180 |
| | | |Siwanli |39 |11016 |
| | | |Fangjieli |23 |4770 |
| | | |Xiaoqiaotou |21 |5950 |
| | | |Manan |17 |3060 |
| | | |Hongtoushuxia |38 |10530 |
| | | |Huajieli |37 |8300 |
| | | |Tangengshang |23 |4900 |
| | | |Huang gengshang |33 |7820 |
| | | |Handong |42 |10370 |
| | | |Hanxi |36 |8520 |
| | | |Fangnan |32 |8280 |
| | | |Zhangjiabin |34 |9194 |
| | |Subtotal |16 |489 |122780 |
| | |Lianghong |Shounan |21 |5482 |
| | | |Shouxi |23 |7010 |
| | | |Shoubei |48 |13900 |
| | | |Chejiali |22 |4740 |
| | | |Shenqian |26 |5900 |
| | | |Shenhou |20 |5000 |
| | | |Zhoujiawan |14 |3690 |
| | | |Dongtouwan |14 |2690 |
| | | |Beitouwan |26 |8190 |
| | | |Dangzhongheng |20 |4690 |
| | | |Hujiali |20 |4740 |
| | | |Shuidong |26 |6810 |
| | | |Shuizhong |19 |3760 |
| | | |Shuixi |38 |8650 |
| | | |Shuibei |26 |6470 |
| | | |Dongsheng |20 |5650 |
| | | |Hongqi |25 |6690 |
| | | |Bangshang |24 |5580 |
| | | |Dangmenqian |23 |5790 |
| | | |Zhanqian |32 |7480 |
| | | |Zhannan |25 |6830 |
| | | |Zhanbei |29 |6230 |
| | | |DongShangbang |29 |6250 |
| | | |Xishangbang |23 |5520 |
| | | |Waibang |27 |6810 |
| | | |Xitounanbei |39 |8410 |
| | | |Lvjiawan |31 |6950 |
| | | |Xifangshang |37 |7172 |
| | | |Jingengshang |46 |10170 |
| | | |Waibei |34 |7880 |
| | | |Wainan |20 |5200 |
| | | |Libang |44 |11470 |
| | | |Yuandong |23 |5600 |
| | | |Yuanxi |27 |7060 |
| | | |Qiaotou Road |59 |13900 |
| | | |Shijiali |27 |6420 |
| | | |Maxi |20 |4380 |
| | | |Madong |34 |7530 |
| | | |Zhangjiali |21 |4740 |
| | | |Huaidong |18 |4220 |
| | | |Huaixi |25 |4590 |
| | | |Shuangyuanli |14 |3390 |
| | |Subtotal |42 |1139 |273554 |
| | |Jianxin |Donghe Village |65 |15560 |
| | | |Bangdong |28 |5420 |
| | | |Qiangengshang |23 |7929 |
| | | |Jiangshang |28 |6000 |
| | | |Qianhoulugeng |40 |9910 |
| | | |Batou |13 |3100 |
| | | |Jingengshang |20 |4915 |
| | | |Xisanfang |28 |6160 |
| | | |Jinjiali |33 |7620 |
| | | |Bangxi |29 |6802 |
| | | |Xugengshang |35 |7525 |
| | | |Chenjiali |26 |6455 |
| | | |Luojiaqiao |31 |7813 |
| | | |Zhugengshang |34 |8615 |
| | |Subtotal |14 |433 |103824 |
| | |Dongtang Street |Xutangqiao |20 |5120 |
| | | |Tangjiaqiao |14 |3930 |
| | | |Xujiali |29 |7600 |
| | | |Tangengshang |32 |7215 |
| | | |Luhuangtian |25 |6820 |
| | | |Youcheli |17 |3910 |
| | | |Jiqingqiao |33 |7890 |
| | | |Huazhuangqiao |29 |9420 |
| | | |Wangchuan Road |35 |8510 |
| | | |Jinjiawan |18 |4440 |
| | | |Bajiubang |26 |7500 |
| | | |Qiangengshang |37 |9680 |
| | | |Libang |31 |6980 |
| | | |Waibang |31 |7630 |
| | | |Shisanfang |18 |5220 |
| | | |Shaojiali |30 |8120 |
| | | |Wanli |28 |7100 |
| | | |Beiye |20 |5350 |
| | | |Xujiaqiao |26 |6930 |
| | |Subtotal |19 |499 |129365 |
| | |Houzhong |East lujiali |22 |6511 |
| | | |Qinliujiawan |40 |13750 |
| | | |Shangxiachang |19 |5342 |
| | | |Jian’anqiao |22 |7260 |
| | | |Nanhuayuan |20 |6160 |
| | | |Da sanfang |17 |5030 |
| | | |Xige Road |25 |9870 |
| | | |Tongqiaotou |38 |10900 |
| | | |Shengjiali |26 |7270 |
| | | |Beishengtan |42 |10770 |
| | | |Xiatianqiao |30 |8170 |
| | | |Xihuanggeng |38 |9380 |
|Subtotal |12 |339 |100413 |
|Subtotal |111 |3213 |924426 |
|Total |126 |4183 |1024839 |
The impact of house demolition is not only the change of living place, but also the damage and rebuilding of the social networks of the villagers. Therefore, the change of the economic condition, the habits and behavioral pattern caused by relocation shall be taken into consideration during house demolition and the impact on the poor family and the migrant population shall also be taken into account.
4.2.2.1 Analysis on Impact of Family Expenditure
(1) Daily expenditure: In the interview, the assessment team found that every family in Hongshan Town possesses well and double-sized kitchen stove, and the clothes and vegetables are all washed with well water, and tap water is only used for cooking, so the water fee in a whole year is not more than 20 yuan; for cooking, part of the villagers will use straws and so almost no fuel cost is involved, and part of the villagers use gas for cooking; some vegetable is planted around the house. If they move to the resettlement community, no well water, straws can be used and no vegetable can be planted and the water, fuel, vegetable and the like that can be attained free shall be purchased. No matter from the perspective of economic payment or from the will, change and adaptation are impossible in short term. By interviewing the resettlement area in other project, it is found that the residents get water from the river for washing clothes; boiling water and flushing the toilet, and wood are used for boiling water outdoors in public, which indicates the impact of house demolition on the residents based on the economic consideration.
The costs on water, fuel and non-staple foodstuff will all be raised. And no obvious change will occur to other costs such as the electric charge, the communication expense and school fee for children. It is indicated by the statistics of the questionnaire of the villagers, the expense on water and fuel occupies averagely 4.88% of the total family expenditure and the fuel expenditure includes the fuel expenditure of motorcycle and automobile. The life habit of careful calculation and strict budgeting of the farmer still greatly affect their consuming psychology and the farmers bear in mind this expenditure that are tightly connected with their life, but they will not care about the increase of expenditure. One farmer said: “It doesn’t matter, and this part of money is just a little.”
(2) House decoration: The assessment group found, in the resettlement community being opened for occupation in advance, that after living together, the family expenditure increases. Additionally, the increase of family expenditure is also caused by that the decoration of rough house, after resettling, requires a large amount of money. It is understood that in accordance with the local price level and decoration and labor cost, the decoration fee for a resettlement house of 90m2 is about 30,000 yuan. And the difficulties in making payment cause that although some residents have settled in the resettlement community, the decoration of the house is still under plan. Impact analysis on different age groups
Different age groups care about various problems and the impacts of demolition are also varied. Refer to the Table4-6 for details.
Table 4-6 Concerns of Different Age Groups and Impacts of House Demolition
|Age group |Concerned problems |Before demolition |After demolition |
|Primary school | |There is one primary school in |There is a central primary school in the |
|students | |the 3 natural villages in the |resettlement area in the town and the |
|(6-11 years old) | |demolition area and an average |distance between the school and home is |
| | |time of 10 minutes shall be taken|the shortest. There are more excellent |
| | |by the children to get to school |infrastructures and facilities in this |
| | |by bike. |school. |
|Middle school |The convenience degree of |To attend middle school in the |To attend middle school in the town is |
|students(12-18 years|attending school |town requires more than ten |more convenient because the resettlement |
|old) | |minutes by motorcycle because the|house is in the town. |
| | |school is far away from home. | |
|Youth |They have never been engaged|Most of them work in the |They own their own house in the town and |
|(18-40 years old) |in agriculture and are more |enterprises in Binhu District and|the material and cultural environment has|
| |desire to enjoy urban life, |New District and the salary from |been improved and the working becomes |
| |willing to live an |the enterprises is their income |more convenient. Moreover, they can enjoy|
| |independent life away from |source. Some of them sleep at |the benefit from the policy of |
| |their parents. And they wish|home at night, while some rent |“exchanging farming age with working age”|
| |to own their own house in |house in the town and some others|and will be ensured. |
| |the town area. |buy house in the town. | |
|Middle-aged |They wish to settle the |They are also the main laborers |The problem of house for the marriage of |
|(41-60 years old) |house problems for the |in the family and conduct farming|their sons has been settled, the living |
| |marriage of their sons. |in busy farming season and work |environment has been improved, but the |
| | |in the neighboring factories in |living expense will increase a little. |
| | |most time of the year. They try |They can also enjoy the benefit from the |
| | |their best to decorate their |policy of “exchanging farming age with |
| | |houses in the village or endeavor|working age” and be ensured. But their |
| | |to purchase new house in the town|income will be affected because of the |
| | |for the marriage of their sons. |demolition of the enterprises they work |
| | | |originally. |
|Senior citizens |They care about the life of |They live in the village together|They live in the town and enjoy a subsidy|
|(More than 61 years |the children. |with their children. They take |of 330 yuan per month. |
|old) | |part in the work properly | |
| | |according to their physical | |
| | |condition, doing farming or | |
| | |serving as casual laborer in the | |
| | |companies. | |
Because of the improvement of the income in farming families in recent years, the daily life of the villagers is gradually integrating with the urban life. The demolition and resettlement exerts gradually less impact on the villagers of below 60 years old and for the below 45-year-old villagers, although they are still farmer according to their census registration, they have completely be separated with the land; although the villagers still live in the villages, their entertainment activities have no difference from that of the urban residents. They work in the institutions and enterprises and wish to purchase their own house in the town. They tend to believe that demolition can change the current double-sided life condition and enable them to become complete urban citizens. The demolition this time is an opportunity to improve the housing condition and living quality.
The youths of about 20-30 years old with certain income source and stable income are the main supporters of resettlement after house demolition. Compared with other groups, they tend to be easy to accept new things and willing to live in the planned community-type dwelling district and accept the urban life pattern, therefore, demolition and resettlement can satisfy their willing and pursuit which gives them high acceptance level and relatively low social risk.
For those youths engaging in workshop business in villages, though they are also willing to move to the town, they still will not move because no place will be given to them for continuing their production if they move to the town, unlike that condition in the villages where they build their factories at home. Compared with their willing to move to town, they pay more attention to the income in village. But this group only occupies an extremely small proportion. Hence, generally, house demolition exerts relatively low impact on the youths.
|Respondent: Mr. Zhang, Gedai Village, rural self-employed household |
|Time of interview: May, 8th, 2009 |
|Mr. Zhang: Living in the town is, of course, a good choice, because the traffic is convenient and there are many places for |
|entertainment. But all of these cost money. If the workshop is demolished, my business will go away, so this affects my life |
|greatly. So, it is better to give us a good post. |
It can be concluded from the above table that house demolition will cause the increase of family expenditure in the short term but will not affect the villagers greatly in the long term.
4.2.2.2 Analysis on Impact of Poor Family
The per-capita annual incomes of the 16 vulnerable groups in the demolition of this component are about 3,900 yuan and their annual family incomes are about 6,800 yuan, far below the average level. See the following table for detailed information.
Table 4-7 Detail Conditions of Vulnerable Groups
|Component |Towns and |Administrative |Name of |Category |Family |Main sources |Impact of replacement of land |
| |Xiangs |village |householder | |annual |of income |contracting and management rights and |
| | | | | |income | |demolition |
| | |Rengang |Zhang Xihao |Physically |8500 |Minimum living| The head of household is disabled and |
| | | | |disabled | |allowance, odd|long ill, which increases the housing |
| | | | | | |jobs worker |cost and leads to poor living. House |
| | | | | | | |demolition facilitates the process of |
| | | | | | | |seeing a doctor and increases the |
| | | | | | | |occupational selection at the same |
| | | | | | | |time. |
| | |Rengang |Wang Peide |The lonely old |4800 |Minimum living|The head of household has mental |
| | | | | | |allowance, |illness and is without working |
| | | | | | |subsidy from |capability. The replacement of land |
| | | | | | |village |contracting and management rights and |
| | | | | | |committee |house demolition increase their living |
| | | | | | | |expenditure but facilitate the process |
| | | | | | | |of seeing a doctor. |
| | |Rengang |Gu Bin |The lonely old |4500 |Minimum living|The Lonely old has no working |
| | | | | | |allowance |capability and no income. The |
| | | | | | | |replacement of land contracting and |
| | | | | | | |management rights and house demolition |
| | | | | | | |increase the living expenditure, but |
| | | | | | | |facilitate the process of seeing a |
| | | | | | | |doctor and increase the income by |
| | | | | | | |renting the house. |
| | |Rengang |Dong Yuying |The lonely old |4500 |Minimum living|The Lonely old has no working |
| | | | | | |allowance |capability and no income. The |
| | | | | | | |replacement of land contracting and |
| | | | | | | |management rights and house demolition |
| | | | | | | |increase the living expenditure, but |
| | | | | | | |facilitate the process of seeing a |
| | | | | | | |doctor and increase the income by |
| | | | | | | |renting the house. |
| | |Rengang |Du Jieming |Physically |9300 |Minimum living|The family has no laborers. Meanwhile, |
| | | | |disabled | |allowance, odd|the illness of the family member |
| | | | | | |jobs worker |increases the housing cost and the |
| | | | | | | |replacement of land contracting and |
| | | | | | | |management rights makes the little |
| | | | | | | |income lost. But the replacement of |
| | | | | | | |land contracting and management rights |
| | | | | | | |enables them to enjoy perfect |
| | | | | | | |facilities and convenient life. |
| | |Rengang |Zhou Aidi |The lonely old |4500 |Minimum living|The Lonely old has no working |
| | | | | | |allowance, odd|capability and no income. The |
| | | | | | |jobs worker |replacement of land contracting and |
| | | | | | | |management rights and house demolition |
| | | | | | | |increase the living expenditure, but |
| | | | | | | |facilitate the process of seeing a |
| | | | | | | |doctor and increase the income by |
| | | | | | | |renting the house. |
| |Taihu Lake |Gedai |Gu Qinhua |The lonely old |5472 |Minimum living| The Lonely old has no working |
| |Shangshuicheng | | | | |allowance |capability and no income. The |
| |Tourism Resort | | | | | |replacement of land contracting and |
| |(Xuelang | | | | | |management rights and house demolition |
| |Street) | | | | | |increase the living expenditure, but |
| | | | | | | |facilitate the process of seeing a |
| | | | | | | |doctor and increase the income by |
| | | | | | | |renting the house. |
| | |Gedai |Shao Rongjin |The lonely old |5472 |Minimum living|The Lonely old has no working |
| | | | | | |allowance, |capability and no income. The |
| | | | | | |subsidy from |replacement of land contracting and |
| | | | | | |village |management rights and house demolition |
| | | | | | |committee |increase the living expenditure, but |
| | | | | | | |facilitate the process of seeing a |
| | | | | | | |doctor and increase the income by |
| | | | | | | |renting the house. |
| | |Geqi |Gu Xinghua | |13680 |Minimum living|The family has the old and an ill head |
| | | | | | |allowance, odd|of household without working |
| | | | | | |jobs worker |capability. The replacement of land |
| | | | | | | |contracting and management rights |
| | | | | | | |increases the living cost, but |
| | | | | | | |increases the income through renting |
| | | | | | | |the house and increase the opportunity |
| | | | | | | |of doing odd jobs around the |
| | | | | | | |resettlement district. |
| | |Geqi |Shao Youjun | |13600 |Minimum living|The family has the old and an ill head |
| | | | | | |allowance, |of household without working |
| | | | | | |subsidy from |capability. The replacement of land |
| | | | | | |village |contracting and management rights |
| | | | | | |committee |increases the living cost, but |
| | | | | | | |increases the income through renting |
| | | | | | | |the house and increase the opportunity |
| | | | | | | |of doing odd jobs around the |
| | | | | | | |resettlement district. |
| | |Geqi |Gu Hao |Physical |4560 |Minimum living| Because of the disability and illness |
| | | | |disability | |allowance |of the head of the household, the |
| | | | | | | |living expenditure is increased, |
| | | | | | | |causing poor living condition. But |
| | | | | | | |house demolition facilitates the |
| | | | | | | |process of seeing a doctor and |
| | | | | | | |increases the occupational selection at|
| | | | | | | |the same time. |
|Hongshan Rural | |Lianghong |Cao Peigen |The lonely old |4350 |Minimum living|They cannot afford the resettlement |
|Non-point | | | | | |allowance |houses and also the location of the |
|Pollution | | | | | | |resettlement houses is Hongshan Town, |
|Control | | | | | | |which causes the great increase of |
|Demonstration | | | | | | |living cost, leading to more poor |
|Zone Project | | | | | | |living condition. |
| | |Lianghong |Cao Lingen |The lonely old |4270 |Minimum living|They cannot afford the resettlement |
| | | | | | |allowance |houses and also the location of the |
| | | | | | | |resettlement houses is Hongshan Town, |
| | | | | | | |which causes the great increase of |
| | | | | | | |living cost, leading to more poor |
| | | | | | | |living condition. |
| | |Lianghong |Ge Genfu |The lonely old |4200 |Minimum living|They cannot afford the resettlement |
| | | | | | |allowance |houses and also the location of the |
| | | | | | | |resettlement houses is Hongshan Town, |
| | | | | | | |which causes the great increase of |
| | | | | | | |living cost, leading to more poor |
| | | | | | | |living condition. |
| | |Lianghong |Yuan Rongming |Physically |8000 |Minimum living|They can not afford resettlement house,|
| | | | |disabled | |allowance |but if they move to the town, it is |
| | | | | | | |convenient for his wife to see a |
| | | | | | | |doctor. |
The houses of the poor families are generally simple and crude and for the poor family the biggest impact of demolition is the need to bear the price of new house, because they can only receive relatively low compensation according to the house compensation standard. Additionally, they have little cash surplus, so even if they have the desire to improve the housing condition, they can not afford the cost increase brought by moving. Additionally, it is difficult for them to find a transition house, and after they move to the town, their life may be more difficult because the living cost in the town is much higher.
4.2.2.3 Analysis on Impact of Migrant Population
Because the migrant population has not local census registration and houses, they can only receive the various impacts brought by the any construction project within the area passively. The reason for analysis of impact over the migrant population caused by the house demolition is mainly that most of the migrant population involved in this project is living in the villages involved in accordance with the sampling survey.
|Respondent: Director He in Village Committee of Gedai Community |
|Time of interview: November, 25th, 2009 |
|Content of the interview: |
|Q: Would you please briefly tell me the information of the migrant population within the area? |
|A: The individual enterprises in our town are relatively developed, so there is relatively larger migrant population. It is |
|estimated that the migrant population occupies about 32% of the total population and they generally live in the old houses in |
|our village and some of the villagers often set up lightly constructed buildings in the vacant land in the house site for |
|renting to the migrant people. |
Although there is not detailed data about the migrant population, by interviewing the director of the village committee in the project areas, we found that the migrant population inside the project areas occupies a relatively large proportion of the total population. The old houses that the director of the village committee referred to are specified as follows:
[pic][pic]
Figure 4-2 Houses on Rural Old Housing Sites Rented by Migrant Population
From the figure, we can find that most of the houses rented by the migrant population are relatively simple and there are about two rooms inside (with each about 20m2). The Project requires the demolition of rural residential houses, which will necessarily affect the housing of the migrant population and they are forced to move passively and to search for residence in the urban community requiring higher cost than that in the village.
|Time of interview: November, 25th, 2009 |
|Respondent: Mr. Guo, Yucun Village, 22 years old, Lianyunguang, migrant worker. |
|Content of the interview: |
|Mr. Guo: It costs less money to live in the village. The rent for the house with two rooms is about 1500 yuan per year. If we |
|move to the town in the future, the cost will certainly be higher, but in order to get a job, it is necessary to spend more |
|money renting a new house. |
From the interview, we can find that if they can find the same kind of jobs, the migrant population will get employment here and rent a new house for settlement, in other words, this is a marketized selection action. So, the house demolition will not affect the migrant population much. The income level will be affected in the short term, but the living standard will be recovered once they are employed.
4.2.3 Analysis on Impact of Enterprise Relocation
The industry in Wuxi Municipality is developed comprehensively, and there are relatively more village enterprises here. The components of Changguangxi Project requires relocation of 55 institutions and enterprises with the 1,752 staffs and the total demolition area of 238,347m2, and the area of the affected institutions and enterprises is about 297.8 mu. The components of Hongshan Project require relocation of 125 institutions and enterprises with the 1,616 staffs. Relocation of 2 enterprises with the 80 staffs is involved in the Meiliang Lake Project with the total demolition area of 5990m2. The lands occupied by the institutions and enterprises are all collective lands but not state-owned lands. Refer to the part about enterprises in the migrant report for their information. The analysis of editorial group on impact analysis of enterprise relocation is conducted in accordance with the impact of demolition on different social parts.
Table 4-8 Analysis on Enterprises Relocation
|Impact factor |Impact content (disadvantages) |Impact content(advantages) |
|Regional economy |The production halt or moving of the large number of |New and fresh power will be injected into the |
| |enterprises will cause the reduced output value within the |development of ecological tourism industry in the |
| |region. |region, which will be propitious to the long-term and |
| | |sustainable development. |
|Collective economy |The collective asset will not be increased, and it may even be|The land-use right in the town-level industrial zone |
| |decreased. The villagers can not enjoy the collective welfare |that is given to the collective organization of the |
| |brought by collective asset. |village may develop some industries in the area. |
|Family income |To find a new job, especially for the laborer of 40-50 years |The improvement of the regional environment in Taihu |
| |old without social technique, it is only suitable for them to |Lake can promote the development of the regional economy|
| |work in the extensive type of enterprises, but this kind of |and provide more employment opportunity in the tertiary |
| |enterprises may be closed or be opened in other place and so |industry for the villagers. |
| |it is relatively difficult for them to achieve new job | |
| |opportunity. | |
|Migrant population |Most of the migrant people work in the enterprises. And this |They have to accept reemployment and broaden their |
| |group of people who occupies nearly 30% of the total |employment road passively. And the possibility of |
| |population of the area also have to face the similar problem |progress in career will be provided. If they can not |
| |of reemployment. Because of its strong fluidity, the migrant |find a suitable job, the pressure of reemployment |
| |people can find a job again more easily than the local people.|competition is still not so strong because of their |
| | |working experience in Wuxi Municipality. |
By analyzing the content of above table, it can be found that enterprises relocation exert relatively strong impact on both the collective economy and the villagers in the short term and may cause short-term employment risk of some people, or even unemployment. If the normal operation of enterprises can not be recovered properly after the relocation of the enterprises, it will bring economic risk to the families and region.
Typical example: in order to better understand the impact of the two components on the enterprises, we interview a enterprise with regional typicality and compressively understand the impact on enterprises by surveying and interviewing.
|Respondent: Gong Lianyuan, legal person of Wuxi Xiguang Organosilicone Material Factory |
|Survey time: March, 6th, 2010 |
|Survey place: the office of the factory in Houzhai East Road in Hongshan Town |
|Survey content: |
|Q: Would you briefly introduce your enterprise? |
|A: Our enterprise is established by changing the operation mechanism of the collective enterprise in our village and its |
|original name is Houzhai Progress Chemical Plant. I purchased this factory in 2000 together with my brother-in-law and |
|this factory has a history of more than 30 years till now. The products of our enterprise are sold nationwide and mainly |
|used for element fixing in the electric appliance and electronic products and it is proper to say that we have stable |
|customer source in the past few decades. The annual output value is about 5 million yuan generally. |
|As for the staffs, we have more than 30 staffs in total, mostly the local persons of 40-50 years old, who occupies about |
|65% of the total headcount. There are many migrants here, but there are just a few migrants in our factory. According to |
|the labor protection policy, we handle insurance for all staffs. |
| |
|Q: Do you know something about the enterprise relocation? |
|A: I have heard about that in the past, but no one execute this policy here, so I don’t know much about how to conduct the|
|operation. |
| |
|Q: How do you feel about the enterprise relocation? |
|A: We will move if we need to, because we all hope the next generation can live a better life after all. But, currently, |
|we are worrying about whether we will be properly resettled. The policy stipulates that we can move to the resettlement |
|area in the industrial park together with the big enterprises. However, we still do not know whether it can be realized |
|before we really move. If no houses are arranged for us, we will be in trouble. |
| |
|Q: What impact do you think will be exerted on enterprises? |
|A: There are of course many kinds of impacts, firstly, the problem of land referred to just now. Secondly, even if we can |
|find a place to rent, it will be very expensive. The rent here is about 30,000 yuan per year (The enterprise cover an area|
|of about 5 mu), but if we move to other places, the rent will certainly be higher; what’s more, the staffs are all local |
|people and we know each other very well, so if we move far away from here and they don’t want to go with us, we worry that|
|we can not find enough workers. |
| |
|Note: During the interview, we find that the staffs hope that the enterprises will not be relocated. But if the |
|enterprises are really relocated, but the traffic is convenient, they will still be willing to work in the original |
|enterprises. |
[pic] [pic]
Figure 4-3 Real Views of the Case-Study Enterprise
We conclude from the above survey that:
1. The relocation of the enterprises causes to the enterprise owner the worry about the indeterminacy of future, including the reselection of the factory address, the supply of human resource and the convenience of the transportation. Either to rent the standard factories in the industrial development zone or to rent lands for self-building the factories, the cost for reconstruction and operation of the enterprises will be greatly raised.
2. From the relocation of the enterprises, we can find it exerts relatively large impact on the middle-aged group of 40-50 years old. Although the overall employment condition of enterprises have not been surveyed, we find that the small and medium-sized enterprises in the villages in Wuxi Municipality are mostly labor-intensive industries by interviewing the village committee of the area where the project locates, therefore the middle-aged staffs occupy large proportion. We know from the enterprise relocation that this will bring economic loss in the short term for the enterprises and also bring risk of unemployment if the enterprises can not be resettled properly.
4.2.4 Impacts on Infrastructure, Ground Attachments and Special Facilities
The main affected attachments and special facilities are 10 KV-type electric poles and 380 KV-type wire poles, transformers, water channels, bridges, highways, tap water pipes, motor-pumped wells, large-opening wells, tombs, pump stations, etc. See Figure 4-9 for the detailed information of the affected attachments and special facilities gained from field survey.
Table 4-9 Summary of Affected Attachments and Special Facilities
|Physical indicator |Changguangxi Ecological Wetland |Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution |
| |Rehabilitation Project |Control Demonstration Zone Project |
|10 KV-type electric pole(length) |112 | |
|380 KV-type electric poles(length) |468 | |
|Transformer( set) |1 | |
|Channel (m2) |6200 |26000 |
|Bridge |14 |13 |
|Unicom base station |1 |0 |
|Tar road (m2) |700000 |21300 |
|Water supply pipeline(m) |12000 | |
|Driven well, large opening well |4000 | |
|(unit) | | |
|Tomb | |5728 |
|Pump station | |4 |
The compensation for the group attachments and tombs shall be conducted in accordance with the procedure for compensation policy in different districts, and no economic loss will be caused to the residents.
4.2.5 Possible Impacts of Project Construction
4.2.5.1 Raise Dust
The project construction will unavoidably bring raised dust for several weeks at least and several month at most. The impact on environment in the construction period is mainly raised dust in construction. Raised dust in construction is mainly produced by the operations such as the excavation of cubic meter of earth and stone, the leveling of land, the paving of pipeline, the waste land, and navigation of vehicles. Indicated by relevant document, the main source of raised dust is the navigation of haulage vehicles, which occupies about 60% of the total raised dust. The quantity of raised dust is related to the dryness of the weather, the traffic condition, the navigating speed of vehicles and the wind speed. In general, forced by the natural wind, the raised dust on the road can affect a range within 100m. In strong wind, the quantity of raised dust and the affecting range will be expanded. If the spoil, the gravel ingredient, the cave slag, lime, etc. in the construction are not properly covered in piling or scattered in loading and transport, it will also cause raised dust in construction and the impact range is about 100m. The raised dust will cover the neighboring buildings and plants with thick dust and bring much trouble to the maintenance of the environment of settlement district.
4.2.5.2 Noise pollution
The construction will cause certain impact on the neighboring sound environment of the construction project. The noise is mainly produced by the operation of the power generating machine with different performance, for example, the excavation of grooves and fields and the transport of building materials.
4.2.5.3 Spoil
Much spoil will be produced in the construction and it is possible to cause impact on the environment during the process of transport and handling. The overloading of the vehicles will cause scattering of the soil along the transport way; the vehicle wheels are stained with soil, which cause the soil on the transport highway; the dust raised in sunny day and the road surface is muddy, which will affect the pedestrian and the environment quality of the passing vehicles.
If the spoil handling place is not set clearly or if the spoil are placed randomly without regulation, it will affect the land use, the liquidity of the river and damage the natural and ecological environment and the urban construction and neatness. The transport of spoil requires a large number of vehicles, so if the spoil is transported in the daytime, it will necessarily affect the traffic in the area and make the traffic more crowded.
4.3 Analysis on Common Impact of Meiliang Lake and Huishan Components
The common impact analysis can be done for the Taihu Lake Key Area Ecological Dredging Project and the Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant (Phase 4) and Recycled Water Reuse (Phase 1) Project has some common characteristics on temporary land occupation, noise pollution, community facility occupation and possibility of secondary pollution.
4.3.1 Analysis on Impact of Temporary Land Occupation
The temporary land occupation of the Project involving the forest lands and fish ponds contracted by the villagers, and the component Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project involving Kongwan spoil ground, Baimao spoil ground and Hongwan heap need temporary lands; because the lands occupied are all collective lands, temporary land compensation fees shall be paid during the occupation and secondary farming shall be conducted according to the utilization condition of the original lands. Because the local population is sparse and most youth labor force works in the enterprises of development zone, it is analyzed and considered that Meiliang Lake temporary land occupation will not affect the major livelihood income of land occupied families, and the Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant (Phase 4) and Recycled Water Reuse (Phase 1) Project are all state-owned lands located within the Huishan economic development zone; the Project piping network system shall be laid along the development zone road with the ground being green space and land instead of buildings, fixtures and accessories; the temporary lands for roads belong to Public Utilities Board and land use nature is state-own land allocation free of charge, thus the compensation issue of temporary land occupation does not exist.
4.3.2 Enterprise Demolition Impact
Meiliang Lake component involves the demolitions of two institutions and enterprises, with 80 enterprises staff, 5990m2 of demolition houses; the enterprises affected cover an area of 9.2 mu (1mu=666.7m2), and the enterprises land occupation belongs to collective land, and the specific enterprises conditions are listed in Table 4-10:
Table 4-10 Affected Institutions and Enterprises Statistics
|Affected enterprises general conditions |
|Component |Enterprise |
|Kongwan |None |
|Bai 1 Mao# |Have some |
|Baimao 2# |Have some |
|Baimao 3 |None |
(2) Sewage discharge
During Meiliang Lake silt curing, sewage discharged into river will not cause secondary pollution to the river after going through many layers of filter screens, but if the operation procedure is not carried out strictly, the surrounding river will be polluted and the and the surrounding environment will be affected.
The sewage discharged by Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant during the Project operation is mainly the tail water processed by the Project (phase 4), sewage of the plant itself, and recoil waste water caused by resurgent water processing system, the domestic sewage and production waste water in the plant will flow back into water pump house inlet well of the plant and will be processed with sewage flowing into the plant without affecting the surrounding environment.
(3) Noise pollution
During Meiliang Lake silt curing, the operation of necessary machine will cause certain noise pollution to the surrounding environment. Round-trip transport and curing is needed during cleaning, so noise will be caused by silt transport in different stages during operation.
The noise of Huishan Wastewater Treatment Plant comes from the noise of machine driving inside the factory, such as the noise of sewage pump, sludger, sucking pump and washer pump, and except noise of air sand blower, sand and water separator and air blower, and there is noise from the vehicles inside or side the plant. But by adding silencer cover and absorber, noise pollution can be reduced effectively.
4.4 Project Benefit AnalysisProject Benefit Analysis
The adverse impacts of every component on villagers are analyzed above, but at the same time the project will bring long-term drive for Wuxi Municipality development in the long run. The analysis of beneficial impacts of components, namely the benefit analysis of the Project, will be conducted below.
4.4.1 Environmental benefits of the Project Environmental Benefits of the Project
The Project is engaged in the restoration of ecological wetlands, key areas’ ecological dredging, integrated treatment of the pollution in rural areas, the ecological environment comprehensive capacity building to reduce the pollution load of the Lake Taihu, restore biodiversity, improve water quality of the Taihu Lake to protect the lake drinking water safety of residents and improve the quality of life of residents along the lake and also to further improve the living standards of residents in Wuxi Municipality Water environment comprehensive control along the Taihu Lake in the long run will form virtuous cycles, and livable environment where human and nature will get along peacefully and the Taihu Lake will regain beautiful scenery and green water. The following are specific benefits:
(1) By ecological wetland rehabilitation along Taihu Lake District, on one hand, possibility of pollutant entering protector is reduced, and on the other hand, species diversifies, the Taihu Lake becomes more beautiful and the water quality is improved. At the same time, ecological forest planted along the lake can absorb noise, dust, and injurious ingredients in the air such as sulfur dioxide in the neighboring expressway.
[pic] [pic]
Figure 4-4 Real views of the Lianghong component (Phase 1)
Table 4-3 is the scenery of Hongshan (Phase 1); it can be seen from the picture that by wetland rehabilitation, the area is beautiful and is in the rehabilitating and perfecting process of ecological development. The improvement of ecological environment will optimize the environment of the whole affected area, and the neighboring residents can enjoy the living quality improvement brought by environmental improvement.
(2) The desilting towards lakebed effectively improves water quality and ensures the water safety of the residents. And eutrophic components depositing in the Taihu Lake is reduced. Lake regulation and retardation capability is improved effectively, underwater acoustic system cycle is intensified, and flood occurrence rate is reduced.
[pic] [pic]
Figure 4-5 Garbage around rural houses in Hongshan Town
4.4.2 Economic Benefits
Though the Project carrying out comprehensive control to the ecological environment of the Taihu Lake belongs to public services and mainly realizes social and environmental benefits, but there are still some economic benefits, which is as follows:
(1) Through effective waste recovery processing, material utilization rate will be improved, which will make great contribution to green GDP and promote the sustainable development of Wuxi Municipality;
(2) The protection of water source and water quality will create condition for the sustainable development of urban economy and reduce the cost of water treatment plant;
(3) Lowering of rural residents healthy level, increase of medical care cost and labor production rate reduction caused by water pollution, air pollution, waster pollution will be improved, and medical care costs paid by villager will be reduced;
(4) Aquatic and animal products’ output and quality reduction caused by water pollution will be reduced.
After sewage pipe is built, because sewage is discharged and go through centralized processing in sewage processing, that enterprise directly discharges waste water from its production into the water without processing due to expensive costs and cause pollution is avoided, and at the same time, pollution of living sewage towards underground water and neighboring river is reduced.
(5) The tourist resource is rich in Taihu Lake area, which wins the Taihu Lake the good reputation of “The Taihu Lake is beautiful and its charm lies in its water”. Wuxi is also called "Pearl of the Taihu Lake”, the beautiful sceneries of the Taihu Lake such as Yuantou Peninsular, Lingshan Mountain Scenic Spot, Three Kingdoms City, Water Margin City, Tang City, and Three Mountains and Xiandao Inland are all along the Taihu Lake; the scenery of the Taihu Lake is proportional to Wuxi tourist income. As shown in Table 4-14, the tourist income proportion in GDP of the whole city shows a rising trend year by year.
Table 4-15 Tourist income of Wuxi Municipality in the past years
|Year |Total tourist income (100 million |The percentage in GDP of the whole city (%) |
| |yuan) | |
|2001 |111.50 |8.20 |
|2002 |150.93 |9.42 |
|2003 |180.54 |9.50 |
|2004 |229.68 |9.77 |
|2005 |301.60 |10.75 |
|2006 |376.72 |11.42 |
|2007 |445.76 |11.55 |
[pic]
Table 4-6 Growth of percentage of tourist income to GDP in past years
|旅游收入相当于全市GDP的百分比（%） |Percentage of tourist income in GDP of the whole city (%) |
|百分比（%） |Percentage (%) |
|占全市GDP的百分比(%) |Percentage in GDP of the whole city (%) |
|年份 |Year |
It is shown in Table 4-6 that the percentage of tourist income in total income is less than the previous years in 2007, so it is evident that Blue Algae Event brought direct economic loss to tourist sector in Wuxi Municipality. It is of great importance to intensify ecological environmental rehabilitation of Wuxi Municipality.
Cyanobacteria events had certain impact on Taihu Lake tourism and affect tourist income of Wuxi Municipality. Taihu Lake ecological rehabilitation is helpful to improve the water quality of the Taihu Lakeand the surrounding environment, promote the ecological tourist development in the Taihu Lake area, and will generate economic benefit for both the neighboring residents and the whole city.
(6) It is imperative to push urbanization process for the development of new villages; demolition involving in the Changguangxi component in the Project forces the affected villagers to move to the lakeside street, and thus villagers change into urban citizens and promote the urbanization development and the rise of production and consumption capability in the area.
4.4.3 Social Benefits
The project regards the social benefit as the initial goal from the preparation phase, only profound social benefits are realized can the implementation significance be proved.
(1) Promote city charm After the Blue Algae Event in 2007, people’s impression on the Taihu Lake is nothing but pollution, which causes adverse effect to investment opportunity and tourist sector of Wuxi Municipality. The implementation of the Project fundamentally manages the Taihu Lake and improves the popularity, investment environment and economic development of Wuxi Municipality.
(2) Promote the harmonious development of human and nature. The harmony between human and nature is one of the requirements to develop harmonious society. The ecological environment improvement and human behavior control by the Project promote the effective cycle of the whole social system, and offer example for the harmonious development of human and nature.
(3) The implementation of the Project can help neighboring residents realize the importance of ecological environment, and realize that environmental protection has much to do with their life under the effect of the Project completed, so that they will unconsciously improve environmental awareness and reduce environmental pollution.
(4) The implementation of the Project will greatly improve the water environment quality of Wuxi Municipality, and has relatively positive significance to the reduction of water costs of water works, the protection of residents’ health, the promotion of local industry, fishery, tourist industry, and agriculture.
(5) The implementation of the Project has positive impact on the improvement of basin and region environmental quality, city environment, residence environment quality and city image and investment environment and the promotion of city development space and urbanization.
(6) The push effect of the Project on city economic development will be a long process, and the effect mainly includes improvement of city and town environment and infrastructure, promotion of relevant industries development such as tourism, agriculture, and service industry, the employment of relevant industries during and after the Project construction, and foundation laid for the further development of urbanization.
(7) The construction of Recycled Water Reuse Project takes full advantage of city water resource, reduces water pollution load, promotes water cyclic utilization and greatly improves the water cyclic utilization rate and region water environment quality, which not only protects public health, but also promotes city environmental image.
(8) The implementation of the Project will also push the organization capacity building in the project areas and is beneficial to train a group of environmental manager by bringing in advanced project management method and establishing advanced office management system.
(9) The implementation of the Project is beneficial for the accumulation of experience in future farm pollution control, and provides a good example for the ecological farm cropping around the Taihu Lake and even the whole country in future. The development of ecological agriculture will promote the residents’ health and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer used so that the emission of carbon dioxide and global greenhouse effect will be reduced.
(10) The Project covers a small population below the poverty line in rural and urban areas, and will improve the living environment and living condition of such population below the poverty line and improve the health level of local people. The construction of the Project will offer employment opportunities for local people and increase their income.
4.4.4 Other Benefits
With the demonstration and loaning of World Bank loans, the additional scientific and normative project demonstration, work execution, management mode and human-oriented spirit will be implemented, thus improving the management ability of personnel in relevant functional departments of the people’s government at all levels, and the academic and technical level of the project consultation personnel and project implementation technical staff. The project management mode of the World Bank affects all the participating personnel and project construction personnel of the Project and improves their management ability and human-oriented spirit.
The implementation of the Project improves affected residents’ awareness in the coordinated development between human society and the nature, increases their environmental awareness, raises the law and policy awareness of administrators of people’s governments at all levels, project participating personnel and project affected personnel, and is beneficial for the coordinated development, stability and unity of the society.
Mutual adaptability analysis between the Project and society
The social evaluation of the Project is not only about the analysis of the impact to stakeholder and local society and the potential social risk of the Project, but also about the analysis of adaptability of the Project and society, namely, the compatibility analysis between the Project and local technique, organization and culture.
5.1 Economic Support
The fiscal revenue of Wuxi city and local governments at all levels are economically able to implement the Project.
Table 5-1 Socioeconomic information of the project areas
|Economic level |Wuxi Municipality |New District |Binhu District |
|GDP (100 million yuan) |3858.53 |600.2 |328 |
|The added value of primary industry |55.02 |0.92 |3.65 |
|The added value of secondary industry |2256.36 |443.23 |182.99 |
|Industrial added value |2134.72 |434.17. |166.03 |
|The added value of tertiary industry |1547.16 |156.05 |141.36 |
|Fiscal revenue (100 million yuan) |706.9 |114.33 |54.72 |
|Local fiscal revenue (100 million yuan) |412.06 |48.76 |28.52 |
|Gross industrial output value (100 million yuan) |10648.92 |434.17 |690 |
|Total export and import volume |511.46 |298.8 | |
|Average wage of employed staff (yuan) |34375 |32581 |35362 |
|Rural per capita net income (yuan) |10026 |12788 |10920 |
|Per-capita disposable income of urban residents | |20898 |21058 |
|(yuan) | | | |
Except the economic backup of Wuxi Municipality shown in the above table, the series of policies after the Cyanobacteria Events in 2007 in Wuxi Municipality mentioned above may reflect that the environmental construction investment of the government increases very much. The conclusion can be reached that the Project implementation will get the government’s support in both policy and economy.
5.2 Fusion between the Project and Regional Development
With the development of people’s living standard and the negative social effects of “Cyanobacteria Events”, increasing higher importance is attached to the environmental protection. The government of Binhu District once emphasized in the working conference of whole city civilized area evaluation that the government shall pay adequate attention to civilized area construction and make Binhu a shining pearl by the bank of Taihu Lake. It is certain that the sub-project in Binhu affected area is consistent with the planning of the whole area with a high degree of fusion. Their common goal is to promote the ecological environment in the area and create civilized city. It reduces the block caused by temporary economic loss in the area of the Project.
In the long-term plan, the New District is to be built into a high-end industrial park, but the whole ecological environment promotion shall be the premise of the optimization and promotion of the area. The government shall attach high importance to ecological civilization and actively built the state water-saving city, state best living environment city, state ecological park city, state ecological industry demonstration park, and speed up the establishment of resource-saving and ecology-protective industry structure, increasing mode and consumption mode. The first is to carry out loop intensive demonstration project, try to create a recycling economy demonstration park and build a group of recyclic economy demonstration projects featuring resource-saving, clean production and ecological protection. So the components involving New District bring new motivation for the development of New District, and attract high-end technology human resource and high-end enterprises by the establishment of beautiful environment here.
Generally speaking, the construction of the Project is fused with the development goals of the two regions and the whole Wuxi Municipality. The implementation of the Project will make contribution to the promotion of the Wuxi industrial structure optimization and the sustainable development of the tourism industry.
5.3 Consistency of Policy Purposes
Since Wixu Cyanobacteria Events, the governments at all levels make a series of measures and take a series of actions to control the environment of Taihu Lake (See 1.3 for detailed information), which together with the loan project of the World Bank in Taihu Lake further promotes the protection of Taihu Lake environment.
5.4 Improving the Environmental Awareness of Affected Residents
After Cyanobacteria Events, a large-scale war for Taihu Lake control, water source protection, and ecology reestablishment involving all districts, all industries, all enterprises and institutions and all citizens started. On June 6, 2007, the mobilization meeting for Taihu Lake control and water source protection was grandly opened in Wuxi Municipality, all cities (towns) and 26 departments received the order of Taihu Lake control and water source protection. Yang Weize, the member of Provincial Standing Committee and secretary of municipal Party committee, appeal to people to quickly carried out the designation spirit of the central and provincial leaders, put Taihu Lake control to the unprecedented height as the focus of all works, motivate the whole society and the whole city to fully succeed in Taihu Lake control, water resource protection and ecology reestablishment.
The Taihu Lake pollution has a long history, and the Taihu Lake control relates to the whole basin, but the unique geological structure of Taihu Lake makes Wuxi most susceptible to the pollution. Because of Blue Green Algae gave the governments at all levels in Wuxi Municipality and people a chance for reflection, the attitude of Wuxi Municipality government is clear: the question lies in the water while the root lies on the bank; as the developed region along Taihu Lake, Wuxi shall shoulder more responsibility, make more contribution and make an example during Taihu Lake control. Taihu Lake control would be a breakthrough for Wuxi Municipality, which will achieve ecological civilization from iron fist pollution control.
The World Environment Day on June 5, 2009 is coming, the activity "let ecological civilization reach both the city and Xiang-pay attention to the environmental protection of Taihu Lake” held by the municipal government during the period showed the achievement of Wuxi in environmental protection and energy-saving and emission reduction; the action to reduce pollution and protect the mother river Taihu Lake had become the self-awakening conscious of Wuxi Municipality.
In the research towards villagers near mud draining field, the villagers all agreed that though the environment near their houses were affected a bit, but the activity was good for the control of Taihu Lake. The World Bank's loan for Taihu Lake Comprehensive Control Project in Wuxi won common popularity in every project area.
Social risk management
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Table 6-1 Flowchart of identification of social risks of the Project
It can be seen from the Table 6-1 that the basic procedure needed in the identification of social risks is as follows: identification of stakeholders——analysis of project impact——competition between stakeholders (risk analysis)——proposal of feasible measures and advices towards risk control The analysis on the impact of the Project is done in four aspects including society, economy, humanity and fusion based on the understanding of every project as illustrated in Chapter VI; the analysis on the impact of the project is finally to distinguish potential risk and propose a solution, and the ultimate goal is the smooth implementation of the Project and the reduction of adverse impact of the Project on human.
6.1 Identification of Social Risks
6.1.1 Social risks of Changguangxi and Hongshan Component
After analyzing the social impact of two components, the analysis on impact of corresponding two components combine the need of stakeholders and potential social risk will be put forward in the Chapter.
6.1.1.1 Replacement of Rural Land Contracting and Management Rights May Lead to Unsatisfied Transfer Employment of “Personnel at the Age of 40 to 50”.
All components of the Project do not involve land for farm requisition. Land contracting and management right of the farmer is centralized with the mode of "Replacement security of farm land contracting and management right” for all lands, and then local government will contract the land to land contracting manager through uniformed land plan and land consolidation to improve land centralized utilization rate, eliminate the city and Xiang dualistic structure and promote the well-coordinated development of the city and countryside.
According to on-site investigation, there are many farmers who need the replacement of land contracting and management rights so there will be no great impact on individual household. At the same time, the social and economic development level is high in the Project Area, and non-agricultural industries is advanced; according to on-site investigation, because economic development in the area is advanced, the land plan and development in the past made the villager know the state land policy, and villagers have realized labor force transfer and local employment in the second and third industry, so though there are all farm household in the affected village, agricultural income is not their major source of income, and replacement of land contracting and management right does not have great impact on the affected household. Only individuals at the age of 40 to 50 originally depending on agricultural income may face with certain unemployment risk.
It is found in the investigation that local urbanization level is high, the industry is advanced, and various factories and enterprises are large; before relocation, many villagers work in the village or the neighboring factories, and earn wage as farmers, but after relocation, some workers would face the risk of losing jobs, especially those at the embarrassing age of about 45; it makes sense that the labor force is relatively rich, the difficulty of reemployment is great and employment risk is high; besides, after enterprises are moved to the industrial park, the travel time on and off work and energy consumption increase, thus the work convenience is reduced while wage may not rise.
|Interview time: Nov. 24, 2009 |
|Interviewee: Mr. Wang, Villager from Gedai Community |
|Content of the interview: |
|Mr. Wang: What we concern most is our future job, because there is not much land here. The sources of daily life expenditure |
|are the wage earned in the factory. Now the factory is removed and living in the community will spend more, so the life will |
|be tougher without job. |
6.1.1.2 Social Risk that May Rise from the Resident House Demolition
In accordance with the local laws and regulations such as Administrative Measures of Wuxi Municipality for the Demolition of Houses on Urban Collective Land (Xi Zheng Fa [2004] No. 363), and the Operational Opinions on the Implementation of the Administrative Measures of Wuxi Municipality for the Demolition of Houses on Urban Collective Land (Xi Bin Wei Fa[2005] No. 62), the method of compensation with currency or property replacement can be used to conduct the compensation and arrangement for the house demolition. However, in the Project, the method of house property replacement is generally adopted in every situation without exception, and depreciation is not taken into account in the arrangement of house property replacement.
Replaced household who needs house to move and the demolition and replacement of land contracting and management rights during construction of two components will generate risk of house loss and living quality reduction if not being resettled properly according to the Management Method. After house demolition, they need to wait for the completion of the new house in relatives' houses or in the starter home. But compensation shall be paid properly to house demolition to make the replaced household be able to build house with similar condition with the original ,without increasing their economic burden.
For needy family, it is pointed out in the location policy that the group enjoys the preferential purchase policy and will be given economic allowance if there is difficulty in their life after resettlement.
Case: to fully understand the migration risk of land acquisition and house demolition, the SA team chooses a relatively typical household and analyzes the income and expenditure ratio before and after demolition of its house, and then gets the risk.
Basic family information: Mr. Deng, from Lianghong Village, 51 years old, does odd jobs in free time (800 yuan per month). His father is 78 years old and helps do farming at home. His wife is 48 years old and takes care of grandson at home and does odd jobs sometimes (600 yuan per month, and odd job is calculated according to 8 months). His son is 25 years old and works at enterprise in New District (1800 yuan per month), his daughter-in-law is 24 years old and works at enterprise in New District as well (1500 yuan per month). The following is the correlation table of specific income and expenditure in the family:
Table 6-1 Comparison of family income and expenditure before and after relocation
|Family |Income items |Income (yuan) |Expenditure |Expenditure |
|members | | |items (with | |
| | | |family being the| |
| | | |unit) | |
| | |Before replacement |After replacement | |Before |After |
| | | | | |replacement |replacement |
| |Do odd jobs |800*8=6400 | | | | |
| |Social | |330*12=3960 | | | |
| |security | | | | | |
|Father |Social | |330*12=3960 | | | |
| |security | | | | | |
|Wife of |Do odd jobs |600*8=4800 | |Annual |1300 |1500 |
|household | | | |expenditure of | | |
|head | | | |utilities | | |
| |Social | |330*12=3960 | | | |
| |security | | | | | |
|Son |Wage earnings |1800*12=21600 |21600 | | | |
| |of enterprises| | | | | |
|Daughter-in-l|Wage earnings |1500*12=18000 |18000 |Annual |1600 |1500 |
|aw |of enterprises| | |expenditure of | | |
| | | | |car fee | | |
|Grandson |None | | | | | |
|Whole family |Rental income | |600*12=7200 | | | |
|Total | |52300 |
|Large-size key enterprises (the relocated |There will be loss caused by production |Almost none. |
|enterprises with sales tax over 20,000,000 yuan |stop in short period without risks to | |
|or with tax and local fund over 2,000,000 yuan |recover normal production. | |
|in previous year) | | |
|Medium-size enterprises |Operation costs increase due to joint |Avoidable small risks. |
| |tenant or standard factory renting of | |
| |similar enterprises. | |
|Individual workshops and small-size enterprises |They shall resettle themselves after |There is certain amount|
| |being paid certain costs, so demolition |of risks. But as the |
| |will brought larger risks for them. |saying goes “a small |
| |Because if they are unable to find a |boat turns easily”, |
| |suitable resettlement place, they may not|risks can be reduced by|
| |resume operation. |transformation or the |
| | |choice of new location.|
Material source: the resettlement policy of relevant enterprises in migrant report and on-the-spot interview content of the SA team
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Figure 6-2 Exterior View of Plant Buildings in the Hongshan Industrial Resettlement Zone in New District, Wuxi
[pic]
Figure 6-3 Real View of Completed Plant Building in the Hudai Industrial Park
Secondly, the risks enterprises face come from the enterprises and employees themselves. On one hand, there is certain relevancy between the risk of employees and the risk of enterprises; for the large-size key enterprises and enterprises able to realize land renting in cluster, relocation has relatively small impact on the enterprises and the enterprises’ ability of production recovery is good so the employees will not face the risk of unemployment and just certain economic loss will arise in a short period of time. If the enterprises are not resettled well, the income and living quality and standard of the employees of individual workshops or small-size enterprises will be affected. On the other hand, employees of the age group between 40 and 50 may face new round of competition and employment pressure, which shall catch the attention of the relevant government; by comprehensive analysis, the feasible measures and advices are proposed in Section 6.2. According to the investigation, the major enterprises in Changguangxi and Meiliang Lake project areas have been included into the coverage of enterprise relocation policy and resettled effectively, which is shown in Table 6—3.
Table 6—3 Statistics of Changguangxi and Hongshan Enterprises Resettlement
|Components |Relevant |Affected |Affected |The number of|Affected |Demolition |Settlement methods |
| |districts |Town |village |affected |population |area (m2) | |
| | | | |enterprise | | | |
| | |Binhu Street|Yucun Village |11 |463 |51986 | |
| | | |Rengang |14 |689 |100393 | |
| | | |Village | | | | |
| | |Subtotal |55 |1752 |238374 | |
|Hongshan Rural |New |Hongshan |Lianghong |14 |104 |14100 |Cash compensation: 38 |
|Non-point Pollution |District |Street |Village | | | |enterprises |
|Control Demonstration| | | | | | |Remote relocation: 24 |
|Zone Project | | | | | | |enterprises |
| | | | | | | |Admission placement: |
| | | | | | | |63 enterprises, |
| | | | | | | |located in Hongshan |
| | | | | | | |Industrial |
| | | | | | | |Resettlement Zone in |
| | | | | | | |New District, Wuxi |
| | | |Houzhong |21 |375 |46390 | |
| | | |Village | | | | |
| | | |Dangdong |33 |180 |25340 | |
| | | |Village | | | | |
| | | |Jianxin |17 |217 |32775 | |
| | | |Village | | | | |
| | | |Dongtang |9 |568 |46900 | |
| | | |Street | | | | |
| | | |Defangqiao |31 |448 |52785 | |
| | |Subtotal |125 |1892 |218290 | |
|Total |180 |3194 |456664 | |
6.1.1.4 Community Management in Resettlement Zone
For community management, the SA team finds in the investigation that because of the different progresses of resettlement zone in two components, the risks existing are different, but there are common characteristics as well. Refer to Table 6-3 for detailed information.
Table 6-3 Risk analysis of resettlement communities by category
|Level of risks |Changguangxi Ecological Wetland |Hongshan Rural Non-point Pollution Control |
| |Rehabilitation Project |Demonstration Zone Project |
|Incomplete facilities around |√ (Because of delayed construction |There are relatively complete facilities, |
|resettlement zone |process, the facilities is under |but according to the investigation, more |
| |construction) |large commercial premises are needed |
|Laggard community management |√ |√ |
|Handling conflict of |√ |√ |
|collective assets | | |
|Low degree of community |√ |Relatively high degree of participation |
|participation | | |
The analyzed content in the above table comes from the interview and sampling investigation of SA team towards village committee and phase one residents of existing resettlement zone, and the specific risks will be elaborated in the following passages. According to the project introduction, we know that the villagers involved in Changguangxi component is in the implementation stage of demolition and resettlement, and some villagers have not moved to resettlement community. So by interviewing the existing resettlement community (Phase 1), we know the overall condition and existing problem of the resettlement zone.
Because the resettlement zone of Hongshan component is in the resettlement zone of another project which is built earlier so urbanization has begin to be realized around the resettlement zone. So the resettlement zone is more developed than Changguangxi component, with risk lower than Changguangxi.
According to our research in Table 7-7, we can find that 97.4% of the surveyed subjects is satisfied with the whole environment in resettlement zone, which reflects that the existing resettlement zone meets the needs of most villagers and effectively avoid the resettlement house stress. But in terms of community management demand, 83.8% of residents in Changguang component express dissatisfaction due to few activities organized by the community, which is obviously an effective reference for the improvement of resettlement zone of next phase. In the investigation, we find that most middle-age and senior people need more activities than young people by the interviews. Young people pay more attention to the living facilities around the community, such as the need for the improvement of transport and living facilities around the area.
|Interviewee: Mrs. Shen and Mrs. Wu in Yuanyucun Village |
|Interview time: Jan. 11, 2009 |
|Mrs. Shen said that the overall environment was not bad here, but there was no activity place around and there was no place to|
|go when old people would like to do sports. We could only sit and chit-chat on the supermarket entrance. It was kind of the |
|boss to play music for dancing, otherwise we will feel very bored. |
|Mrs. Wu said that was right. Young people worked outside and did not need activity place, but we had no place to work and |
|could only stay at home; men all played mahjong in the afternoon and we felt bored at home. |
[pic][pic]
Figure 6-4 Fangquan Garden resettlement community for the Changguangxi component
Figure 6-5 Xianhe Garden resettlement community for the Changguangxi component
[pic][pic]
Figure 6-6 Hongyun Garden resettlement community for the Hongshan component
Figure 6-7 Hongtai Garden resettlement community for the Hongshan component
The pictures above are the four resettlement zones, with Changguangxi component under construction and Hongshan component (Phase 1 and Phase 2) is completed and the internal facilities are complete. The risks can be analyzed from the following aspects.
6.1.1.5 Imperfect “Village Turning into Committee” Community Management
So-called “Village Turning into Committee” refers to directly changing existing village committee into community committee, canceling village committee policy, and carrying out the community committee policy. Original rural scattered households move to multi-layered building, and live the life like city community residents, so that village committee has ceased to exist except in name, and can not exert the necessary effect of collective economic organization. The original villagers moving into city area become urban residents, and will enjoy the treatment of urban residents; when there are difficulties in life, subdistrict shall offer help; some destitute households shall enjoy the subsistence allowance; they shall enjoy the treatment as community residents in terms of children's schooling, maternal care and infant immunization; for residents with laboring ability, the government shall solve their reemployment problem.
According to interview and investigation of the SA team, the major problems of existing resettlement zone lie in imperfect management and operation systems. The community management system if “community in name while village in nature” is not in accordance with the modernization of city. Because the research on the basic requirements, operation procedure, and operation mode after change-resident of “village turning into committee” is insufficient, and only name is changed before, namely village committee is changed into neighborhood committee; but it has no difference with the original village committee in management system, management procedure, work focus, work mode, service object and service form.
The laggard and imperfect community management is not beneficial for villagers and the urbanization management of the whole community, and thus predicament of “neither villager nor urban residents” may arise.
We also know that the existing management is that the temporary resettlement leading team is responsible for the community affair during resettlement period, and the members are composed of village transferred working staffs involved in the resettlement, which is beneficial to meet different needs of residents from different villages and to coordinate conflicts; but community management lacks long-term plan, and there is no written stipulation and practice on the election, appointment, and ability training of official and community interaction, and the management direction and key are not clear. Besides, existing community managers are all members of original village committee without the addition of new fresh blood. During the whole resettlement period, the common villagers have limited influence on the community management.
Table 6-4 Risk Analysis of Community Management
|Delayed community management |Manifestation of lag |Potential risk |
|Imperfect management system |1. Limited staff in property management |1. With the increasing of community |
| |company |population, affair added to property |
| |2. Neighboring committee is not clearly |management company is handled well. |
| |established. |2. Community officials are not responsible|
| | |for villager affairs for lack of |
| | |neighboring community. |
|Follow the management mode of old village |1. Existing community management mode |Being unable to face the problem and |
|committee. |2. Transferred member by the original |object in community management |
| |village committee is responsible for the| |
| |team. | |
|Low degree of community villager |1. Residents are not satisfied with the |Residents disagreement |
|participation |needs in resettlement zone at the moment| |
| |(such as the community activity | |
| |arrangement) | |
|Imperfect community facilities |1. No public activity places |Lack of cohesive force and sense of |
| |minity activity is not rich. |belongings in the community |
It can be predicted that if the above problem in community management can not be solved gradually, potential risks may change into reality.
The SA team also pays attention to the analysis on the interests directly related to residents, and charge of property fees is one of the aspects worth attention; though at present, exemption of property fees is one of the preference measures of the government for the farmer losing land in a short period of time, but after the community is gradually perfected, the common practice in city to collect property fees will be resumed. According to Table 7-7, residents generally agree to the payment of property fees, but about the issue who shall make the payment, 54.7% residents think that it shall not be paid by them (wherein, 25.1% of residents think it shall be paid by the original village committee and 29.6% of residents think it shall be paid by community management organization). We also know their concern on this aspect in the interview of property management group:
|Respondent: Mr. Tang, Person in charge of property of Fangquan Garden |
|Interview time: Jan. 11, 2009 |
|Mr. Tang said the property fees now was paid by the Town Government with 3 mao per square meter, and it was predicted that |
|property fees should be paid residents three years later. The problem existing now was seldom residents are willing to pay the|
|fees, it would be hard to collect the fees at certain period of time for all the residents here come from village with poor |
|economic status and knowledge about city. |
The “path dependence” in the policy is also reflected in the property fee issue, so if the potential issue is not changed slowly, it will affect the future development of the resettlement zone.
6.1.1.6 Delayed Public Facilities in Resettlement Zone
After villagers move to the communities, they need some time to adapt to change of social environment, so the community public cultural life becomes one of the fastest ways for villagers to join the communities. But it is found in the investigation that resettlement zone has not thoroughly taken into consideration community public service, and the communities lack sufficient cultural and entertainment services to enrich the service system. Many villagers pay attention to community culture in our investigation.
Table 6-5 Survey of villagers’ needs for resettlement communities
|Major attention elements |Attention rate |
| |Need very much |Need |Do not need |Do not matter |
|Public facilities around resettlement zone | |( | | |
|Environment of resettlement zone | |( | | |
|Entertainment of resettlement zone |( | | | |
|Property management service of resettlement | |( | | |
|zone | | | | |
|To offer reemployment training and position |( | | | |
It can be seen from the above table that villagers have more needs of entertainment in the resettlement zone and employment, so if good entertainment place can not be offered in the resettlement zone in a long run, idle time of the villagers will increase. And this may increase the dissatisfaction of villager with community, and then conflicts between community management organization and residents may arise.
6.1.1.7 Village Collective Asset
Taking individual interest into consideration, after villagers move to resettlement zone, the disposal of “village collective assets” becomes the common focus of village committee and villagers. If “village collective assets” is not handled well, the loss of collective assets may occur and the conflict between villagers and between villagers and village community may arise, so handling assets allocation well is a key factor to avoid risk by.
We know from the material of Village Committee that the total asset of three villages covered by Changguangxi is more than 400,000,000 yuan with 1012 households. These assets apply share dividend system before transformation of ownership, but related departments or village committee has not make clear program and feasible measures for allocating village collective assets after transformation.
|Respondent: Mr./Ms. He, Director of Village Committee of Gedai Community |
|Interview time: Nov. 24, 2009 |
|Content of the interview: |
|Mr./Ms. He, the Director, said that we had village collective asset with an amount of over 20,000,000 yuan if it was |
|calculated from 1979, but it was uncertain about how to allocate the asset. At present, we will continue to adopt the original|
|share dividend system, but I don’t know what the next step is and it is difficult to come up with a good idea. |
6.1.2 Social Risk of Meiliang Lake Component
6.1.2.1 Social Risk of Project Operation
There are villagers living near the site where the spoil ground will be built; therefore, managers and constructors of the project will certainly have social relationship with the local communities and residents.
The dust, noise and that constructors enter and exit construction site resulted from project construction may bring adverse impact to local villagers. The smell and the sewage drained from the spoil ground make most villagers afraid of environment pollution. If this kind of impact has not been alleviated, it may bring obstruction to the construction of the Project. During the interview with villagers, almost all villagers surveyed expressed their worry about the smell and sewage resulted from the Project construction.
|Interviewee: Ms. Wu of Wutangmen Village, 38 years old, farmer |
|Time of the interview: May 8th, 2009 |
|Content of the interview: |
|Q: What impacts do you think will the spoil ground bring to you? |
|A: It is obvious that it will bring unpleasant smell. In autumn and winter, the smell may be not so strong; however, in |
|summer, we may sense the smell more or less. Moreover, the sewage is discharged into the river in front of hour homes. It is |
|said by officials of the village committee that the sewage has been treated, but how can we know whether it is true. |
6.1.2.2 Risk of Land Reclamation after the Project
It is expected that the time limit for Dredging Project in Meiliang Lake is 5 years. After 5 years, the land will be returned to the village collective. However, it is a question that whether the land quality will be recovered to the level before dredging. Even though the dredging technology and equipment is advanced, the mud will adversely impact on the land more or less. What can not be ignored after the dredging is the recovery of land quality. It will affect not only the ecology environment but also that whether the income of affected villagers will recover to the level before the dredging.
6.1.3 Social Risk of Huishan Component
The social risk of Huishan Component is mainly from the construction process and operation of the Project. See Section 4.3 for detailed analysis. The analysis reveals that the risk in the construction and operation of the Project always last short time, and under the existing technology and Project condition, prevention and protection measures can be adopted to effectively avoid or alleviate the risk so as to reduce the social risk of the Project to such a level that it will not bring great impact on the actual life of residents around the Project area and the environment can bear the self-purification level. To sum up, the overall social risk of the Project is not big and for some inevitable social risk, measures can be carried out to alleviate the impact. See Section 6.2 for detailed measures.
6.1.4 Other Risks
6.1.4.1 Risk of Life Style of Residents and the Completion and Continuance of Project Object
Most residents in the project areas have not noticed that they themselves are also one of the pollution sources of rivers/ lakes and that the purification and pollution control of rivers and lakes shall be begun by themselves. It may adversely affect the completion and continuance of the project object. Main stakeholder groups have not noticed the impact of their behaviors on the surrounding environment and that they themselves are one of the main parts of the environment treatment. It will be unfavorable to ensure the projects in which the main stakeholder groups participate during the whole circle of the project.
6.1.4.2 Risk of Operational Management and Organization Construction Capacity of the Project
The follow-up management of the project is a key part to ensure that the result of the project implementation can still remain after the project investment finishes and it is also an important symbol of the sustainability of the project. The later-stage operation shall strictly comply with the initial plan of the project and the project operation benefits shall be continuously produced and dug. At the same time, it is an important guarantee to smoothly operate the Project that the organization construction is ensured to adapt to the construction and continuance of different project natures and the objective demand to ease the environment problems. The construction of the capacity of Project organization directly determines the Project implementation and the later-stage operation condition after the delivery of operation.
6.2 Risk Aversion Measures of the Project
6.2.1 Risk Aversion Measures of the Changguangxi and Hongshan Components
6.2.1.1 Measures of Reducing Impact of Involuntary resettlement
In order to reduce the impact of resettlement, surveys on their wishes about resettlement shall be conducted to the displaced persons based on the knowledge of the resettlement impact. The SA team has conducted resettlement wishes surveys to all components involving loss of land operation right and demolition and specially paid attention to people and families in poverty.
It can be found in the resettlement wish surveys that the requirements and wishes of replaced household are as follow: they can obtain new and better resettlement houses; compensation rate for house demolition can be strictly determined by the replacement cost and they can be provided with reasonable compensation fees and proper resettlement; transition subsidy can be distributed in time and the groups which can not find transition houses can be helped to find cheep transition houses; during preparation and operation of the resettlement, stakeholders and communities can be organized to do sufficient participation and consultation activities to ensure the interests of replaced persons. In accordance with the field surveys of the SA team on the Hongshan Resettlement Community, the surrounding ancillary facilities are comparatively complete; public facilities such as primary schools, supermarkets and hospital have also been established or under construction; and the construction of the planned commercial street will also begin. In general, therefore, replaced households are quite satisfied with the community of resettlement compensation.
[pic][pic]
Figure 6-8 School and Commercial Street near a Resettlement Community for the Hongshan Component
In accordance with the Opinions on Further Improvement of the Basic Living Allowance System of Land Acquisition Peasants of Wuxi City, farmers in the New Area after the replacement of land contracting and management rights are divided into three age groups and respectively subsidized. The key points of the policy shall be actively spread to farmers to make them know detailed treatments of social security after replacement. At the same time, the farmers completing the replacement of land contracting and management rights shall be brought into the social security system of urban employees. See the following table for detailed methods.
Table 6—6 Standard of Replacement from Land to Social Security
|Age group |Age range |Settlement method |
|Interview : |Semi-structured interview: conduct |Refer to Annex III for cases |
|1. Design a interview |informal interview in accordance with a | |
|framework including theme |broad-brush interview outline | |
|and main contents of the | | |
|discussion; | | |
|2. Define the sample’s scale| | |
|and sampling method; | | |
|3. Know interview skills | | |
|well and improve the skills | | |
|of guiding, summarization | | |
|and judgment; | | |
|4. Field interview; | | |
|5. Analyze interview | | |
|information; | | |
|6. Discuss results jointly. | | |
| |Open-ended interview: by casual and |Refer to Annex IV for cases |
| |informal conversation, extract contents | |
| |from rich information | |
| |Group interview: informal interview to |Refer to Annex V for cases |
| |groups with common characteristics | |
| |
|Analysis |Contrastive analysis (mainly by SWOT |Refer to Annex VI for cases |
| |analysis) |1. Define the range of the problem to be analyzed. From |
| | |the fields such as utilization current situation of |
| | |village resource, industrial current situation, rural |
| | |market system, development situation of human resource |
| | |and the participation situation of rural females. |
| | |2. Introduce the background, purpose, method and |
| | |procedure of the discussion; |
| | |3. Draw matrix table. Explain the connotation of the |
| | |four rows of “strength”, “defect/ weakness”, |
| | |“opportunity/ potential” and “threat/ restriction” in |
| | |the matrix table; |
| | |4. Analyze the matrix table. Collect strength conditions|
| | |related to the theme, adopt contrastive analysis to find|
| | |out the weaknesses and defects corresponding with the |
| | |strength conditions and determine the potential and |
| | |possibility of de development and transformation through|
| | |contrastive analysis. Analyze the development reality |
| | |generating potential and possibility and the external |
| | |objective constraints and resistance generating |
| | |possibility directing towards opportunity and potential.|
| | |5. Improve matrix table. Check and improve matrix table |
| | |together. |
| |Casual analysis | |
| |
|Ranking |Needs intensity ranking |Refer to Annex VII for cases |
| | |1. Invite ranking persons in accordance with |
| | |requirements; |
| | |2. List ranking content in determinate project field; |
| | |3. Determine ranking content. In order to operate |
| | |conveniently, the most unimportant contents shall be |
| | |cancelled. The ranking contents are better to be |
| | |maintained at 6 items approximately; |
| | |4. Draw sorting form and fill in ranking content. |
| | |5 Select ranking method (voting, scoring) to conduct |
| | |ranking. |
| | |6. Make a statistical analysis of results, and compare, |
| | |discuss and analyze the ranking results. |
| |
|Conference |7. Brainstorm ideas: a method that in |1. Explain operation method; |
| |the guidance of the host, all |2. Define the theme; |
| |participators propose as many ideas and |3. Collect ideas of relevant theme; |
| |suggestions as possible towards one |4. Share and exhibit the results. |
| |question. |5. Classify the results roughly. For example, classify |
| | |the exhibition results into 4-5 type; |
| | |6. Verify and exhibit results. |
| |FGD (FGD): 6-10 persons get together and|Refer to Annex V for cases |
| |make a deep discussion on a theme in the| |
| |guidance of a host. | |
Refer to detailed description of the Annexes for cases of specific participation methods used in the Project.
7.7 Participation process
Public participation process is a process of interaction joined and agreement concluded by multi identities, a main stage of the realization of public participation of affected population, and the quality of public participation process determines the implementation effect of planning of public participation. The public participation process generally includes 3 stages: 1. external preparation for public participation; 2. establishment of planning of public participation. 3. implementation process of public participation proposal. The detailed flow is shown below:
Table 7-1 Flowchart of Public Participation
7.7.1 External preparation of public participation (village entry plan)
Preparation stage of public participation is also the village entry plan of the SA team, and specific procedures and contents are shown in table 7-3:
Table 3-3 External Preparation Plan of Public Participation (Village Entry Plan)
|Working |Working Goal |Operating Instruction |Output |Precaution |
|Procedure | | | | |
|Step 1: Village|Gather and prepare related |1. County or township statistical department provides basic |Be familiar with the basic |Related documents may be printed into |
|entry |materials and training |conditions of the village. |condition |booklet, which is needed by both |
|preparation | |2. Xiang or village committee provides villager list of the village.| |villagers and the SA teams. |
| | |3. Business department provides industrial development object, | | |
| | |standard and technology requirements. | | |
| | |4. Planning condition of project document in the village. | | |
|Step 2: |Acquaint the natural geography,|1. State the objects and requirements of entering the village, and |Fill basic data table of the |Basic data table is not only the |
|Gathering and |economy, population, resources,|list working schedule; |villages |important reference for implementing |
|sorting of |society, education, sanitation |2 Arrange village representative meeting well; | |public participation but also the |
|village-level |and other situations |3. Gather and sort basic data together with village committee; | |background data of post-supervision. So|
|materials | |4. Get related conditions from village committee | |it shall be filled truly. |
| | |5. Know advices and opinions of village committee | | |
|Step 3: Convene|Classify the farmers |1. Classify villagers by group discussion and ask the |Fill ranking table of |Distinguish the main affected |
|the symposium |List content of the project |representatives’ opinions. |affected population. |population and ensure the resources are|
|of village |List affected population |2. Know events in the village and community resources condition. |Encourage participation |used to support the vulnerable groups |
|representatives|List advices and measures |3. Help villagers to analyze the affected aspects and risks and |enthusiasm of farmers’, and |firstly. |
| | |discuss corresponding measures. |know the willingness of the | |
| | |Brief summary |mass. | |
|Step 4: Survey |Further understand and guide |1. Adopt two ways: semi-structured interview and FGD. |Further understand the |Attention shall be paid to special |
|and discussion |special population, analyze the|2. Visit different types of farmer households (4 households each |willingness of special |populations (the old, women, children, |
|of special |main problems and measures to |half day per capita) |population, and form |households enjoying the five |
|population |solve problems, and form |3. Convene FGD of special population representatives by unit of |quantization table of project|guarantees, etc.) |
| |advices to the project. |villagers group, |impact. | |
| | |4. Analyze specific conditions, and list solving measures and | | |
| | |project willingness. | | |
|Step 5: Convene|Feedback of survey results |It shall be conducted by the following procedures: |Confirm the sequence of the |Contents, procedures and personnel work|
|village |Verify information |1. State the general conditions of project impact to villagers. |contents of farmers’ needs. |division of farmers’ meeting shall be |
|meeting. |Ranking of farmers’ needs |2. Explain the results of survey (by village officials or group | |formulated in advance together with |
| |Ranking of project willingness |heads representative) | |village committee, and publicity |
| |of farmers |3. Organize participatory discussion of farmer households | |material shall be prepared. |
| | |4. Villagers rank the needs and willingness. | | |
|Step 6: Guide |Form the planning of public |1. Sort the basically unanimous opinions which are formed in 1,,the |Result of SWOT analysis |Fully know the opinions and needs of |
|sense of |Project and farmer household |villagers meeting and the discussion results; |Improvement of sense of |villagers. |
|participation |project, and perform |2. The SA team, village committee, group head representatives |participation | |
|and ability |feasibility analysis to |symposium analyze the strengthen, the weakness, the opportunity and | | |
|fostering of |productive projects |the threats that generated by the project; | | |
|villagers | |3. Analyze gain and loss and encourage enthusiasm according to | | |
| | |policies and compensating measures. | | |
|Step 7: |Publication, implementation and|1. Convene meeting of village committee, villager group heads and |Form the villagers’ |Importance of participation of |
|Implementation |arrangement, supporting |special population representatives to select management group and |participation plan of the |everybody shall be emphasized, and |
|and management |requests, supervising way, etc.|supervision group for the implementation of the planning; |village. |opinions and needs shall be realized by|
|of planning of |of discussion results |2. Discuss the support, training, etc. needed by the implementation | |personal effort. |
|public | |of the planning of villagers’ participation. | | |
|participation | | | | |
|Step 8: Finish |Finish the complete village |The SA team, village committee finish the paperwork and table |The village poverty reduction|The appraisal must be based on |
|paperwork of |participation plan of the |sorting work, ask villagers’ advice again, and jointly finish the |and development plan passing |village-level planning, and the |
|the village |village |establishment of farmer participation plan. |the appraisal. |development requirements, resources |
|participation | | | |opportunity of the whole county shall |
|plan | | | |be comprehensively considered. |
7.7.2 Planning of public participation
According to the content and group characteristics of public participation planning, firstly the detailed planning of public participation shall be established to guide all the public participation process.
7.7.2.1 Establishment procedures of public participation planning
1. Preparation of public participation planning: train appraisal personnel; unify appraisal standard and working method.
2. Analysis of community current condition: gathering and sorting of village-level basic materials.
3. Classification of farmers in area affected by the project: analysis of affected populations and identification of main participation populations.
4. Distinguish vulnerable groups and know the needs of vulnerable groups.
5. Definition of public planning objects: the compatibility between project objects and public participation objects.
6. Content selection of public participation.
7. Strength, weakness and feasibility analysis of public participation.
8. Effect assessment of public participation.
9. Support conditions and measures analysis of public participation.
10. Definition of planning projects of public participation.
11. Management design for the implementation of public participation planning.
12. Design of supervision and assessment system of public participation planning.
13. The preparation of public participation planning
Specific procedures are shown as below:
|Village official |Preparation of public participation |Basic condition of the village |
|Insider |planning |Village data table |
| | |Community map |
| | |Resource chart |
| | |Seasonal calendar |
| |Survey of community basic condition | |
|FGD of villagers |Classification of affected populations | |
| |Basic condition survey of the village | |
| |Distinguishment of vulnerable groups | |
| |Basic condition survey of the village | |
| |Confirm the planning objects of public | |
| |participation | |
| |Basic condition survey of the village | |
| |Content confirmation of public | |
| |participation | |
| |Basic condition survey of the village | |
| |Strength and weakness analysis of public |Analysis table of beneficiary groups |
| |participation | |
| |Benefit analysis of public participation | |
|Discussion of all villagers |Analysis on condition and measure of | |
| |public participation | |
| |Design of monitoring and assessment |Figure of public participation planning |
| |system of public participation | |
| |Participation of public participation | |
| |planning | |
Figure 7—4 Formulation Procedures of Public Participation Planning
7.7.3 Implementation Process of Participation
Implementation process of public participation includes the specific implementation of village entry plan and the participation planning program, includes both implementation of plan and the application of participation methods.
7.7.3.1 Preparation Stage
7.7.3.2 Form the Work Team
Forming the work team is the basis to carry out public participation work.
Objects: to form a work team with rational division of labor, well defined rights and responsibilities and harmonious atmosphere.
Tasks: build the work team and define the labor division of team members.
Operating Procedures:
(1) Define the person in charge of the team and select the team members.
(2) Convene the group meeting of the work team to get the members familiar with each other.
(3) Establish the rules of group work.
(4) Define work duty and scope of group members.
(5) Invite experts to answer the questions of group members.
Methods: recommendation and competition
Notes: In order to get familiar with the job as soon as possible, the members with experience of project participation and practice of public participation shall be selected preferentially, and best combination of work responsibilities and abilities of group members shall be considered.
7.7.3.3 Formulate Work Plan
Objects: formulate work plan of work groups and sense of responsibility of group members.
Tasks: get familiar with the project content and requirements; formulate the schedule of group work; group members make the work plan.
Operating Procedures:
(1) Review the history materials of the project and get acquainted with the latest changing conditions.
(2) Conduct group discussion according to the changing conditions of the project and appraise requirements of the main changes.
(3) Appraise the predictable work difficulties and advantages.
(4) Train in public participation knowledge for group members.
(5) Formulate work plan of groups
(6) Group members conduct further detailed labor division.
(7) Group members make individual work plan.
(8) Sort project materials, and group members prepare related materials within their work responsibilities.
Methods: group meeting, brain storm and training.
Notes: reasonable and scientific group work plan will guide the following implementation of public participation work, and it must be feasible, namely, the group members can operate and master the content in work plan and can realize the objects of work plan.
7.7.3.4 Collecting Information Stage
7.7.3.5 Collect Documents and Materials
Objects:
(1) Know the latest case and practice achievements in public participation area;
(2) Get acquainted with historical development and requirements of project content.
(3) Improve cognitive competence about public participation of group members.
Tasks: Collect existing researches, related reports, news reports, historical files, policies, laws and regulations, etc. of public participation and Taihu Lake project; know the matters that needs to notice in the actual operation of coming participation practice.
(1) Collect the theoretic documents in public participation area.
(2) Sort the successful cases and practice of participation development.
(3) Summarize the beneficial experience.
(4) Collect historical documents and materials of Wuxi Taihu Lake Integrated Environmental Management Project.
(5) Sift documents according to public participation requirements.
(6) Implement the collecting and sifting results of documents in the group work.
(7) Integrate documents information.
Operating Procedures:
(1) Obtain professional materials about participation development from experts in related areas.
(2) Collect and sort successful participation cases in library, through the internet, etc.
(3) Convene group meeting to analyze obtained materials.
(4) Summarize the successful experience in materials and try to use it in the following group work.
(5) Sift the project materials in hand and discard outdated and invalid materials and policy documents.
(6) Classify project materials according to the requirements of work plan.
(7) Check which aspects materials are in lack.
(8) Conduct second round materials collecting and sorting.
(9) Group members integrate all available materials of the project and public participation at this stage.
(10) Prepare for the field work (life guarantee)
Methods: documentary method, group meeting, training
7.7.3.6 Collect Information of Affected Area
Objects:
(1) Prepare for the next stage of finding problems.
(2) Join in the team and know the village in-depth.
Operating procedures: see table 3-1: the first and second step of External Preparation Plan of Public Participation
Methods:
(1) On-the-spot surveys of community resources;
(2) Participatory rural appraisal;
(3) FGD (See Annex 5);
(4) Interview of key persons (See Annex 3);
(5) Picture of community resources; seasonal calendar (See Annex 8)
Under normal circumstances, information collecting of rural public participation consists of the following steps: when a consulting team enters a strange community, there are often some methods to know the general conditions as following: the first one is observation; the second is to ask village head and other key persons; the third is to chat with villagers randomly. After the above methods are used to know the general conditions of the community quickly, and then other most frequently used methods in rural participatory development to comprehensively know the village further more. Besides, after the comprehensive understanding, if problems in some aspect need to be known, methods such as semi-structured interview, questionnaire shall be used on the basis of PRA method to research further.
7.7.3.7 Finding Problems Stage
Objects: to find problems in public participation.
Tasks:
(1) Distinguish the social risks and problems caused by projects implementation.
(2) Sift and rank the problems that farmers concern.
(3) Evaluate the needs of farmers.
(4) Understand the necessity of public participation.
Operating Procedures:
(1) Analyze feasibility research report of the projects carefully.
(2) Analyze the social risks of the projects.
(3) Classify the risks content that affects human separately.
(4) Correspond the risk problems with relevant groups.
(5) Classify the mainly affected groups.
(6) Select representational farmers in each group to interview.
(7) Integrate the case interview materials.
(8) Convene focus group meeting and publicize and discuss discovered problems.
(9) According to discussion results, improve the problem distinguishing work and complement missing problems.
Methods: interview at random; questionnaire; observation; combination of group interview and wisdom of masses; problem tree analysis; needs ranking
Notes:
(1) Distinguish and question carefully the problems that special population faces.
(2) The evaluation of vulnerable population shall be emphasized in demand analysis.
(3) Demand analysis shall be comprehensive, and it includes farmers’ life, production, work, medical treatment, safety, education and other aspects under the project impacts, which are also the physical and mental aspects.
(4) Analyze the problems in project implementation from microscopic and macroscopic views.
(5) Emphasize not only the concern of groups but also the concern of villages and new communities’ problems.
Under normal circumstances, finding problems and collecting information are conducted at the same time; during the participation process, finding problems will be divided into several stages according to the levels of problems, of which methods used at each stage will be different. For there are so many problems in the project implementation and the farmers’ demands are different, the first thing in finding problems is to try best to find out all the problems that communities and farmers face.
7.7.3.8 Analyzing Problems Stage
Objects: to analyze the reasons of problems and lay the foundation for planning establishment.
Tasks:
(1) Analysis on reasons of the problems.
(2) Analysis on relevant benefit groups, especially the analysis of vulnerable population
(3) SWOT analysis
(4) Analyze impact scope and intensity of the main problems.
(5) Propose measures and methods to reduce negative impacts and to increase positive impacts.
(6) Analyze the still-existing problems.
Operating Procedures:
(1) Show the distinguished problems by display board.
(2) Analyze the areas and impact degree that problems involve by means of demand ranking.
(3) Screen out the core problems with deep and wide impacts and supportive problems that cause the core problems.
(4) Conduct reasons analysis of core problems and supportive problems.
(5) Further improve the contents in stakeholders analysis table.
(6) Rank the distinguished problems by the difficulty degree of solution according to the analyzed reasons.
(7) Convene villagers’ meeting and check the analysis results again.
(8) Evaluate the possibility of problems’ solution according to laws, regulations and the project policies.
(9) Invite villagers and the representatives of different groups to put forward the ideas and measures to solve the problems.
(10) Expectations and advices of main stakeholder populations
Methods: demand ranking, SWOT analysis, in-depth interview, display board, problem tree analysis
Notes: problem analyzing stage is actually the extending of problem finding stage, so extensive participation of the community is very necessary, especially to distinguish and analyze the problems and main reasons of vulnerable groups and provide the possibility argumentation of these groups problems solutions.
7.7.3.9 Plan Formation Stage
This stage is a key stage in the plan participation process, and the feasibility of the formed plan will determine the effect of public participation.
Principles:
(1) Interest balance principle: the plan is actually the distribution of resources, so it will involve lots of stakeholders, including not only interests of different groups in the intervened communities but also many stakeholders outside the communities. Balancing the interests of stakeholders is the principle that needs to be held all the time.
(2) Feasibility principle: one is the coordination and harmony amongst the existing policies, laws, regulations and traditions inside the communities; the other one is that the feasibility of manpower, the financial resource and the physical resource and whether the needed resources are satisfied
(3) Operability principle: this principle requires the specific measures of the plan not only feasible but also easy and efficient during the specific operation.
Objects: to formulate feasible action participation method
Tasks:
(1) Sort information of policies and documents, and correspond the solution and compensation measures in relevant policies with the main problems.
(2) Demonstrate the advantages of formulating participation plan.
(3) Seek the possible resources and methods to solve the remaining problems.
(4) Balance interests and demands of different groups.
(5) Establish the specific program of public participation.
Operating Procedures:
(1) Collect and sort the opinions and advices that villagers put forward in the last stage.
(2) Sort policies and compensation measures related to the project.
(3) Divide the implementation impacts of the project into positive ones and negative ones.
(4) Correspond policies and project documents with different problems, and establish the measures list of increasing positive impacts and arranging and reducing negative impacts.
(5) Analyze the possibilities to realize these measures and methods to acquire resources.
(6) List the contents of main aspects of villager’s participation.
(7) Convene villagers’ meeting and ask for the villagers’ opinions.
(8) Integrate policies and villagers’ willingness and list the framework of the programs.
(9) Analyze the strengths and weakness and plan the actual contents of the participation.
(10) Convene villagers’ meeting, discuss the plan and finalize it.
(11) Publicize the plan.
Methods: group meeting, villagers’ meeting, door-to-door interview, FGD
Notes: Groups involves in the plan implementation include nearly all the stakeholders. Different stakeholders have different backgrounds and the social implementation is complicated, which are important factors that increase the exchange cost during the implementation. So it requires the high operability of the plan implementation from theoretical and real angles.
7.7.3.10 Plan Implementation Stage
Plan implementation stage is the one with longest span of public participation.
Objects:
(1) The interest guarantee of stakeholder populations;
(2) Satisfaction in some degree of vulnerable groups’ demands;
(3) The realization of public participation objects.
Tasks:
(1) Establish the villager’s participation groups.
(2) Training of villagers’ participation.
(3) Mobilization of villagers’ participation.
(4) Implement the participation plan.
(5) Help to solve problems during the participation
Operating Procedures:
(1) Every villagers group selects the representative to form the villagers participation management group.
(2) Discuss the support, training, etc. needed by the implementation of villager participation planning.
(3) Mobilize the villager participation by different ways.
(4) Make the schedule for each stage of the participation plan.
(5) Seek persons who enthusiastically participated to lead and organize each activity, such as persons in charge of art organizations in villages.
(6) Members of the SA team are responsible for assisting and leading the sequential implementation of the participation plan.
(7) Acquire the support from government officials and community elites to enhance the impacts and increase participation percentage.
(8) Timely feedback the existing problems by interview and observation, and improve the plan in time.
Notes:
(1) Timely find out the problems and seek new methods: the whole plan implementation process is a process of continuously finding and solving problems. So, efficient work team, reasonable management system, balanced configuration of power resources, etc. become the important factors that affect the resolutions of new problems.
(2) The joint participation of target groups: during the implementation of the plan, it is unsustainable to ensure the interests of vulnerable groups by conscience and self-awareness of implementers, and only by institutional regulations can the vulnerable groups fully participate in the development intervention.
7.7.3.11 Monitoring and Evaluation Stage
The contents of participatory monitoring and evaluation often include all contents of the participation process, especially the effect of the plan and the positive and negative impacts that it brings. The monitoring and evaluation of public participation process is shown in Figure 7—4.
[pic]
Figure 7-5: Location of Monitoring and Evaluation in the Project Cycle
Tasks:
(1) Monitor the implementation effect of public participation plan.
(2) Evaluate the changes of persons and groups caused by public participation.
(3) Evaluate the actual impacts of the project.
(4) Continuously improve the public participation mechanism.
Operating Procedures:
(1) Discuss reasons of conducting public participation monitoring and evaluation;
(2) Establish the monitoring and evaluation group composed of stakeholder representatives;
(3) Review the project activity and prepare for the problems used in monitoring and evaluation;
(4) Establish direct or indirect indicators;
(5) Implement monitoring and evaluation and analyze and show the results;
(6) Rethink the whole participation process, and revise the project.
7.8 Public Participation Survey
7.8.1 Basic Composition of Respondents
The survey involves residences, units surrounding the construction area of the project and affected masses and immigrants. 40 questionnaires of Changguangxi Ecological Wetland Rehabilitation Project are handed out and 38 are taken back; 70 questionnaires of the Hongshan Rural Integrated Pollution Management Demonstration Zone Project are handed out and 68 are taken back. Specific gender, age, occupation, degree of education, etc. are shown in Table 3-6.
Table 7-6 Basic Composition of Respondents of Changguangxi Components
|Survey items |Survey contents |Population (person) |Percentage (%) |
|Gender |Male |25 |65.8 |
| |Female |13 |34.2 |
|Age (year) |18-30 |4 |10.5 |
| |31-40 |4 |10.5 |
| |41-50 |14 |36.8 |
| |﹥50 |16 |42.2 |
|Occupation |Official |12 |31.6 |
| |Worker |6 |15.8 |
| |Farmer |6 |15.8 |
| |Retiree |7 |18.4 |
| |Official |7 |18.4 |
|Degree of education |Undergraduate and the above |4 |10.5 |
| |Junior college and technical |5 |13.2 |
| |secondary school | | |
| |Middle school |27 |71.1 |
| |Primary school and the below |2 |5.2 |
Table 7-7 Basic Composition of Respondents of Hongshan Components
|Survey items |Survey contents |Population (person) |Percentage (%) |
|Gender |Male |51 |65.4 |
| |Female |27 |34.6 |
|Age(year) |18-30 |16 |20.5 |
| |31-40 |18 |23.1 |
| |41-50 |20 |25.6 |
| |﹥50 |24 |30.8 |
|Occupation |Official |25 |32.1 |
| |Worker |22 |28.2 |
| |Farmer |26 |33.3 |
| |Retiree |1 |1.3 |
| |Others |4 |5.1 |
|Degree of education |Undergraduate and the above |12 |15.4 |
| |Junior college and technical |15 |19.2 |
| |secondary school | | |
| |Middle school |47 |60.3 |
| |Primary school and the below |4 |5.1 |
7.8.2 Public Willingness and Satisfaction Survey
7.8.2.1 Public Participation Survey of the Changguangxi and Hongshan Components
The main objective of the public survey is to know the villagers’ understanding of the Project and the related policies and their advices for the project construction.
Table 3 8 Survey of Public Participation of Changguangxi Component
|NO. |Questions |Answers |Results (unit: %) |
| | | |(1) |(2) |(3) |(4) |(5) |
|2 |Do you agree to the |(1) Agree (2) Disagree(3) Do not care |81.82 |9.09 |9.09 | | |
| |construction of the project? | | | | | | |
|3 |Which do you think will |a) State (1) Yes (2) No |72.73 | | | | |
| |benefit from the project (more| | | | | | |
| |than one can be chosen) | | | | | | |
| | |b) Collectivity (1) Yes (2) No |36.36 | | | | |
| | |c) Person (1) Yes (2) No |45.45 | | | | |
|4 |How serious the environment |(1) None |9.09 |54.54 |36.36 | | |
| |pollution affects your life |(2) Not so serious | | | | | |
| |and work? |(3) Serious | | | | | |
| | |(4) Extremely serious | | | | | |
|5 |What benefits do you think the|(1) Improvement of living environment |90.90 |27.27 |54.54 |63.63 | |
| |project will bring to you? |(2) Improvement of working environment| | | | | |
| | |(3) Increase of working opportunity | | | | | |
| | |(4) Improvement of physical and mental| | | | | |
| | |health | | | | | |
|6 |What negative impact do you |(1) No negative impact |72.73 |9.09 |18.18 |9.09 |9.09 |
| |think the project brings to |(2) Construction affects traffic | | | | | |
| |you? |condition | | | | | |
| | |(3) House demolition may cause economy| | | | | |
| | |loss | | | | | |
| | |(4) Construction affects traffic | | | | | |
| | |condition | | | | | |
|7 |Do you know the resettlement |(1) Know |72.73 |27.27 | | | |
| |policies of demolition |(2) Know a little | | | | | |
| |compensation |(3) Do not know | | | | | |
|8 |Will you appeal when your |(1) Know |72.73 |18.18 |9.09 | | |
| |legitimate rights and |(2) Do not know | | | | | |
| |interests are infringed |(3) Know it but not the specific flow | | | | | |
Table 7- 9 Survey of Public Participation of Hongshan Component
|NO. |Questions |Chooses |Results（%） |
| | | |(1) |(2) |(3) |(4) |(5) |
|2 |Do you agree to the |(1) Agree (2) Disagree (3) Do not care |47.62 |4.76 |47.62 | | |
| |construction of the | | | | | | |
| |project? | | | | | | |
|3 |Which do you think will |A) State (1) Yes (2) No |4.76 | | | | |
| |benefit from the project | | | | | | |
| |(more than one can be | | | | | | |
| |chosen) | | | | | | |
| | |B) Collectivity (1) Yes (2) No |90.48 | | | | |
| | |C) Person (1) Yes (2) No |19.05 | | | | |
| 4 |Do you know the “double |(1) Know |72.38 |13.81 |13.81 | | |
| |replacement” policy in Wuxi |(2) Know a little | | | | | |
| |Municipality |(3) Do not know | | | | | |
| 5 |Do you know the content and |(1) Know |77.14 |13.81 |9.05 | | |
| |standard of Replacement of |(2) Know a little | | | | | |
| |Land Contracting and |(3) Do not know | | | | | |
| |Management Rights with Urban| | | | | | |
| |Social Security policy? | | | | | | |
|6 |Are you willing to replace |(1) Willing |91.43 |4.29 |0.52 |3.76 | |
| |land contracting and |(2)Just so so | | | | | |
| |management rights with urban|(3) Not willing | | | | | |
| |social security |(4) Do not care | | | | | |
|7 |Do you know the policies and|(1) Know |48.10 |33.33 |18.57 | | |
| |standards of house |(2)Know a little | | | | | |
| |demolition |(3) Do not know | | | | | |
|8 |Do you want the house |(1) Willing |88.10 |8.57 |3.33 | | |
| |demolition? |(2) Just so so | | | | | |
| | |(3) Not willing | | | | | |
| | |(4) Do not care | | | | | |
|9 |What benefits do you think |(1) Improvement of living environment |57.14 |19.76 |14.16 |8.94 | |
| |the project brings to you? |(2) Improvement of working environment | | | | | |
| | |(3) Increase of family income | | | | | |
| | |(4) Traffic is more convenient | | | | | |
|110 |What negative impact do you |(1) No negative impact |33.33 |14.29 |19.05 |13.30 |20.03 |
| |think the project brings to |(2) Construction affects traffic condition| | | | | |
| |you? |(3) House demolition may cause economy | | | | | |
| | |loss | | | | | |
| | |(4) Economic loss caused by land | | | | | |
| | |requisition | | | | | |
| | |(5) Other negative impacts | | | | | |
|11 |Do you know appeal when your|(1) Know |71.43 |28.57 | | | |
| |legitimate rights and |(2) Do not know | | | | | |
| |interests are infringed | | | | | | |
| |during implementation of the| | | | | | |
| |project? | | | | | | |
|12 |Which appeal methods do you |(1)Village committee |80.95 |14.76 | |4.29 | |
| |know? |(2) Town government | | | | | |
| | |(3) Component office | | | | | |
| | |(4) Municipal government | | | | | |
Table 7-10 Resident Satisfaction Survey in Resettlement Community of Changguangxi Component
|NO. |Questions |Answers |Results (Unit: %) |
| | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |
|2 |What problems do you think |(1) Disorder management |7.9 |83.8 |8.3 | | |
| |there are in the community |(2) Activities are not enough | | | | | |
| |management? |(3) Information is not disclosed | | | | | |
|3 |What problems in life do you |(1) Work |12.3 |23.7 |64 | | |
| |think is the most urgent? |(2) Education of children | | | | | |
| | |(3) Enrichment of community activity | | | | | |
|4 |Which aspects of community |(1) Community environment greening |8.5 |67.9 |47.6 |24.1 |8.4 |
| |life conditions do you think |(2) Public entertainment places | | | | | |
| |need to be improved? (more |(3) Community collective culture | | | | | |
| |than one can be chosen) |activities | | | | | |
| | |(4) Community management | | | | | |
| | |(5) Life facilities near the community| | | | | |
|5 |Do you think the property |(1) Shall |72.1 |26 |1.9 | | |
| |management fee shall be |(2) Shall not | | | | | |
| |charged? |(3) Do not know | | | | | |
|6 |Who do you think shall charge |(1) The owners themselves |45.3 |25.1 |29.6 | | |
| |the property management fee? |(2) The former village committee | | | | | |
| | |(3) Current community management | | | | | |
| | |agency | | | | | |
|7 |How much property management |(1) 0.3 yuan/m2 |75.2 |12.8 |12 | | |
| |fee is suitable? |(2) 0.8 yuan/m2 | | | | | |
| | |(3) 1.3 yuan/m2 | | | | | |
Besides the questionnaire survey, the SA team interviews the affected population in depth to acquire more detailed information, and tries to know more specific opinions and willingness of villagers by direct communication. Specific survey and analysis contents and results will be fully presented in impact analysis and risk analysis.
7.8.2.2 Resident Participation Survey near Meiliang Lake Heap Field
In the Wuxi Taihu Lake Integrated Environmental Management Project, except the families that need to resettle, the construction of spoil grounds occupies some collective land temporarily. For there may be some impacts on them during the construction and operation of dredging project, the SA survey team interviewed them in depth during the impact survey of the project.
Table 7-11 Surveyed Residence Statistical Table Near the Heap Field
|The village where the |Resident (household) |Estimated distance(m) |Interviewed resident (person)|
|components are located | | | |
|Hushan Village |48 |500 |5 |
|Wutangmen Village |129 |500 |10 |
According to the construction scope designed in the Project, within the scope of environmental evaluation index
1. The SA team selects farmers within 500 mm of the heap field to receive interview.
2. Select 5 households of 177 households randomly to receive interview.
For there is no resident within 100 mm of the heap field and the highest foul odor level of silt is 2-3, so the odor pollution does not affect the residents directly, but affect the people passing public roads near the heap field. So villagers are concerned about the odor pollution. Besides, for the land reclamation and future handling methods of the silt may affect their work and life, the nearby residents concern about it too. According to the project design and strict land reclamation planning, reclamation of temporarily occupied land is conducted lawfully, and the land reclamation will be conducted and reclamation effect will be monitored in the presence of many parties.
Institutional arrangements and monitoring
1 Institutional arrangements
During the implementation of the Project, the following types of organization are responsible for the planning, management, implementation and monitoring of the resettlement activities of the components:
(1) Management Office of the Wuxi Taihu Lake Integrated Environmental Management Project (Municipal PMO)
Leading, organizing and coordinating replacement of land contracting and management rights, house demolition and resettlement activities, approving the RAP and implementing internal supervision and inspection
(2) Component PMOs
Formulating resettlement policies, preparing the RAP and implementing replacement of land contracting and management rights, and house demolition
(3) Town (sub-district) land and resources bureaus
Handling formalities for, examining, approving, coordinating, managing, supervising and arbitrating replacement of land contracting and management rights, coordinating, managing, supervising and arbitrating house demolition and resettlement on collective land
(4) Affected districts and towns (offices)
Supporting the survey of the municipal PMO, signing agreements for replacement of land contracting and management rights, and house demolition with the land and resources bureaus, assisting the land and resources department in implementing replacement of land contracting and management rights, house demolition and resettlement
(5) Affected village committees
Providing information on land contracting, supporting various surveys, and assisting in resettlement housing allocation after replacement of land contracting and management rights, and house demolition
(6) Implementing agencies
Conducting resettlement survey, preparing the RAP, implementing replacement of land contracting and management rights, and house demolition
(7) Design agency
Responsible for project design, and defining the range of replacement of land contracting and management rights and house demolition
(8) NRCR, Hohai University
Responsible for the external M&E of replacement of land contracting and management rights, house demolition and resettlement, and the SA of the Project
(9) Municipal (town, district) women’s associations
The Project will affect women and children to some extent, and such impacts will be relieved by women’s associations. If women and children are affected adversely by the Project, women’s associations will assist them in overcoming living difficulties.
(10) Municipal (town, district) civil affairs bureaus
The civil affairs bureaus will grant relief to old people, the disabled, orphans and other groups with special difficulties.
(11) Poverty relief offices
The poor generated by the Project will be assisted by the poverty relief offices.
(12) Municipal (town, district) environmental protection bureaus
Environmental indicators will be monitored by the environmental protection bureaus mainly during garbage and wastewater treatment. Their role in the Project will ensure that the garbage and wastewater treatment plants will not cause local pollution.
(13) Component implementing agencies
Table 8-1 Information of the implementing agencies of the components
|Component |Company |Corporate structure |Functions |
|Hongshan Rural |Wuxi Wu Culture Expo |Established |Conducting socioeconomic and property surveys, |
|Non-point Pollution |Park Construction Co.,| |preparing the RAP, implementing resettlement work |
|Control Demonstration|Ltd. | |together with the land and resources bureau, the |
|Zone Project | | |Sanguandian office and the Anlehe village committee |
|Meiliang Lake Key |Wuxi Municipal Water |Established |Surveying properties affected by temporary land |
|Areas Ecological |Resources Bureau | |occupation, preparing the RAP, implementing |
|Dredging Project | | |resettlement work, and applying for road occupation, |
| | | |road breaking and soil borrowing formalities with the |
| | | |urban administration bureau |
|Changguangxi |Binhu District Urban |Established |Conducting socioeconomic and property surveys, |
|Ecological Wetland |Development Company | |preparing the RAP, implementing resettlement work |
|Rehabilitation | | | |
|Project | | | |
|Huishan WWTP (Phase | | | |
|4) and Recycled Water| | | |
|Reuse (Phase 1) | | | |
|Project | | | |
The organizational chart of the Project is as follows:
[pic]
Figure 8-1 Organizational chart
2 Monitoring agency
The municipal PMO will employ an independent monitoring agency to implement external monitoring, which will conduct follow-up M&E of RAP implementation activities, give advice, and submits reports to the municipal PMO and WB.
3 Procedure and scope of monitoring
Since some unforeseeable events may affect the Project materially, it is necessary to make adjustments to the Project accordingly to maximize its benefits.
The M&E work of the Project consists of the following:
1. Internal monitoring
The municipal PMO pursues an internal monitoring mechanism for resettlement activities, and has established a basic database for replacement of land contracting and management rights, house demolition and resettlement to prepare the RAP, monitor the affected villages, and supervise the whole process of resettlement preparation and implementation.
(1) Implementation procedure
During the implementation period, the municipal PMO, component PMOs, owners, and implementing agencies of replacement of land contracting and management rights and house demolition will collect information on resettlement implementation from the monitoring sample, and communicate it to the municipal and component PMOs timely. The municipal and component PMOs will examine the implementation progress periodically.
In the above mechanism, information sheets in specified formats are prepared to realize a continuous information flow from the house demolition agencies to the municipal PMO. The municipal PMO, component PMOs, owners and town (district) land and resources bureaus will conduct periodic inspection and verification as an integral part of the internal monitoring system.
(2) Scope of monitoring
① Project progress and use of project funds
② Restoration of production and livelihoods of affected people
③ Participation, consultation and information disclosure of village collectives during implementation
④ Resettlement staffing and training
⑤ Risk control
(3) Internal monitoring Reporting
The component PMOs will prepare an internal monitoring report every 3 months and submit it to the municipal and provincial PMOs. The provincial PMO will gather such reports for submission to WB at the end of each year.
2. External monitoring
External monitoring is conducted regularly and irregularly:
Regular M&E: This is conducted by an independent third party—NRCR, Hohai University—semiannually or annually. NRCR, Hohai University is an independent agency with rich experience in resettlement and social impact assessment. It has designed monitoring indicators to meet emergencies and reflect practical conditions, and will adjust the implementation plan according to such indicators. It will use the method of logic framework analysis to monitor project progress and the impacts on stakeholders through some key indicators related to the project objectives, and will also monitor the external assumptions and preconditions used to realize the project objectives through the logic framework matrix. In addition, some qualitative M&E indicators may be added to the baseline data, such as how the Project changes livelihoods of affected residents and affects them potentially. Indicators of concern to stakeholders should be included in the system of indicators.
External monitoring includes resettlement monitoring and environmental impact monitoring.
Resettlement monitoring should be conducted by many means, including literature review, internal monitoring reporting and analysis, door-to-door interview, FGD, field observation and sampling survey, to collect information on project implementation. The scope of monitoring includes:
1) Payment of compensation fees to displaced persons and relocated entities;
2) Availability and allocation of housing sites for resettlement;
3) Rebuilding of resettlement housing and relocation;
4) Restoration of production and livelihoods of displaced persons;
5) Security of vulnerable groups;
6) Restoration of infrastructure;
7) Participation, consultation and information disclosure of displaced persons during implementation;
8) Staffing, training, working schedule and efficiency of agencies responsible for resettlement;
9) Grievances and appeals;
10) Public participation
Environmental impact monitoring is conducted by an independent environmental monitoring agency, which will test and evaluate the proposed sites in advance, monitor and supervise the construction of these sites during a construction period of one year, and continue to monitor the environment after the completed facilities are put into operation. It will conduct pollution control based on monitoring results to minimize the impact on the environment and nearby residents.
4 Monitoring indicators
The system of monitoring indicators of the Project is established according to the identified risk aversion measures and public participation plan and measures.
The key social risks, risk aversion measures, stakeholder participation plan, sources of funds and monitoring indicators of the Project are shown in Table 8-2:
Table 8-2 Social risks of the Project—risk aversion measures—participation plan—implementation—monitoring
| |Component |Key risk |Measure |Source of funds |Implemented by |Monitoring indicators |
| | |Risks of house demolition |Fixing compensation rates for house | |Finance bureau, land and resources bureau, |Monitoring indicators identified in the external |
| | | |demolition at replacement cost, providing | |labor and social security bureau, civil |resettlement M&E report |
| | | |reasonable compensation and proper | |affairs bureau, town government, village | |
| | | |resettlement, conducting adequate | |committee | |
| | | |participation and consultation | | | |
| | |Risks of enterprise relocation |Making comprehensive statistics, and | |Finance bureau, land and resources bureau, |Satisfaction of enterprises with relocation |
| | | |resettling enterprises properly | |labor and social security bureau, civil |Disposition of grievances and appeals |
| | | | | |affairs bureau, town government, village |Number of small enterprises re-opened |
| | | | | |committee |Proportion of local labor employed |
| | |Risks of resettlement community|Improving supporting facilities gradually |RAP, local |Finance bureau, land and resources bureau, |Monitoring indicators identified in the external |
| | |management (management system, | |governments |labor and social security bureau, civil |resettlement M&E report |
| | |supporting commercial and | | |affairs bureau, town government |Satisfaction of residents |
| | |public facilities) | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |Subsequent risks |Restoring land quality to the pre-project |RAP | |Monitoring indicators identified in the EIA Report |
| | | |level |Construction | |Satisfaction of residents |
| | | | |costs | | |
|Public | |Participation plan for replacement of land|RAP |Finance bureau, land and resources bureau, |Monitoring indicators identified in resettlement |
|participation | |contracting and management rights and | |labor and social security bureau, civil |monitoring |
|plan | |house demolition | |affairs bureau, town government |Frequency and scope of public participation |
| | | | | |Grievances and appeals |
| | |Participation plan for beneficiaries | | | |
| | |Participation plan for nearby residents | | | |
Conclusion and suggestions
1 Conclusion
1 The Project will promote sustainable local economic and environmental development
The blue algae event made people realize the huge adverse impact of environmental pollution on the economy, society and culture. The Project will promote the scientific development Wuxi Municipality through a sustainable and long-term design philosophy, and improve the water quality of Taihu Lake, restore biodiversity, and improve the quality of life of nearby residents by lake bottom dredging, round-the-lake ecological wetland rehabilitation, integrated rural pollution control, and capacity building in integrated environmental. This is embodied in the following aspects:
1. Expediting the construction of the round-Taihu-Lake ecological wetland project, taking such engineering measures as natural wetland rehabilitation, artificial wetland building and water surface rehabilitation to increase the bearing capacity of the aquatic environment, reduce the lake-going pollution load, improve water quality effectively, improve regional ecological quality and biodiversity, and ensuring the safety of drinking water
2. Selecting a suitable site to build a demonstration zone for integrated rural pollution control, establishing an effective mechanism for rural non-point pollution control, a rural solid waste and wastewater treatment system, conducting ecological rehabilitation for main rivers and ponds, reducing the impact of non-point pollution on surrounding water systems and Taihu Lake; publicizing, managing and supporting low-pollution agricultural production activities, promoting the environmental awareness of residents, urging community organizations and residents to carry out environmental management and protection through participation, giving play to the demonstration role of the demonstration zone, and extending the success experience of the Project to the whole watershed
3. Expediting the implementation of the Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project, using innocent sludge treatment and recycling techniques to establish a sludge cleanup and disposal system, reduce the threat of intrinsic pollution to the water quality of Taihu Lake, improve the purification capacity of the lake effectively, and create favorable conditions for water quality improvement on the precondition of strengthening external pollution control measures
4. Strengthening the capacity building of the management agencies of the aquatic environment of Taihu Lake to meet development needs.
[pic]
Figure 9-1 Schematic diagram of objectives of Taihua Lake integrated environmental management
It can be seen that the pollution control of Taihu Lake is not only the removal of existing pollutants, but also to involve all groups of society in Taihu Lake conservation through strengthened environmental management and publicity. Only in this way can the ecological environment of Taihu Lake be protected in a sustainable manner.
2 A public participation system has taken shape
During technical assistance, a public participation mechanism was established for all the components. The affected people’s opinions and participation played a certain role in project implementation and preparation, not only making the project design more people-oriented, but also driving the successful implementation of the Project. Residents showed great enthusiasm for participating in some related issues. However, it is a common problem for all the components that the affected villages and villager teams have not been fully involved in the Project, the participation mechanism has not covered all affected people, and the public is not aware of some details yet. Publicity, participation and consultation work has to be strengthened greatly.
3 Employment risk for some 40th-50th people affected by the Changguangxi and Hongshan components
Since the Project involves the relocation of enterprises, their employees have to be reemployed. It was found that most villagers were satisfied with the resettlement communities, but were uncertain about future life, mainly because they have lost their jobs and their existing knowledge and skills were unsuitable for employment by urban enterprises. Before relocation, villagers mostly dealt with simple labor-intensive jobs at village enterprises. After relocation, some enterprises may be rebuilt non-locally or closed down due to increased costs of local rebuilding, posing a short-term unemployment risk. Most newly built enterprises are hi-tech ones with a relatively higher employment barrier. The affected residents expect the government to provide reemployment training to provide sustainable security for their future life.
4 Double replacement will be easier to implement on the basis of adequate information disclosure
Double replacement is a great change of lifestyle for farmers. It was proven that the direct income of most farmers increased to some extent after double replacement. Farmers living in resettlement communities and participating in social security enjoy more potential social resources and more extensive market opportunities, which is particularly favored by young people. After old people are included in the social security system, the pressure on the young generation to support old people is reduced, and a foundation is provided for the intensive utilization of rural land. However, the realization of these objectives relies on: (1) adequate information disclosure during double replacement: The double replacement policies and documents formulated by the Wuxi Municipal Government are complied into brochures and bulletins so that affected farmers fully understand these policies and their pros and cons; and (2) Contacts are appointed at governments at all levels to answer farmers’ questions on double replacement policies.
2 Suggestions
1 Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project
During the implementation of the Meiliang Lake component, a major concern for nearby farmers is land reclamation. Only if farmers’ willingness is well respected can different stakeholders’ gains and losses in project implementation be balanced. It was learned from the survey that if land could be reclaimed to the pre-project level, farmers would be willing to farm on the reclaimed land. Therefore, greater attention should be paid to land conservation and reclamation.
9.2.1.1 Providing financial subsidies for impacts arising from construction
In order to implement this component – the longest-lasting one of all the components, it is necessary to learn villagers’ opinions about and requirements for its implementation, and reflect them in policy and project implementation. Therefore, timely information communication should be made with villagers so that they well understand the construction process, the process of wastewater discharge, how scientific and rigorous these processes are and control measures against adverse impacts. It may also be communicated to villagers through the village committees that unavoidable adverse impacts on them can be subsidized financially.
9.2.1.2 Defining rights and responsibilities of villagers and construction agencies clearly
Persons responsible for and beneficiaries of land reclamation should be defined so that rights and responsibilities are clear during temporary land occupation and reclamation, and land-expropriated farmers’ immediate interests are protected. It is advised that the legal representatives of the affected village committees or village economic organizations enter into a reclamation agreement with the construction agency or the party responsible for reclamation, and a technical standard for reclamation be formulated, specifying the reclamation effects and how liabilities for reclamation should be assumed and compensated for in detail.
9.2.1.3 Establishing supervisory agencies for the benefit of villagers
Local agricultural agencies at the sites of temporary land occupation, such as agro-technical stations, are advised to participate in land reclamation monitoring, provide professional analysis and technical evaluation, serve as a technical consult during the whole land reclamation process, and ensure that land reclamation is conducted scientifically and rationally to restore productivity to the greatest extent so that villagers can resume normal production activities.
9.2.1.4 Setting up M&E teams
It is advised to establish land reclamation M&E teams composed of village committee members, agro-technicians, land-expropriated farmers and the construction agency, and establish a mechanism to address possible problems and disputes arising from land reclamation on the basis of joint participation in order to relieve adverse social impacts. In this process, farmers’ sense of participation, independency and ability to influence the Project should be improved.
2 Proposed measures for the Changguangxi and Hongshan components
9.2.2.1 Suggestions for reducing the unemployment risk of displaced persons
Displaced persons generated by the Changguangxi and Hongshan components are mostly satisfied with the resettlement measures, but the unemployment risk arising from the relocation of enterprises is worrying. Therefore, we should continue to improve facilities near the resettlement communities during the next stage of implementation and more importantly, conduct a preliminary survey of the unemployed, and provide them with organized vocational training and suitable jobs. Poverty resulting from short-term unemployment should be a concern. The migrant population should also be taken care of and assisted because this is not only helpful to their development, but will also ensure orderly public security and management.
The following measures can be taken:
(1) The government should secure the basic standard of living of farmers according to the social security policy for land-expropriated farmers strictly, and provide more productivity support to them;
(2) Employment and training: The labor and social security department should provide employment and training services, implement preferential policies for the unemployed, and grant reward or tax preferences to enterprises and government agencies that recruit this group of people first;
A detailed unemployment survey should be conducted through the neighborhood committees. Professional training should be given on the basis of understanding residents’ vocational needs and the long-term employment plan of this area. Binhu District will be developed into an ecological tourist zone of Wuxi, and the Changguangxi area will be the core of this zone. Therefore, more vocational training on tourist development may be provided to residents.
Unemployed skilled residents may be reemployed by the neighborhood committees by contacting new enterprises. We know that although the new industrial park is far from the resettlement communities, regular buses have been provided to solve this problem. Some villagers may still work for their former enterprises.
(3) Including farmers in the resettlement communities in the social security and welfare systems for urban residents;
(4) Providing greater access to public resources;
(5) Other resettlement measures, such as short-term reduction or exemption of property management fees, and preferential policy for house selection of special villagers.
3 Suggestions for improving community management
9.2.3.1 Increasing the urbanization level of the resettlement communities
After the affected village committees (composed of farmers) are turned into neighborhood committees (composed of residents), the disposal of existing rural collective assets will become a prominent issue after resettlement. Governments at all levels are advised to collect inputs from village committees and residents extensively, and consider practical conditions when making policies. After the village committees are turned into neighborhood committees, new issues may arise from the new pattern of community management, for which countermeasures should be studied and proposed as soon as possible.
9.2.3.2 Strengthening publicity of knowledge on environmental protection
It will take time to change one’s inherent lifestyle, for which the environmental protection department should intervene and exert influence intentionally. The ongoing implementation of the Project requires the participation of all affected people, so they should well understand the importance of environmental protection at the early stage of project implementation, publicize environmental protection knowledge and policies from the perspective of villagers continually, demonstrate the benefits of environmental protection with practical results, and improve the environmental awareness of villagers, so that villagers can be brought into the urban system gradually.
9.2.3.3 Increasing public amusement measures to foster the sense of belonging and identification
It will take time for resettled villagers to adapt to community management, during which they should find a sense of belonging and the cohesion of the community should be given play to. Particular attention should be paid to the cultural rebuilding of the resettlement communities. The following measures are proposed:
(1) Establishing a community cultural activity room or public activity center;
(2) Organizing those with strengths in literature and arts into a community association of literature and arts, carrying out cultural activities with the aim of enriching community life and strengthening community cohesion, and appropriating some funds from collective assets to support the operation of such association;
(3) Supporting the establishment of other specialized community associations to enrich the spiritual and cultural life of residents
9.2.3.4 Providing employment support and living security to the poor
We have learned from the RAP that the Wuxi Municipal Government has offered some preferential policies for the resettlement of the poor. However, no employment supporting policy has been offered to the poor after resettlement, so that their long-term livelihoods are not secured. Therefore, the Wuxi Municipal Government should offer preferential policies to them in addition to adequate job opportunities after resettling them in the resettlement communities, and offer job opportunities first to the poor where possible.
The suggestions are as follows:
(1) Village-run enterprises are encouraged to recruit the poor and those having living difficulties first;
(2) Poor people and households have priority in attending employment training and guidance given by the government;
(3) Tax preferences and policy support are offered to enterprises recruiting poor people or their family members.
4 Measures to alleviate environmental impacts (see Section 6.6.2)
1. Reducing flying dust: It is advised to sprinkle water on earth deposits in sunny and windy days during construction to prevent flying dust, and apply a cleaning system to construction sites.
2. Control construction noise: To reduce the impact of construction on nearby residents, construction from 11:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. of the next day is not allowed within 200m around civil residences, and low-noise machinery should be used where possible. On construction sites where overnight construction is unavoidable and may affect nearby residents, noise reduction measures should be taken on the construction machinery. Devices such as sound barriers may be set up near such sites or settlements to create a good living environment for residents.
3. Restoring road landscaping: After construction, damaged roads and landscaping should be restored as soon as possible.
List of Impacts, Risks and Risk Aversion Measures
Annex 1 Hongshan and Changguangxi Components
|Impact factors |Objects of impact |Identification of risks |Aversion measures |
|Impact of replacement of land |Villagers losing |The percentage of land income|1) Implement the compensation of |
|contracting and management |land management |in the total income is low, |replacement of land contracting and |
|rights |rights |so it causes low risk to |management rights carefully; |
| | |villagers |2) Implement the policy “Replacement of|
| | | |Land Contracting and Management Rights |
| | | |with Urban Social Security” carefully. |
|Impact of house demolition |Villagers whose |Missing and life habits |1) Compensate reasonably according to |
| |houses are |change of the middle-aged |replacement price |
| |demolished (the |caused by house demolition |2) Improve propaganda of urban life |
| |middle and old-aged |The households in poverty may|style to make the middle and old-aged |
| |and households in |be homeless and life will be |adapt the new life; |
| |poverty) |worse |3) Implement the beneficial policies |
| | | |for the vulnerable groups |
|Impact of enterprise relocation|Villagers working in|Face the risk of unemployment|1) Provide employment training. |
| |enterprises | |2) Provide the resettlement community |
| | | |with traffic facilities leading to |
| | | |industrial parks |
| |Business owners |Find a new resettlement point|Arrange the small-sized enterprises |
| |(most are individual|is hard, and then the |into the scope of resettlement |
| |workshops or |production cost will |enterprises and resettle them in group |
| |small-size |increase. |after the quantity survey |
| |enterprises) | | |
|Impact of ground attachments |Traffic and power |The danger of rebuild and |Department in charge shall make |
| |facilities |relocation according to |specific plan and design towards other |
| | |attribution principle is |special facilities affected by the |
| | |small |project according to the principle of |
| | | |original scale, original standard, and |
| | | |regaining original function, conduct |
| | | |examination and estimate compensation |
| | | |rate according to the similar project |
| | | |implementation condition. |
|Impact of community management |Villagers who move |Villagers seldom participate |1) Improve community management and |
|in resettlement area |into the |the community activity for |replace the village committee with |
| |resettlement |the outdated management |property service companies to provide |
| |communities |system |service; |
| | | |2) Positively guide the community |
| | | |residents to participate the community |
| | | |activity |
|Impact of construction (dust, |Residents near the |There is no resident within |To avoid environment pollution, the |
|noise and spoil) |project area |500 m nearby, so no human |operation of the project shall be |
| | |will be affected. |civilized and pollution shall be |
| | | |cleared timely. |
Annex 2 Meiliang Lake Key Areas Ecological Dredging Project
|Impact factors |Objects of impact |Identification of risks |Aversion measures |
|Impact of land temporarily |Contracting villagers of |Collective land contractors suffer |Compensate the economic loss in|
|occupied |land temporarily occupied|economic loss since they cannot |time according to compensation |
| | |carry out plantation during the land|policies |
| | |occupation period. | |
|Impact in construction period |Villagers near the leap |Affect the villagers’ traveling and |Operation shall be civilized so|
|(dust, noise and spoil) |field |regular work and rest |as to reduce disturbance |
|Impact in operation period |Villagers near the leap |Produce smelly odor; |Reduce the spread of odor |
|(polluted water and odor) |field |Secondary pollution caused by badly |according to environment |
| | |handling water flowing into rivers |evaluation requirements and |
| | | |handle the polluted water |
| | | |strictly by the indicators |
|Impact of land reclamation |Contracting villagers of |The land quality may be lowed, which|Reclaim the land according to |
|after project |land temporarily occupied|will affect the reclamation benefit |indicators that environment |
| | | |evaluation required. |
Annex 3 Huishan WWTP (Phase 4) and Recycled Water Reuse (Phase 1) Project
|Impact factors |Objects of impact |Identification of risks |Aversion measures |
|Noise pollution |Residents near the water |Noise of machine operation in water |Install protective covers to |
| |works |works and in the construction |reduce noise |
| | |affects the nearby residents | |
|Odor pollution |Residents near the water |Odor pollution produced by water |Plant high arbor to reduce the |
| |works |handling process and silt affects |plant smelly odor impact on the|
| | |the nearby residents |surrounding environment, and |
| | | |improve the horizontal and |
| | | |vertical greening in plant to |
| | | |adsorb and cut off the odor. |
|Occupation of the excavated |Residents near the |Affect the residents’ traveling |Section construction shall be |
|roads |excavated road area |along the road |adopted at night, excavated |
| | | |surface shall be reduced and |
| | | |the pipelines shall be laid in |
| | | |slow traffic lane, footway or |
| | | |greenbelts. |
Annex 4 Case of Semi-structured Interview
|Semi-structured interview outline of Lianghong village committee members in the Hongshan non-point pollution management |
|demonstration zone: |
|I Replacement of land contracting right of the village in 1998 |
|1. What is the area of land in the village in mu (1mu=666.7m2) ? What is the area of land (expressed in mu) per capita has |
|before the replacement? What is the average income per mu? |
|2. What is the main plant in the village? What is the percentage of land income in the total family income is? |
|3. How many farmers losing their land after the replacement of land contracting right in 1998? How do they make a living? How |
|do the farmers replacing the land make a living? What is replacement income per mu? |
|4. How many farmers contract land again after the replacement? How much land (expressed in mu) under the contract of each |
|household? What is the land usage after the replacement? How many changes of these big households there are after the |
|replacement? |
|5. What the area of the land of the village contracted by migrants? What is income do these people get? |
| |
|II Secondary replacement of the land contacting right |
|1. What is the procedure of the secondary land replacement? (Who participates? What is the discussion theme? What is the |
|discussion result? How to mobilize villagers? ) |
|2. How to ensure farmers’ life after the land replacement? How to handle other lands (such as primary school, former site of |
|village committee, etc.) in villages that enjoy other securities except the social security? |
|3. What is the compensation policy for the land replacement and reclamation? |
|4. Do you have other expectations and advices of the Project? |
Annex 5 Case of Open-ended Interview
|Open-ended interview record of villagers of Lianghong village, Hongshan Town |
|Interviewee: Miss Shen from Lianghong village Age: 60 years old |
|Content of the interview: |
|I House demolition |
|Q: Do you know the demolition in Lianghong village? |
|A: yes. |
|Q: How do you know it? |
|A: From the newspaper. |
|Q: When do you know the demolition? |
|A: May, last year. |
|Q: Has the village committee ever communicated with you? |
|A: yes, we had a meeting. |
|Q: What is the content of the meeting? |
|A: The village head told us that demolition would be conducted sooner or later. He does not know whether and when our|
|village will be demolished. But we should prepare for it and be cooperative during the demolition. |
|Q: Do you know what the usage of land is after being demolished? |
|A: I have seen that there have been trees planted in the demolished places by the greening company. |
|II Resettlement compensation |
|Q: Do you know the house resettlement after the demolition? |
|A: I heard that would be resettlement communities, but we have to rent house if the houses are not enough. |
|Q: Will your life be affected if you move in the resettlement community? |
|A: We do not have to buy rice and vegetables before because we plant them in land, but after moving into the |
|community, we have to pay for all the things. Besides, we have to pay for water and electricity charge, so we have to|
|pay more in life. |
|Q: Do you know how to compensate you after the demolition? |
|Q: Do you have other opinions and advices about the compensation? |
|A: About the compensation, I would like to say that the compensation standard between the house with refined |
|decoration and the house with common decoration shall be different for we have spent more money on decoration, or we |
|will feel unfair. |
| |
|III Recovery of life and work |
|Q: What is the main income of your family? |
|A: My son is a bus driver in a plant in the new District. My husband and I take care of his child. |
|A: you do not have your own income, right? |
|A: Yes. We were farmers before, but after the land replacement we do not have land. I worked in a small plant here, |
|but now the plant moved away. |
|Q: What kind of plant? Who works there? |
|A: A small chemical plant. It moved away because it is forbidden in the new District. Most workers are the villagers |
|who are about 40-50 years old. They just do some part-time jobs. After the plant moved away, I retired for the age. |
|Q: How much does your son earn each month? |
|A: About 2,000 yuan. |
|A: Do you get money for the land replacement? |
|A: Yes, 450 yuan per person. We had 1.5 mu of land, with 0.5 mu per person. The compensation standard is 900 yuan per|
|mu. |
|Q: You get 1,350 yuan in total for the 1.5 mu land? |
|A: Yes. |
|Q: Is the 1,350 yuan lump-sum? Do you get other money besides it? |
|A: Yes, it is lump-sum. Nothing else. After the land replacement, we can get 330 yuan each month and I have got the |
|money for two months since November, last year. |
|Q: Who can get the money? |
|A: The person who replaced the land. Women older than 55 and men older than 60 can get the money. There are some |
|people getting 280 yuan each month? |
|Q: What is the age limitation? |
|A: It is 45 to 55 for women and 50 to 60 for men. Young people will get no money for they can earn money by |
|themselves. |
Annex 6 Flowchart of Group Interview
[pic]
Annex 7 SWOT Analysis of Public Participation of the Changguangxi and Hongshan Components
|Project name |S (strength) |W (weakness) |O (opportunity) |T (Threat) |
|Residential house|6 phases of resettlement |Beautiful environment, |It needs time to adapt |More work |Little increase |
|resettlement |communities with more |good infrastructure, |to the community life |opportunities and |of life cost |
| |than 7,000 houses are |absolutely suitable house|style, human relations,|vast market after the| |
| |built in sequence |needs for the people in |and the inconvenience |balance between the | |
| | |marriage age, balance |of upstairs and |urban and rural areas| |
| | |between the urban and the|downstairs for the old.| | |
| | |rural | | | |
|Social security |The farmers in the |Provide basic insurances | |Further development |The increase of |
| |project area enjoy the |and security for the old | |of balance between |invisible social|
| |basic social pension |to unburden the young | |the urban and the |cost caused by |
| |insurance of urban | | |rural and more |the rising |
| |workers | | |opportunities to |prices and |
| | | | |enjoy urban public |living level |
| | | | |service |reducing of the |
| | | | | |old |
|Enterprise |Adopt different |Industrial park provides |The increase of plant |The increase of the |Reduction of |
| |resettlement ways |good infrastructure, |rent in industrial |resources |output, employee|
| |according to size (move |modern office condition, |park, the social cost |communication and |turnover and |
| |into industrial park and |special coordination of |of the relocation and |cooperating |dull sale during|
| |non-local resettlement) |government agencies and |regular production |opportunities and the|the relocation |
| | |promotion of enterprises’|affected during the |enterprise capital |period |
| | |outer image. |relocation period |during external | |
| | | | |propaganda. | |
|Integrated |Rural non-point pollution|Control rural non-point |Organization |Due to combination |Environment |
|environmental |control, rural solid |pollution, reduce rural |construction capacity |with the relevant |awareness of |
|management |waste treatment, recovery|solid waste, recover the |test of the project |government projects, |farmers affects |
| |of ecological river, |ecological environment of|construction and |the construction |public |
| |ability improvement and |rivers, enhance the |following operation |effect of the project|evaluation of |
| |construction evaluation |construction ability of |agencies |will be promoted, |the project |
| | |project agencies and | |investment will be | |
| | |promote environment | |increased, city image| |
| | |awareness of the public | |will be improved and | |
| | | | |ecological protection| |
| | | | |system will be built | |
| | | | |continuously and | |
| | | | |systematically. | |
Annex 8 Rankings of Needs of Displaced Villagers
|Farmers’ needs |Group 1 |Group 2 |Group 3 |Group 4 |Total |Ranking |
|Social security |47 |50 |49 |49 |195 |3 |
|Employment |59 |57 |56 |58 |230 |2 |
|Education of children |40 |35 |38 |36 |149 |4 |
|Community safety |19 |18 |15 |20 |72 |7 |
|Medical treatment |29 |31 |29 |28 |117 |5 |
|Traffic |16 |29 |23 |19 |87 |6 |
|…… | | | | | | |
Operation methods:
1. Select 4 groups randomly from Lianghong Village in Hongshan Town.
2. Select 10 families from each group (including 1 single family, 1 family enjoying the five guarantees and 1 family with more than 2 children),
3. Issue 1 survey table to each family, and the questions shall be ranked 1—7 according to the needs, and the higher the value is, the more urgent the need is.
4. Amount the survey table of each family, and the added value of each item is the family’s need intensity.
5. Fill the data of the four villages in the rankings, and the total value of each item is the needs ranking of the farmers in the village.
Annex 9 Seasonal Activity Calendar of Villagers of Lianghong Village (by month)
Month
Activity |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 | |Land arrangement | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Sowing | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Harvest | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Work | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Work (part-time) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Marketing | | | | | | | | | | | | | |…… | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
-----------------------
World Bank Financed
IPP434
（%）
占全市GDP的百分比
百分比（%）
年份
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
旅游收入相当于全市GDP的百分比（%）
桔牐橯捥൴䔍桮湡散湥楶潲浮湥慴睡牡湥獥൳片摡慵湥楶潲浮湥慴浩牰癯浥湥൴敎⁷浩数畴潴猠獵慴湩扡敬猠捯慩敤敶潬浰湥൴䤍瑮牥慮敭獡牵獥ഺ捅汯杯捩污搠敲杤湩൧潒湵ⵤ桴ⵥ慬敫攠潣潬楧慣敲慨楢楬慴楴湯硅整湲污搠The Project
1. Enhanced environmental awareness
2. Gradual environmental improvement
3. New impetus to sustainable social development
Internal measures:
Ecological dredging
Round-the-lake ecological rehabilitation
External drives:
Integrated rural pollution control
Enhanced management capacity
Strengthened publicity on EP
Collective land
Villager teams
Rural residential houses
Institutions and enterprises
House appraisal agency
Internal monitoring
External monitoring agency
Design agency
House demolition implementing agencies
Functional departments of government
Municipal PMO
Component PMOs
Component implementing agencies
Participation of public participation planning
Design of monitoring and assessment system of public participation
Analysis on condition and measure of public participation
Benefit analysis of public participation
Strength and weakness analysis of public participation
Content confirmation of public participation
Basic condition survey of the village
Confirm the planning objects of public participation
Basic condition survey of the village
Distinguishment of vulnerable groups
Basic condition survey of the village
Classification of affected populations
Basic condition survey of the village
Survey of community basic condition [pic]
Preparation of public participation planning
Supervising and appraisal stage
Planning implementation stage
Planning establishment stage
Analyzing problems stage
Finding problems stage
Information gathering stage
Early-preparation stage
Implementation planning of public participation (way and method selection)
Establishment of planning of public participation
External preparation for public participation process (village entry plan)
Public participation process
H：Human capital；S：Social capital；N：natural capital：P：Material capital；F：Financial Capital
Consultation unit of the Project
HSNPF
Factors affecting participation:
1. Increased living cost
2. Adaption to new living style
3. Reestablishment of social network
4. The anxiety of displaced persons
5. Cognitive strain of environmental management
6. Low information awareness
7. Lack of organizer of participation
8. Institutional restraint
Livelihood capital of farmer household
Government department
Project agency
Enquiry agencies
Grass-root Organization
Target groups
Law, Policy
Mechanism, Procedure
Culture, system
Expected result of public participation
1. Stable income
2. Perfect social security
3. Work security
4. Security of non-point pollution management on food safety
5. Enjoy achievements of ecological restoration
6. The increase of community public resource
7. Sustainable social participation mechanism
8. Access to resource of new communities
To put forward feasible measures and advices towards risk control(the impact of the Project on the stakeholders being the start point)
Cooperation and competition between stakeholders (risk analysis)
1. Social impact analysis (on replacement of land contracting with management right, house demolition, project operation and implementation)
2. Economic impact analysis (on enterprise relocation, individual family income change)
3. Human impact analysis (on human behavior and thinking mode)
4. Compatibility analysis (on the whole uniformity of the Project and the region development)
Project impact analysis
Stakeholders
Project implementation and operation
Figure of public participation planning
Analysis table of beneficiary groups
Basic condition of the village
Village data table
Community figure
Resource figure
Seasonal calendar
Discussion of all villagers
民民
讨论
FGD of villagers
Village official
Insider
Problem
analysis
Project plan
Project
implementation
Evaluation
Complete
successfully
Re-check And arrangement
Monitoring
< Monitoring >
< Monitoring >
Collect farmers’ problems
Group interview
Distinguish problems, conditions, solutions of different groups and importance of the problems
Problems classification
Objects transformation
Objects analysis
Analyze the logical relations among problems: problems tree
Analyze methods and objects of solutions; feasibility of the project
Interview farmers
Personal interview
Further know the problems that affected groups face and integrate the project demands
Village basic condition survey
On-the-spot survey of watershed
Interview of insider
Know the village basic conditions
Rethink the mobilization process with the public
Participatory monitoring and evaluation
Adjust the work to improve efficacy
Problem analysis
Classify farmers
Concern of vulnerable groups
................
................
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