Circulatory System – Notes Outline



Circulatory System – Notes Outline

Circulatory System

1H08.01 Explain the structure of the heart.

A. Size, shape and location

1. Size of closed fist

2. In thoracic cavity

3. Apex

4. Four chambers

B. Layers

1. Pericardium

2. Myocardium

3. Endocardium

4. Septum

C. Structures to and from heart

1. Superior and inferior vena cava

2. Pulmonary artery and vein

3. Aorta

D. Chambers and valves

1. Atria (atrium)

2. Ventricles (ventricle)

3. Tricuspid valve

4. Mitral (bicuspid) valve

5. Pulmonary semilunar valve

6. Aortic semilunar valve

1H08.02 Analyze the function of the heart.

A. Four main functions of circulatory system

a. Pump

b. Blood transport system around body

c. Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries away waste products

d. Lymph system – returns excess tissue fluid to general circulation

B. Heart

a. Ave. 72 beats per minute, 100,000 beats per day

b. Superior and inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium

c. Cardiopulmonary circulation – circulation from the heart to the lungs

d. Pulmonary artery takes blood from right ventricle to lungs

e. Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

f. Aorta takes blood from left ventricle to rest of body

g. Four heart valves permit flow of blood in one direction

C. Pump

a. Heart is a double pump

b. Right heart = right atrium ( tricuspid valve ( right ventricle ( pulmonary semilunar valve ( pulmonary artery ( lungs (for oxygen)

c. Left heart = Lungs ( pulmonary veins ( left atrium ( mitral valve ( left ventricle ( aortic semilunar valve ( aorta ( general circulation

D. Heart sounds (lubb dupp)

E. Electrical activity

a. SA (sinoatrial) node = pacemaker, sends out electrical impulses, spreads impulse over atria and makes them contract

b. AV (atrioventricular) node = carries impulse to bundle of His

c. Bundle of His = conducting fibers in septum, divides into right and left branches in ventricles to Purkinje fibers

d. Purkinje fibers = cause ventricles to contract

1H08.03 Analyze circulation and the blood vessels

A. Cardiopulmonary circulation – carries blood from heart to lungs

1. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

2. Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange

B. General circulation

1. Coronary arteries

2. Aorta

3. Systemic circulation

C. Blood vessels

1. Arteries

a. Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries

b. Elastic, muscular and thick-walled

c. Transport blood under very high pressure

2. Arterioles

3. Veins

a. Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to heart

a. Less elastic and muscular than arteries

b. Thin walled, collapse easily when not filled with blood

c. Superior and inferior vena cava carry blood to heart

4. Venules

5. Capillaries

a. Smallest blood vessels

b. Only seen with microscope

c. Connect arterioles and venules

d. Walls are one-cell thick, allow for selective permeability

6. Valves – permit flow of blood only in direction of heart

7. Capillaries

8. Jugular vein – located in neck

9. Carotid artery – carries blood to brain

D. Blood pressure

1. Systolic – ave = 120 (Systole is contraction phase)

2. Diastolic – ave = 80 (Diastole is relaxation phase)

E. Pulse – alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it

1. Brachial

2. Carotid

3. Femoral

4. Pedal

5. Popliteal

6. Radial

1H08.04 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common cardiac and circulatory disorders.

A. Heart diseases

1. Symptoms

a. Arrythmia (dysrrhythmia) – any change from normal heart rate or rhythm

b. Bradycardia – slow heart rate (100)

2. Coronary artery disease

a. Angina pectoris – chest pain, lack of O2 to heart muscle, treat with nitroglycerine

b. Edema – fluid in tissues, often caused by poor circulation

3. Myocardial infarction (MI, heart attack)

a. Lack of blood supply to myocardium

b. Symps – severe chest pain radiating to left shoulder, arm, neck and jaw, nausea, diaphoresis, dyspnea

c. Rx – bedrest, oxygen, medication

d. Morphine for pain

e. Anticoagulant therapy to prevent further clots from forming

f. Surgery may be necessary

B. Vascular diseases

1. Aneurysm – ballooning of an artery, thinning and weakening

2. Arteriosclerosis – arterial walls thicken and lose elasticity

3. Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits form on walls of arteries and block circulation

4. Hypertension

a. High blood pressure

b. Silent killer – usually no symptoms

c. Leads to strokes, heart attacks, kidney failure

d. Higher in African-Americans and post-menopausal women

e. Risk factors – smoking, overweight, stress, high fat diets, family history

f. Treatment – relaxation, low fat diet, exercise, weight loss, medication

5. Hypotension – low blood pressure, systolic ................
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