Ms. Jones's AP Euro - AP Euro



AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

McKay, et. al. 11e

Chapter 26 – Study Guide

The Age of Anxiety (ca 1880-1940)

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"But who can say how much is endurable, or in what direction men will seek at last to escape from their misfortunes?"

-John Maynard Keynes, on the Treaty of Versailles effect on Germany.

CHAPTER SUMMARY

The First World War and the revolutions in Russia and elsewhere shattered many traditional ideas, beliefs, and institutions. As a result, many people of the postwar era found themselves living in an age of anxiety and continuous crisis. Many developments in thought, science, and the arts after the war encouraged this crisis even further.

The first half of this chapter deals with major changes in ideas and in culture that were connected to this age of anxiety. Some of these changes began before 1900, but they became widespread only after the great upheaval of the First World War affected millions of ordinary people and opened an era of uncertainty and searching. People generally became less optimistic and had less faith in rational thinking. Radically new theories in physics associated with Albert Einstein and Werner Heisenberg took form, while Sigmund Freud’s psychology gave a new and disturbing interpretation of human behavior. Philosophy and literature developed in new ways, and Christianity took on renewed meaning for thinking people. There was also great searching and experimentation in architecture, painting, and music, all of which went in new directions. Much painting became abstract, as did some music. Movies and radio programs, which offered entertainment and escape, gained enormous popularity among the general public. In short, there were revolutionary changes in thought, art, and popular culture.

The second half of this chapter discusses efforts to re-establish real peace and political stability in the troubled era after 1918. In 1923, hostility between France and Germany led to an undeclared war when French armies occupied Germany’s industrial heartland, the Ruhr. This crisis was resolved, though, and followed by a period of cautious hope in international politics between 1924 and 1929. The stock market crash in the United States in 1929, however, brought renewed economic and political crisis to the Western world. Attempts to meet this crisis in the United States, Sweden, Britain, and France were only partly successful. Thus, economic and political difficulties accompanied and reinforced the revolution in thought and culture. It was a hard time in Western society.

UNCERTAINTY IN MODERN THOUGHT (26.1)

Before you read:

What have you heard about “existentialism”? What does it mean?

Terms to know:

Logical Empiricism

Existentialism

While you read:

1- Describe why and how Nietzsche, Bergson, and Sorel began the revolt against the idea of progress and the general faith in the rational human mind. How did Wittgenstein add to this belief?

2- What does Sartre’s statement that “man is condemned to be free” mean? How is this thought connected to the existential belief that man must seek to define himself?

3- What impact did the loss of faith in reason and progress have on twentieth-century Christian thought?

4- Define quanta and explain its implications for the definition of matter and energy.

5- Define and discuss the relationship among the id, ego, and superego.

6- Freud’s view that human beings are basically irrational coincides with the picture of the universe drawn by modern physics. Discuss this relationship between psychology and science.

After you read:

|1. |Which phenomenon did Einstein believe to be the only constant? |

| |Time |

| |The speed of light |

| |The speed of sound |

| | Space  |

| | |

| |Which philosopher argued that it was necessary for individuals to take a "leap of faith" and believe in an objectively |

| |unknowable God?  |

|A) |Søren Kierkegaard |

|B) |Jean-Paul Sartre |

|C) |Ludwig Wittgenstein |

|D) |Friedrich Nietzsche |

Primary Source – Friedrich Nietzsche Pronounces the Death of God (26.1)

1. Does Nietzsche believe that the ‘death of God’ is a positive experience? In what ways can people come to grips with this ‘great deed’?

MODERNISM IN ARCHITECTURE, ART, LITERATURE AND MUSIC (26.2)

Before you read:

How do you think the experiences of WWI will affect the arts?

Terms to know:

Bauhaus

Dadaism

Franz Kafka

While you read:

1. How does architecture change, who are the leaders in this new style?

2. How do impressionism and expressionism reflect the rationality and irrationality of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, respectively?

3. What is “stream of consciousness” literature? Who represents this style and how did it come about?

After you read:

|1. |Proponents of the Chicago School of architecture embraced what principle? |

|A) |Nihilism |

|B) |Functionalism |

|C) |Traditionalism |

|D) |Impressionism |

2. Virginia Woolf's Jacob's Room provides an example of what artistic movement? 

A) Functionalism

B) The stream-of-consciousness technique

C) Use of the all-knowing narrator

D) The politicization of early twentieth-century literature

Living in the Past – Modern Design for Everyday Use (26.2)

1- How do the Bauhaus designs shown reflect the modern industrial society in which they were created?

AN EMERGING CONSUMER SOCIETY (26.3)

Before you read:

True or False: World War I had a positive effect on the view of women in society.

Terms to know:

Modern Girl

“Triumph of the Will”

While you read:

1. What effects did the new modern “consumer culture” have on society?

2. In what ways did radio change society?

3. How did motion pictures change society?

After you read:

1. Department stores epitomized the emergence of what phenomenon in the twentieth century? 

a. Autonomous local economies

b. Consumer society

c. The urban proletariat

d. Multinational corporations

THE SEARCH FOR PEACE AND POLITICAL STABILITY (26.4)

Before you read:

How do you believe Germany will react to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

Terms to know:

John Maynard Keynes

German “National Socialist Revolution”

Gustav Stresemann

Dawes Plan

Raymond Poincare

Kellogg-Briand Pact

While you read:

1. How did the French and British views of post-war Germany differ?

2- The most serious international crisis of the 1920’s occurred in the Ruhr in January 1923. What was the crisis and what were the consequences?

3- What part was played by the United States in the economic and political settlements of the mid-1920’s in Europe?

4- What problems faced the British governments of the 1920’s and with what ideas did the Labour party approach these products?

After you read:

1. What was a key component of the 1924 Dawes Plan?  

a. Germany's yearly reparations were reduced and linked to its economic output.

b. Germany agreed to permanent French occupation of the Ruhr.

c. Germany received large loans from France and Britain.

d. Germany would no longer have to pay reparations..

2. What was the most significant domestic challenge faced by Britain in the early 1920s? 

a. Religious divisions.

b. Unemployment.

c. Communist agitation.

d. Massive government deficits.

THE GREAT DEPRESSION (26.5)

Before you read:

How do economic problems effect political situations?

Terms to know

Great Depression

NRA/WPA

Popular Front

While you read:

1- What were the causes of the Great Depression?

2- The New Deal ultimately failed to halt mass unemployment. Why? Why is it said that the WPA helped prevent social revolution in the United States?

After you read:

|1. |Which country or countries responded most successfully to the challenge of the Great Depression? |

|A) |The Scandinavian countries |

|B) |The United States |

|C) |Britain |

|D) |France |

| | |

| |2- Which political groups came together to form France's Popular Front? |

|A) |The Fascists, Radicals, and Nationalists |

|B) |The Centrists, Conservatives, and Nationalists |

|C) |The Radicals, Nationalists, and Centrists |

|D) |The Communists, Socialists, and Radicals |

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Chapter Timeline

--1920

--1922

--1924

--1926

--1928

-1930

-1932

-1934

-1936

-1938

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