Racial and Ethnic Groups - Pearson

[Pages:22]Racial and Ethnic Groups

FIFTEENTH EDITION

Richard T. Schaefer

DePaul University

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Schaefer, Richard T., author. Title: Racial and ethnic groups / Richard T. Schaefer. Description: 15th edition. | Hoboken, N.J. : Pearson Higher Education, 2019.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017029686 (print) | LCCN 2017030879 (ebook) | ISBN 9780134736525 (Revel) | ISBN 9780134732855 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780134736730 (softcover) Subjects: LCSH: Minorities--United States. | United States--Ethnic relations. | United States--Race relations. | Prejudices--United States. Classification: LCC E184.A1 (ebook) | LCC E184.A1 S3 2019 (print) | DDC 305.800973--dc23 LC record available at

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Student Edition: ISBN 10: 0-134-73285-5 ISBN 13: 978-0-134-73285-5

Books ? la Carte Edition: ISBN 10: 0-134-73662-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-134-73662-4

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To my grandchildren, Matilda and Reuben, may they grow to flourish in our multicultural society

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Brief Contents

1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity

1

2 Prejudice31

3 Discrimination55

4 Immigration78

5 Ethnicity, Whiteness, and Religion 103

6 Native Americans:

The First Americans

132

7 African Americans

160

8 African Americans Today

181

9 Latinos: Growth and Diversity

200

10 Mexican Americans and

Puerto Ricans

219

11 Muslim and Arab Americans:

Diverse Minorities

238

12 Asian Pacific Americans:

An Array of Nationalities

258

13 Chinese Americans and Japanese

Americans282

14 Jewish Americans: The Quest

to Maintain Identity

301

15 Women: The Oppressed Majority 322

16 Beyond the United States:

The Comparative Perspective

344

17 Overcoming Exclusion

364

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Contents

Featuresxiii

Prefacexv

About the Author

xxi

Part I Perspectives on Racial and

Ethnic Groups

1 Exploring Race and Ethnicity

1

How Are We Grouped?

4

Types of Minority Groups

6

RACIAL GROUPS 6?ETHNIC GROUPS 6

Speaking Out The Problem of the Color Line

7

RELIGIOUS GROUPS 7?GENDER GROUPS 8?OTHER SUBORDINATE GROUPS 8

The Social Construction of Race

8

Biological Meaning

8

ABSENCE OF PURE RACES 8?INTELLIGENCE TESTS 9

Race as a Social Construction

10

Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I?

11

Research Focus Multiracial Identity

12

Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity

13

Stratification by Class and Gender

13

Theoretical Perspectives

14

FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE 14?CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE15?LABELING THEORY 15

The Creation of Subordinate-Group Status

17

Migration17

Annexation18

Colonialism18

The Spectrum of Intergroup Status

19

The Consequences of Subordinate-Group Status

19

Extermination19

Expulsion20

Secession20 Segregation21

Fusion23

Assimilation24

The Pluralist Perspective

25

Resistance and Change

25

Intersectionality27

Conclusion28

Summary of Learning Objectives29?Key Terms30? Review Questions30?Critical Thinking30

2 Prejudice31

Prejudice and Discrimination

33

Merton's Typology

34

Research Focus Virtual Prejudice and Anti-Prejudice

34

White Privilege

35

Theories of Prejudice

36

Scapegoating Theory

36

Authoritarian Personality Theory

37

Exploitation Theory

37

Normative Approach

38

Stereotypes38

What Are Stereotypes?

38

Stereotyping in Action: Racial Profiling

39

Color-Blind Racism

40

The Mood of the Oppressed

41

Intergroup Hostility

43

Reducing Prejudice

45

Education45

Mass Media

46

Intergroup Contact: Avoidance Versus Friendship

47

THE SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE 47?EQUAL STATUS CONTACT 48?AVOIDANCE VIA THE INTERNET 48

Corporate Response: Diversity Training

49

Speaking Out What Can I Do at Work?

50

Conclusion52

Summary: Prejudice53?Key Terms54? Review Questions54?Critical Thinking54

3 Discrimination55

Relative versus Absolute Deprivation

56

A Global View The Roma: A Thousand Years

of Discrimination

57

Hate Crimes

57

What Are Hate Crimes?

58

Why Do Hate Crimes Carry Harsher Penalties?

59

Institutional Discrimination

59

Discrimination Today

61

Discrimination Hits the Wallet

61

Eliminating Discrimination

63

Research Focus The Sharing Economy--Another Way

to Discriminate

65

Wealth Inequality: Discrimination's Legacy

66

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viiiContents

Environmental Justice

67

Affirmative Action

68

Affirmative Action Explained

69

The Legal Debate

69

Reverse Discrimination

71

Speaking Out The Conversation We're Not Having When

We Talk About Affirmative Action

72

The Glass Ceiling

73

Conclusion75

Summary of Learning Objectives76?Key Terms77? Review Questions77?Critical Thinking77

Part II Ethnic and Religious Sources

of Conflict

4 Immigration78

Patterns of Immigration to the United States

79

The Early Immigrants

81

The Anti-Chinese Movement

82

Restrictionist Sentiment Increases

83

The National Origin System

83

The Immigration and Nationality Act

84

Contemporary Social Concerns

86

The Brain Drain

86

Population Growth

87

Mixed-Status Families

88

Language Barriers

88

Speaking Out My Parents Were Deported

89

The Economic Impact

91

Research Focus The Hispanic Dairyland

92

Illegal Immigration

93

Naturalization: The Path to Citizenship

95

A Global View Immigration and South Africa

96

The Global Economy and Immigration

97

Refugees98

Policies98

Concerns About the Refugee Program

99

Conclusion100

Summary of Learning Objectives101?Key Terms102? Review Questions102?Critical Thinking102

5 Ethnicity, Whiteness, and Religion 103

Unpacking Ethnicity

104

Studying Whiteness

105

Rediscovering Ethnicity

106

THE PRINCIPLE OF THIRD-GENERATION INTEREST 107 ? THE ETHNIC PARADOX 107 ? SYMBOLIC ETHNICITY 107

Speaking Out The Next Americans

108

The German Americans

109

Settlement Patterns

109

German Americans in the Twenty-First Century

110

The Irish Americans

111

Irish Immigration

111

Becoming White

112

The Contemporary Picture

113

The Italian Americans

114

Early Immigration

114

Constructing Identity

115

Research Focus Immigrants: Yesterday and Today

116

The Contemporary Picture

117

The Polish Americans

117

Early Immigration

118

Polonia118

The Contemporary Picture

119

Religious Pluralism

120

Diversity Among Roman Catholics

124

Diversity Among Protestants

124

Religion and the Courts

126

Company Exemptions

126

School Prayer

126

Secessionist Minorities

127

Creationism and Intelligent Design

128

Public Displays

128

Conclusion128

Summary of Learning Objectives130?Key Terms130? Review Questions131?Critical Thinking131

Part III Major Racial and Ethnic

Minority Groups in the United States

6 Native Americans:

The First Americans

132

European Contacts

134

Treaties and Warfare

136

THE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (1830) 137?THE ALLOTMENT ACT (1887) 137?THE INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT (1934)137

A Global View Australia's Aboriginal People

138

Reservation Life and Federal Policies

139

Relations Across Boundaries The Hopi and Navajo Peoples140

Legal Claims

140

The Termination Act (1953)

141

The Employment Assistance Program

141

Collective Action

143

Protest Efforts

143

Solidarity and Powwows

144

American Indian Identity

146

Sovereignty146

Individual Identity

146

Speaking Out Kinship in Modern Times

147

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