Disaster Time Line:Major Focusing Events and U.S. Outcomes ...

Disaster Time Line:Major Focusing Events and U.S. Outcomes (1988 - 2008)

by Claire B. Rubin, M.A., Irmak Renda-Tanali, D.Sc., & William R. Cumming, J.D. 1

POLICY OUTCOMES:

POLICY OUTCOMES:

MILESTONE INCIDENTS/

EVENTS

1988

1989 1990

3

Hurricane Hugo

Loma Prieta Earthquake

MAJOR REPORTS & DOCUMENTS

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill

STATUTES

EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVES

Stafford Disaster

Relief Act

Oil Pollution

Act

E.O. 12657 REP

Planning

E.O. 12699 Seismic Safety

1991 1992 1993

1994

1995 1996 1997

1998 1999 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Hurricane Iniki Midwest Floods

Northridge, CA

Earthquake

Hurricane Floyd

Sept. 11 attacks on WTC and Pentagon

3

Hurricane Isabel

3

Indonesian Earthquake &

Tsunamis

Hurricane Andrew

NAPA Report:

EPA Report: "Review of

"Coping with Federal

Catastrophe" Authorities

GAO Report: "Federal, State,

and Local

for HAZMAT Accident Safety"

Response

Needs

Improvement"

"Galloway"

Report:

"Report of the Interagency

Report of Presidential Commission

Floodplain

on

Management Review

Critical Infrastructure

Protection

Committee" (PCCIP)

National Flood

Insurance Reform Act DAReaSfmneteapAdnefecfsnCoatedirlveedAiddlct

Emergency Management Assistance

Compact

E.O. 12941 Seismic Safety

E.O. 13010 Critical

Infrastructure Protection

PDD 63 Critical Infrastructure Protection

FEMA Report: "The Natural and

Beneficial Functions of Floodplains

Reducing Flood Losses"

Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000

Anthrax Incident

SARS Incident

Avian Flu Incident

Public Health Security &

Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act

Homeland Security

Act

Construction Safety Team Act

E.O. 13286 4

Amendment re DHS

HSPD 5 Management

of Domestic

Incidents

HSPD 7 Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization,

and Protection

HSPD 8 National Preparedness

Four Florida Hurricanes

3

BunningBereuterBlumenauer Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004

Project BioShield

Act

Rand Report: "Safeguarding

Emergency Responders During Major Disasters and Terrorist Attacks"

NEHRP Authorization:

NIST as Lead

Agency

HSPD #10 Biodefense

for the 21st Century

NATIONAL STRATEGIES PLANS & NATIONAL LEVEL EXERCISES

Federal Response

Plan for Natural Hazards Signed

Federal Response

Plan Signed

NCP Revised

FRP Revised

TOPOFF I Exercise

FEDERAL ACTIONS: Strategies & Organizational Changes

1988 1989 1990

1991

Mitigation Directorate Formed at

FEMA

1992 1993 1994

1995

NEHRP Revised

1996

President's Commission

on Critical Infrastructure

Protection Report

1997

FEMA's Project Impact Started

1998

1999

2000

FEMA - an Independent Agency from 1979 to March 2003

1Information about the authors is available at the project website: . 2 FEMA's existence as an independent agency spanned the period of April 1979 to March 2003. Between March 1, 2003 and November 1, 2005, the functions of FEMA were housed in the Emergency

Preparedness and Response Directorate. The use of the term FEMA was authorized by the Secretary of DHS in August 2003 as an administrative convenience. From November 1, 2005 until March 31, 2007, the functions of FEMA transferred to DHS on March 1, 2003 were housed in two Directorates, each led by an Under Secretary: the Federal Emergency Management Directorate and the Preparedness Directorate. The United States Fire Administration (USFA) was housed during that period in the Preparedness Directorate.

3 These were influential events but did not result in direct policy outcomes.

4 Transferred Stafford Act authority from FEMA to the Secretary of DHS.

5 FEMA no longer is an independent agency; it is subsumed within DHS.

6 The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006 (Title VI) is part of the law.

NOTE: This chart highlights domestic natural disasters and man-made (accidental) events. For terrorism-related events and outcomes, see the Terrorism Time Line at the project website listed above.

LE GE ND AB B R E VIATIONS

Homeland Security

Office Established in White House

Homeland Security Advisory Council

TOPOFF II Exercise

FEMA's Project Impact Program ended

Initial NRP

5

DHS Created

CDC Guidance

on Flu Pandemic

OSHA National Emergency Management

Plan

Final NIMS

Hurricane Pam

Exercise

NICC Created

EPA's OEM Established

2001

2002

2003

2004

Earthquake Flood

Volcano

Hurricane

Radiological incident

Biological Attack/Incident

Chemical Attack/ Incident

Sept. 11 attacks on WTC and Pentagon

Oil incident on water

Oil incident on land

Influence or Determinant

2SR ATSDR CEPPO CDC CERCLA

DHS DHUD

2005

Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Rita Hurricane Wilma

2006

2007

2008

Hurricane Gustav

MILESTONE INCIDENTS/

EVENTS

On shore Oil Spills

Hurricane Ike

DHS IG Report on

Katrina

House Committee

on HS

Report

Senate Committee

on HS and Gov't

Affairs Report

White House (Townsend Report)

MAJOR REPORTS & DOCUMENTS

Community Disaster Loans

Flood Stafford Act Borrowing Reauthorized Authority for Pre-Event Increased Mitigation

6

DHS

National

Appropriations Dam Safety

Act for FY2007

Act Revised

Public Health Services

Act Amended

Enhanced Pipeline Safety

Act

Safety of Animals in Disasters

Pandemic & All-Hazards Prep. Act of

2006

FEMA 592: 6

Stafford Act Amendments

Post-Katrina Emergency

Implementing Recommendations

of 9/11 Commission

Reform

Act

STATUTES

E.O. 13375 Updated List of Quarantinable Diseases

E.O. 13389 & 90 Gulf Coast Recovery Council

E.O. 13407 Public Alert & Warning

System

E.O. 13411 Improving Disaster Assistance for Victims

E.O. 13416 Strengthening

Surface Transportation

Security

HSPD #20 & NSPD #51 National Contingency

Policy

HSPD #21 Public Health

& Medical Preparedness

EXECUTIVE DIRECTIVES

Final NRP issued

National Preparedness

Guidance (15 Scenarios)

TOPOFF III Exercise

HHS/CDC Health Emergency Response Plan

National Infrastructure

Protection Plan

National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza

DHS Preparedness Directorate

Created

Changes to National Preparedness Goals

National Strategy for Pandemic Flu Implementation

Mitigation Act Guidance

National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Implementation

Plan

TOPOFF IV Exercise

National Strategy for

Aviation Safety

National Strategy for Homeland

Security

Preparedness Directorate reincorporated in FEMA

Mitigation Act Guidance

National Response Framework (supercedes NRP)

NIMS

NIPP

Released updated

2009

PREPAREDNESS PLANS & EXERCISES

National Drug Control

Strategy

Mitigation Planning Guidance

Local Mitigation Guidance

FEDERAL ACTIONS: Strategies & Organizational Changes

2005

2006

2007

DHS Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate (FEMA)

Second Stage Review Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office, EPA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act (Superfund) Department of Homeland Security Department of Housing and Urban Development

EHRA

E.O. EPA EPCRA

FEMA FRERP FRP GAO

Earthquake Hazards

HAZMAT

Reduction Act; basis for

HHS

National Earthquake Hazards

Reduction Program (NEHRP) HSOC

Executive Order

Environmental Protection HSPD

Agency

Emergency Planning &

IG

Community Right to Know MMST

Act of 1986, Also known

NAPA

as SARA Title III

Federal Emergency

NCP

Management Agency

Federal Radiological

Emergency Response Plan NEHRP

Federal Response Plan

General Accountability Office

Hazardous Material

NEPA

Department of Healh and Human Services

NICC

Homeland Security Operations Center

NIMS

Homeland Security Presidential Directive

NIPP

Inspector General Metro Medical Strike Teams

NIST

National Academy of Public Administration

NOAA

National Oil & Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan National Earthquake

NRF NRP NSDD

Hazards Reduction Program

NWS OEM

National Environmental

Policy Act National Integration

OERR

Coordination Center National Incident

OSHA

Management System National Infrastructure

PCCIP

Protection Plan

National Institute of Standards and Technology

R&D

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

REP

National Response Framework National Response Plan

SARA

National Security Decision Directive

SARS

National Weather Service Office of Emergency Management

TOPOFF WTC

Office of Emergency & Remedial Response, EPA Occupational Safety & Health Administration Presidential Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection Research and Development Radiological Emergency Preparedness Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Top Officials World Trade Center

2008

Claire B. Rubin & Associates

Disaster Research and Consulting P.O. Box 2208

Arlington, VA 22202 Project Website: disaster-

? Disaster Time Line, Version 5.00

Sept. 2009 - Copyrighted

SOUR CE S PONS OR

URS

FOOTNOTE S

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