BIO 210 Course Outline



BIO 210 Learning Objectives – Laboratory

Please answer these questions while you are reading the material and use them as a study guide for your exams.

I. Introduction to anatomy and physiology

A. Identify and describe the:

1. Levels of organization of the human body, from simplest to most complex.

2. 11 organ systems and their major components, locations and functions.

B. Describe the anatomical position.

C. Use descriptive anatomical and directional terms to describe body regions, quadrants, sectional planes, relative positions and directions.

D. Identify the subdivisions and membranes of the ventral body cavity and the major organs in each cavity.

II. Tissues

A. Define tissue and histology.

B. Identify the major types/subtypes of tissues.

1. Epithelial tissue

a. Identify the major types (classifications), locations and functions of epithelial cells.

b. Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glandular epithelia/structures.

2. Connective tissue

1. Identify the major types and subtypes, locations and functions of connective tissue.

2. Compare/contrast the structure and primary components of representative examples within each type/subtype.

3. Identify the 3 types of muscle tissue and describe their locations and special structural features.

4. Identify the 2 major types of cells in neural tissue and describe their general characteristics and functions.

III. Integumentary system

A. Identify the major components of the integumentary system, including their basic structures, organization and functions.

B. Identify accessory structures associated with the integumentary system.

1. Describe the structure and functions of hair and related structures.

2. Identify 2 types of sweat glands, their locations, secretions and functions.

3. Describe the basic anatomical structure of nails and explain how they are formed.

IV. Osseous tissue and bone structure

A. Components of bone

1. Describe the matrix of bone.

2. Describe the 4 cell types in bone.

B. Compact bone

1. Describe the osteon and identify its component parts.

2. Distinguish between the different types of lamellae.

C. Spongy bone

1. Describe the component parts of spongy bone.

2. Name the 2 types of bone marrow and describe the differences in location and function.

D. Compare/contrast the location and function of compact and spongy bone.

E. Compare/contrast the structure and function of long and flat bones.

F. Define periosteum and endosteum and describe their location and function.

G. Describe the blood supply to a bone.

H. Classify bones according to shape and give an example of each.

I. Identify major types of bone markings and give an example of each.

V. Skeleton

A. Axial skeleton

1. List the major components of the axial skeleton.

2. Skull

a. Identify the cranial and facial bones and their significant markings.

b. Recognize the names of bones that make up the orbital and nasal complexes.

c. Identify the sutures between skull bones.

d. Describe key structural differences between adult and infant skulls.

3. Vertebral column

a. Curvatures

1) Identify and describe the 4 normal spinal curves and their functions.

2) Describe 3 types of abnormal curvatures.

c. Identify the structural features of a typical vertebra.

d. Identify the atlas and axis and describe their distinctive structural and functional characteristics.

e. Identify the 5 vertebral regions and describe their distinctive structural and functional characteristics.

f. Describe the structure and role of intervertebral disks.

4. Identify the components of the thoracic cage and their significant markings.

B. Appendicular skeleton

1. List the major components of the appendicular skeleton.

2. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and their significant markings.

3. Identify the bones of the upper limb and their significant markings.

4. Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and their significant markings.

5. Identify the bones of the lower limb and their significant markings.

C. Explain how study of the skeleton can reveal information about an individual (e.g., sex, age, life-style).

VI. Muscular system

A. Describe the arrangement of fibers and fascicles in various types of muscle.

B. Muscle terminology

1. Define origin and insertion and identify them for representative muscles.

2. Identify the kinds of descriptive information used to name skeletal muscles and provide examples.

C. Identify the major axial muscles of the body and their actions.

D. Identify the major appendicular muscles of the body and their actions.

VII. Neural tissue

A. Neurons

1. Identify the anatomical components of a neuron and their functions.

2. Classify neurons on the basis of their structure and function.

3. Define nerve fiber and nerve.

4. Distinguish between sensory, motor and mixed nerves.

B. Name and describe the structure, location and function of neuroglia (CNS, PNS)

C. Describe the structure (CNS, PNS) and importance of the myelin sheath.

D. Describe the differences between gray and white matter and their component structures (CNS, PNS).

E. Describe how an injured nerve fiber regenerates.

F. Describe the blood-brain barrier and its importance.

VIII. Spinal cord and spinal nerves

A. Spinal cord

1. Identify the major anatomical structures of the spinal cord.

2. Identify the three meningeal layers that surround the spinal cord.

3. Identify the location of white and gray matter and relate it to their roles in processing and relaying sensory information and motor commands to/from spinal nerves.

B. Spinal nerves

1. Describe how spinal nerves are named.

2. Identify the major anatomical components of a spinal nerve and describe the structural and functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots.

3. Define nerve plexus and identify the four major plexuses and the regions they innervate.

IX. Brain and cranial nerves

A. Organization of the brain

1. Name the 3 primary brain vesicles and indicate which adult structures arise from each of them.

2. Identify the location of the 6 major regions of the brain and their anatomic subdivisions/structures

3. Describe the components and location/distribution of gray and white matter and their functional differences.

4. Identify the ventricles of the brain, their locations and the connections between them.

B. Describe the cranial meninges and associated structures.

C. Describe the source, circulation and functions of CSF.

D. Describe how the CNS is protected and supported.

E. Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves (roman numerals, anatomical name) and describe their general functions.

X. Special senses

A. Identify and describe the olfactory sensory organs.

B. Gustation (optional lecture)

1. Identify and describe the gustatory sensory organs.

2. List the 3 types of lingual papillae and describe their differences.

C. Vision

1. Identify the accessory structures of the eye and explain their functions.

2. Identify the internal structures of the eye and explain their functions.

3. Identify the 6 extrinsic eye muscles.

4. Describe the differences between aqueous humor and the vitreous body, including location, formation, function, etc.

D. Identify the anatomic structures involved in hearing and briefly explain how they function.

E. Identify the anatomic structures involved in equilibrium and briefly explain how they function.

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