Chapter 8 - Mendelian Genetics
Genetics
Why Study Genetics? _______________________________________________________________
I. Terms to Know and Use:
Genetics - _________________________________________________________________________
Heredity - _________________________________________________________________________
II. Gregor Johann Mendel (a.k.a. “Father of Genetics” )
* 1822 to __________ *Austrian __________
* Experimented with __________ *Trained in __________ and __________
III. Garden Pea Experiments (1856 – 1864)
• Were __________ to grow
• Produced a large number of __________
• __________ quickly
• Had both __________ and __________ parts
A. The Problem
T.A. Knight, a scientist, saw that if he crossed
pure bred pure bred
purple pea plant (P) x white pea plant (P)
________ the offspring would be purple (F1).
If he then crossed the purple (F1) offspring:
hybrid hybrid
purple pea plant (F1) x purple pea plant (F1)
_______
offspring are purple (F2) & ________ white (F2).
B. Mendel’s Answer
Mendel used __________ along with __________ to explain heredity.
He counted: 705 purple
224 white
Total: 929 pea plants
Thus he discovered a __________ ratio
C. To explain this ratio he came up with the __________ ___ __________
1) Parents transmit “__________” to offspring.
2) Each individual has _____ genes (1 from each parent)
3) Some “__________” are dominant and others recessive.
IV. Lucky or Right On?
Mendel repeated his experiments while observing other traits such as:
•__________ of plant (tall vs. short)
•__________ appearance (inflated vs. constricted)
•__________ color (green vs. yellow)
•__________ texture (round vs. wrinkled)
•__________ color (yellow vs. green)
V. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
• Law of Segregation - _________________________________________________________
•
•
_
____________________________________________________________________________
•
•
• Law of Independent Assortment - _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
•
VI. More Terms to Know and Use
Trait - _____________________________________________________________________________
Allele - ____________________________________________________________________________
Gene - ____________________________________________________________________________
Locus - ____________________________________________________________________________
Dominant - _________________________________________________________________________
Recessive - _________________________________________________________________________
Homozygous - ______________________________________________________________________
Heterozygous - ______________________________________________________________________
Genotype - _________________________________________________________________________
Phenotype - ________________________________________________________________________
Monohybrid Cross - __________________________________________________________________
Dihybrid Cross - ____________________________________________________________________
VII. Determining Unknown Genotypes
•How do you know if a dominant phenotype is homozygous (AA) or heterozygous (Aa)?
•Scientists can perform a _______ where they cross the unknown with a recessive (known) phenotype.
VIII. Sex-Linked Traits
• Characteristics that are inherited from genes found on the __________ chromosomes.
Sex-Linked Traits
• Sex Determination
o Females – _________
o Males – _______
• Almost all sex-linked traits are found on the ________ chromosome
• Y chromosome contains very ________ genes and is mainly involved in ______ determination
• It is possible for a female to be a carrier of an X-linked trait, but not _____________ it
• Men will express _________ X-linked traits they inherit
Example: Color Blindness
IIX. Pedigree Charts
• What is a Pedigree Chart?
o Pedigree charts show a record of the family of an individual
o They can be used to study the ________________________ of a hereditary condition
o They are particularly useful when there are ____________ families and a good family record over __________________ generations.
• Studying Human Genetics
o You ______________________ make humans of different types breed together
o Pedigree charts offer an ___________________ way of studying human genetics
o Today genetic engineering has new tools to offer doctors studying genetic diseases
o A genetic counsellor will still use pedigree charts to help determine the distribution of a ______________________ in an affected family
• Symbols Used in Pedigrees
o Normal male:
o Affected male:
o Normal female:
o Affected female:
o Marriage:
o Generations are identified by ________________________
o Individuals in each generation are identified by Arabic numerals numbered from the left
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