Chapter 1: Converging Cultures Section 1



Chapter 1: Converging Cultures Section 1

I. The Asian Migration to America (pp. 12-13)

A. Between 15,000 & 30, 000 years ago is when the first people came to America.

1. Scientists studied skulls, bones, teeth, & DNA of the ancient peoples to learn their origins.

2. Earliest Americans probably came from Asia.

B. Scientists use radiocarbon dating to determine how old objects are.

1. measures the radioactivity left in carbon 14

2. Scientists use the rate at which carbon 14 loses its radioactivity to calculate age of the objects

C. 100,000 Years ago the Ice Age began.

1. Ocean levels dropped & exposed a land bridge (Bering Strait)

2. 15,000 years ago People from Asia crossed this land bridge as they hunted large animals (Nomads)

II. Early Civilizations in America (pp. 13-15)

A. Agricultural Revolution---9,000 to 10,000 years ago

1. Maize—Most important crop

2. Agriculture allowed people to stay in permanent villages to raise crops & store the harvest.

3. Civilizations emerged.

Civilization—Highly organized society that is characterized by trade, government, the arts, science, & often a written language

B. Olmecs—1st Civilization in America (1500-300 B.C.)

1. Large villages, temples, & pyramids, & they built large sculpted monuments.

C. Mayas—(Yucatan Peninsula, Central America, & southern Mexico)

1. developed calendars based on the stars

2. built elaborate pyramids

3. 900 A.D.—Abandoned their cities, possibly fleeing invaders or searching for new farmland

D. Aztecs—Military minded civilization (Warlike)

1. 1325—Built Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)

2. Controlled trade in the region & demanded tribute from the cities they conquered

E. Agricultural Technology spread into the American Southwest and beyond, changing many North American nomads into farmers.

F. Hohokam—(300-1300 A.D.)—Arizona region

1. Built an irrigation canal system to bring water to their crops hundreds of miles away

G. Anasazi—(700-900 A.D.)---Utah, Colorado, Arizona, & New Mexico

1. Built a network of basins & ditches to catch rainwater for their crops

2. Built Pueblos—large multi-storied buildings of adobe & cut stone

H. Mound Building Cultures (200-100 B.C.)

1. Hopewell---built huge geometric earthworks

2. Mississipians---Largest city: Cahokia, near St. Louis

III. Native American Cultural Diversity (pp. 15-16)

A. Far North Indian Culture

1. Inuit (Alaska to Greenland)

2. hunted for food and invented devises to cope with the harsh environment (harpoon & dogsled)

B. Pacific Coast Culture

1. Fished, hunted, & gathered roots and berries

2. Between Sierra Nevada & the Rocky Mountains where the weather was much drier, the Native Americans were nomads

C. Great Plains Culture

1. Farmers, but around 1500 many became nomads because of drought or war.

2. Followed migrating buffalo herds

3. Used horses for hunting or for wars

D. Eastern Woodlands---An abundant range of plant & animal life

1. Hunted, fished, & farmed

2. Deer—provided food & clothing

E. Northeast Culture

1. Slash-and-burn agriculture—cut down forests & burned the clear land & then used the rich ashes to make the soil more fertile

2. Lived in Longhouses---housed up to 10 families

3. Iroquois

a. Lived in large kinship groups(extended families) headed by the elder women of each clan

b. Iroquois League---alliance of 5 Iroquois clans to maintain peace

F. Southeast Culture—Farmed-Women Hunting--Men

Chapter 1 Section 2—Europe and Africa

I. European Society (pp.18-20)

A. Middle Ages (500-1400 A.D.)—Western Europe isolated, trade declined, and law and order ended.

1. People knew nothing beyond the village they lived in

2. Feudalism—King gave estates to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military support

3. In exchange for protection, peasants provided various services for the Lord on his manor/estate

a. Most peasants were Serfs who could not leave the Manor w/out permission

b. Manorialism—economic ties between nobles & peasants

B. 100A.D.—Western Europe’s economy improved

1. New agricultural inventions ( plow & horse collar) allowed villages to produce a surplus of food

2. This revived trade in Europe & encouraged towns to grow

C. Roman Catholic Church provided stability & order in Europe. People who disobeyed church laws faced severe penalties.

D. Islam swept across the Middle East & Africa in 600 & 700 A.D. (Muslims)

E. 1095—Pope Urban II called for Crusades to help Europeans regain the Holy Land

F. The Crusades helped change western European society by:

1. helping to break down feudalism & increase the authority of kings

2. bringing Europeans into contact with Muslims & Byzantine civilizations of the Middle East

3. Increased trade with the Middle East & Asia led to an economy based on money rather than bartering

II. New States, New Technology (pp. 20-21)

A. Mid 1400s—Portugal, Spain, England, & France emerged as strong states

B. Renaissance(1350-1600 A.D.)—Rebirth in the cultures of Ancient Greece & Rome

1. produced great works of art & started a scientific revolution

C. New technology for long-distance travel(1400s)

1. astrolabe—device that uses the position of the sun to determine direction, latitude, & local time

2. Compass—Chinese invention that showed magnetic north

3. Caravel---ship that made travel much faster

D. Prince Henry the Navigator---Set up a school of Navigation in Portugal in 1419

E. 1488—Bartolemeu Dias---1st to reach the Southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

F. 1497—Vasco da Gama---1st to reach India

III. West African Civilization (pp. 21-23)

A. Ghana, Mali, & Songhai grew & prospered by trading in gold & salt

B. Islam—main religion along the African trade routes

IV. Slavery and Sugar (p. 23)

A. Most slaves had been captured in war. (Either sold back to their people or absorbed into their new African society)

B. African slavery changed when Arabs began to trade for enslaved Africans

C. 1400s—Portuguese enslaved Africans to work on Sugar plantations

Chapter 1 Section 3—Europe Encounters America

I. The Vikings Arrive in America (pp. 24-25)

A. Vikings—1st Europeans to arrive in America

1. Leif Ericsson—explored Labrador & Newfoundland

2. Permanent settlements failed because Native Americans opposed them

II. Columbus’s Plan (page 25)---Sail across the Atlantic Ocean to Asia

A. 1492—King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to finance his expedition

III. Columbus’s Explorations (pp. 25-26)

A. 1492—Columbus discovered the Bahamas, Cuba, & Hispaniola

B. 1493—Line of Demarcation (Pope Alexander VI)—Spain control everything west & Portugal control every thing east

C. 1494—Treaty of Tordesillas--

1. Portugal control the route around Africa to India

2. Spain claimed most of the new lands of the Americas

IV. Continuing Expeditions (pp. 26-27)

A. Amerigo Vespucci---Discovered the American Mainland (1499 & 1501)

B. 1513—Juan Ponce de Leon---Discovered Florida

C. 1513—Vasco de Balboa—1st European to see the Pacific Ocean

D. 1520—Ferdinand Magellan---1st to circumnavigate the globe

V. The Columbian Exchange (pp. 27-28)

A. Columbian Exchange---series of interchanges that permanently changed the world’s ecosystems & changed nearly every culture around the world

B. Native Americans taught Europeans:

1. local farming methods

2. introduced new crops (corn, tobacco, & the potato

3. how to use new devices. (canoes, hammocks, ponchos, toboggans)

C. Europeans introduced the Native Americans:

1. to many crops (wheat, oats, & barley) & to domestic livestock (Cattle, chickens, pigs, horses)

2. to metalworking , shipbuilding methods, & firearms(guns)

3. to diseases (smallpox, measles, mumps) that killed millions of Indians.

Chapter 1 Section 4----Spain and France Build Empires

I. The Conquest of Mexico (pp. 30-32)

A. 1519-1520—Hernan Cortes---Conquered the Aztecs

1. Spanish had a technological advantage (guns, cannons, & crossbows)

2. Aztecs greatly weakened by a smallpox epidemic

II. New Spain Expands (pp. 32-33)

A. Conquistadors—means “conquerors”---Searched for gold

1. Francisco Pizarro---defeated the Incan Empire

2. 1540—Coronado---searched for the seven cities of cibola (gold)

3. Hernando de Soto—discovered the Mississippi River

B. Settling the Southwest:

1. Presidios---forts used to protect the settlers and also used as trading posts

2. Missions---used to spread Christian faith among the Indians

a. El Camino Real---Road that linked missions from San Francisco to San Diego

III. Spanish American Society (pp 33-34)

A. The main motive for Conquistadors coming to America was to acquire wealth and prestige

B. Did not find huge amounts of gold, but did discover huge deposits of silver

C. Haiciendas (ranches)—for cattle & sheep

D. Encomienda System---Spanish controlled Native American towns

1. Indians paid Spanish a share of what they harvested for protection

2. Convert Indians to Christianity

3. System abused and many Indians were worked to death

E. Class Based Society in the Spanish Colonies--

1. A person’s position in society was determined by birth, income, & education

2. Peninsulares—Highest level---Born in Spain

3. Criollos—Born in the colonies to Spanish parents

4. Mestizos—Born of Spanish & Native American Parentage

5. Native Americans, Africans, & people of mixed Spanish & African or African & Native American ancestry-----Lowest level

F. King divided the empire into regions called Viceroyalties

1. Viceroy—ruled each region as a representative of the king

IV. The French Empire in America (pp. 34-35)

A. 1524---Verazano—map the North American Coastline

1. Searching for Northwest Passage(northern water route to the Pacific Ocean)

B. 1534—Jacques Cartier---discovered the St. Lawrence River

C. 1608—Samuel de Champlain---Founded Quebec (fur trading post)

D. 1663—Louis XIV made New France a Royal Colony and wanted to increase the population of the colony. (incentives for people to move there)

1. 1673—Marquette & Joliet---explored the Mississippi River

2. LaSalle—1st to travel the length of the Mississippi River and named the area Louisiana for France

V. Settling Louisiana (page 35)

A. Imported slaves to do the work because the crops (sugar, rice, tobacco, & indigo) suitable for the region required hard manual labor, which few settlers were willing to do

B. Rivalry with Spain

1. 1565—St. Augustine, Florida—1st permanent settlement in America established by Europeans

2. After the French arrived at the Mouth of the Mississippi River, the Spanish established a mission in eastern Texas to attempt to block French expansion.

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