The Atlantic Periphery



The Atlantic Periphery

Political & Regional Divisions

• Maritime Provinces

o Canada

• New England

o United States

• St. Pierre & Miquelon

o France

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France – St. Pierre & Miquelon

Location

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Climate and Vegetation

Geomorphology

Dominant Economic Activities

The economy is dominated by primary level economic activities, placing the region at risk.

Agriculture

Agriculture

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Timber

Fishing

Mining

Fishing

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Mining

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Tourism

Manufacturing & Retailing

Population Distribution and Movement

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Population Distribution & Movement

Cities

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City Rankings: Atlantic Provinces

Cities

Cities: Halifax, Nova Scotia

Cities: St. John’s, Newfoundland

Cities: Charlottetown, PEI

Cities: New Brunswick

Cities: New England

Cities: Vermont

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Cities: Maine

Environmental Problems

Environmental Advantages

Developmental Problems

Developmental Strengths

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Maritime Provinces

• Newfoundland

• Labrador

• Nova Scotia

• PEI

• New Brunswick





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New England

• Maine

• New Hampshire

• Vermont

• Upstate New York





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Red: NY City

Orange: Exurbs

Yellow + Green: “Upstate” NY

Green: “Upstate” (Adirondacks) for Natives

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• Member of EU

• Residents are citizens of France

• Historically prized for fishing grounds

• Important site for alcohol smuggling during Prohibition

• Continental Periphery

• Continental Margin

• Isolated & Insular

• “Gateway to North America”

• 1st part of North America settled by Europeans

o Leif Ericson

o L'Anse aux Meadows

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• Humid continental cool summer phase to Subarctic (Dfb – Dfc)

• Precipitation all year – 40-55 inches

• Oceans have little influence, except on coast

• Frontal movement W ( E controls weather

• Newfoundland & Labrador climates heavily influenced by continent & latitude

• Cold water currents produce heavy fogs

• Short growing season & summers

• 80% mixed forest

• Broadleaf deciduous to mixed to needle leaf evergreen to the north

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• Uplifted areas heavily eroded by glaciation

• Submerging coastlines with fjorded river valleys & embayed areas (drowned river valley modified by glaciation)

• Narrow beaches, coastal plain largely absent

• Uplands are igneous & metamorphic

• Valleys underlain by sedimentary rock

• Deranged drainage – lakes & ponds

• Thin soil cover – rocky & infertile

• Valleys eroded by ice lobes

• Provinces include northern extension of Appalachian Uplands to NW Canadian Shield

• Adirondacks are uplifted plateau modified by ice

• Uplands in Quebec & Newfoundland are also plateau



• Agriculture

• Fishing

• Mining

• Tourism

• Manufacturing

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New England

• Dairy & maple syrup (Vermont)

• Silage, poultry (in decline)

• Blueberries (Maine), Cranberries (MS and ME)

• Apples, potatoes - in decline

• Increase in nursery & greenhouse products to serve Megalopolis

New England to Atlantic Provinces

• Aroostook Valley (northern Maine & adjacent NB), potato region

• Annapolis – Cornwallis Valley of NS – apples

• PEI- agriculturally diverse, 2/3rds of land in farms – focus on potatoes

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Atlantic Provinces – forage crops, vegetables & potatoes are secondary. Wild blueberry production. Little or no corporate or commercial agriculture is in the Atlantic Periphery

Newfoundland – very little farming, some dairy

St. John’s River Valley – upper part in potatoes, lower part in silage and dairy. Little or no corporate or commercial agriculture.



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Mennonite Farming Community)

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Timber, sawmills & pulpwood

Maine – corporate production

Also found in NB, NS and Newfoundland.

Future of timber production in the PEI is uncertain. Forests are in secondary and tertiary growth.

Forestry is an important part of the overall Canadian economy, and particularly important in NB and Newfoundland

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1497 – John Cabot reports that the harbors are choked with cod, oysters and lobsters. Lobsters so common they are used as \ pig food.

Once a traditional activity, fishing is now in decline. 1950’s use commercial trawlers and drag nets strip mined the seas.

Moratorium on cod fishing since 1992, extended indefinitely. Wild catch of all species is on decline, with aquaculture expanding in cod and even lobster.

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Some coal, but most mines are closed.

Iron ore and magnetite are found in the Adirondacks, with some iron ore in Labrador.

Granite and marble are mined in Vermont.

Oil and gas are drilled offshore in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.

Hibernia oilfield is SE of St. John’s and is in treacherous waters.

Three natural gas reservoirs including Sable Island (200 miles offshore of NS).

Among the world’s largest deposits of nickel is found in Voisey’s Bay in Labrador.



Tourist industry functions in winter and in summer. There has been substantial growth in this industry since WWII. Some tourism is theme oriented, such as the Anne of Green Gables village and tour in the PEI.

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“Cavendish is in the heart of Anne of Green Gables Country, in Prince Edward Island National Park. Green Gables, the old farmhouse Montgomery wrote about in her novels, is now a museum in Cavendish. Lucy Maud's friends, David and Margaret MacNeill, lived in this house. Such places as Anne's Babbling Brook, the Lake of Shining Waters, the Haunted Woods and Lovers' Lane are on or near the Cavendish golf course. Lucy Maud, who died in 1942, is buried in Cavendish cemetery.”

Calvin Coish

Obstacles to manufacturing include rugged terrain, small population and few local markets for industrial products – as a result there are few industries.

Paper Production – Northern NH, western Maine, and NB. Most paper mills are located in northern New England and along Atlantic Canada are now closed.

Fish processing in Newfoundland, Maine and NS (coastal canneries)

Ice cream – Ben & Jerry’s in Vermont.

Retailing – LL Bean in Maine – most that is sold is made elsewhere.

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The economy of the Atlantic Periphery is dominated by primary level activities and the processing of these products. Thus, this region faces an uncertain economic future.

Forecast

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Halifax, Nova Scotia is the largest city in the region. It has the largest population of persons of Africa descent in the region. It is the eastern terminus of the Canadian highway and railways and is home to the Royal Canadian Navy. Halifax is also the provincial capital of Nova Scotia.

No large cities.

No one city dominates the region – there is no primate city. All of the major cities are ports.



|Community |Province |Population |

|Halifax |Nova Scotia |407,007 |

|St. John's |Newfoundland and Labrador |181,113 |

|Moncton |New Brunswick |126,424 |

|Saint John |New Brunswick |122,389 |

|Cape Breton Regional Municipality (Sydney Metro Area) |Nova Scotia |102,250 |

|Fredericton |New Brunswick |85,688 |

|Charlottetown |Prince Edward Island |58,625 |

|Truro |Nova Scotia |45,077 |

|New Glasgow |Nova Scotia |36,288 |

|Bathurst |New Brunswick |31,424 |

|Corner Brook |Newfoundland and Labrador |26,623 |

|Kentville |Nova Scotia |25,969 |

|Miramichi |New Brunswick |24,737 |

|Edmundston |New Brunswick |21,442 |

|Summerside |Prince Edward Island |16,153 |





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Located on the Avalon Peninsula, it is the center of the fishing industry.

One third of Newfoundland’s population lives here in the provincial capital.

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The population of New Brunswick is scattered across many cities: no one city dominates. “Major” cities of New Brunswick include Fredricton, St. John and Moncton.

Fredricton is the provincial capital.

St. John is a major port and center fir production. It also has oil refining and is the Atlantic terminus for the transcontinental railroad of Canada.

Moncton is a distribution and transportation center, and is the railway center of the Maritime Provinces.

Charlottetown, PEI – provincial capital

The PEI is the smallest province in Canada. It has an agricultural orientation with potatoes as the main cash crop, along with some fruits and vegetables.

The Confederation Bridge links the PEI to New Brunswick. It is 9 miles long and is the longest bridge over ice filled waters in the world.

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Manchester & Nashua, New Hampshire is one of the fastest growing parts of New England. Manchester and Nashua are part of the Megalopolis.

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(United_States_of_America)

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Burlington, Vermont is the largest city in Vermont. It is located entirely within the Atlantic Periphery. Economic activities such as dairy farming, maple syrup production and tourism dominate its economy.



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Portland, Maine is the largest city in Maine. It is the northernmost extension of Megalopolis.

The population of Maine is primarily located along the coastline. The state is sparsely populated, and heavily forested. Bangor, Maine is an industrialized area.







Tourism in Nova Scotia Video



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Oyster Fishing in the PEI Video



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Two thirds of the population is urbanized. Rural to urban migration is dominant. Emigration out of the region is a problem. Urban stagnation in some cities is a problem.

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Climate

• Heavy snowfalls

• Blizzards

Resources

• Collapse of fishing industry due to over-fishing

• Limited natural resources

Pollutants

• Acid Rain (Canadian & US sources)

• Surface water contamination from mines, agriculture and paper mills

o Mercury present in some areas

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• Winter & Summer tourism

• Oil & natural gas reserves

• Natural scenery

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• Poor soils

• Short growing season

• Long winters

• Few mineral resources

• Out migration

• Population – lowest recorded increase in population in North America

• Economically depressed region, far below national averages

• “Backwaters of Economic Development”

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• Low cost of living invites spillover and second home purchases from people living in Megalopolis.

• Some branch plants for industry have located here, such as IBM.

• Towards the southern section of the region & in southern New England, many towns are within commuting range if Megalopolis, particularly Boston.

• No sales tax in New Hampshire.

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Releases to the air of carcinogens by

New Brunswick Industries in kilograms

(1995-2002)

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