THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK • THE STATE ...

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THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK ? THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ? ALBANY, NY 12234

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ PHYSICS

2006 Edition

List of Physical Constants

Name Universal gravitational constant Acceleration due to gravity Speed of light in a vacuum Speed of sound in air at STP Mass of Earth Mass of the Moon Mean radius of Earth Mean radius of the Moon Mean distance--Earth to the Moon Mean distance--Earth to the Sun Electrostatic constant 1 elementary charge 1 coulomb (C) 1 electronvolt (eV) Planck's constant 1 universal mass unit (u) Rest mass of the electron Rest mass of the proton Rest mass of the neutron

Symbol G g c

k e

h me mp mn

Value 6.67 ? 10?11 N?m2/kg2 9.81 m/s2 3.00 ? 108 m/s 3.31 ? 102 m/s 5.98 ? 1024 kg 7.35 ? 1022 kg 6.37 ? 106 m 1.74 ? 106 m 3.84 ? 108 m 1.50 ? 1011 m 8.99 ? 109 N?m2/C2 1.60 ? 10?19 C 6.25 ? 1018 elementary charges 1.60 ? 10?19 J 6.63 ? 10?34 J?s 9.31 ? 102 MeV 9.11 ? 10?31 kg 1.67 ? 10?27 kg 1.67 ? 10?27 kg

Prefixes for Powers of 10

Prefix tera giga mega kilo deci centi milli micro nano pico

Symbol T G M k d c m ? n p

Notation 1012 109 106 103 10?1 10?2 10?3 10?6 10?9 10?12

Approximate Coefficients of Friction

Rubber on concrete (dry) Rubber on concrete (wet)

Rubber on asphalt (dry) Rubber on asphalt (wet)

Rubber on ice Waxed ski on snow

Wood on wood Steel on steel Copper on steel Teflon on Teflon

Kinetic 0.68 0.58

0.67 0.53

0.15 0.05

0.30 0.57 0.36 0.04

Static 0.90

0.85

0.14 0.42 0.74 0.53

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Wavelength in a vacuum (m) 10?13 10?12 10?11 10?10 10?9 10?8 10?7 10?6 10?5 10?4 10?3 10?2 10?1 100 101 102 103 104

Gamma Rays

X rays

Ultraviolet

Infrared

Microwaves

TV, FM

AM

Radio Waves

Long Radio Waves

1021 1020 1019 1018 1017 1016 1015 Frequency (Hz)

1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 109 108 107 106 105

Violet

Visible Light (not to scale)

Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

7.69 ? 1014 6.59 ? 1014 6.10 ? 1014 5.20 ? 1014 5.03 ? 1014 4.82 ? 1014 3.84 ? 1014

Absolute Indices of Refraction

(f = 5.09 ? 1014 Hz) Air 1.00

Corn oil 1.47 Diamond 2.42 Ethyl alcohol 1.36 Glass, crown 1.52 Glass, flint 1.66 Glycerol 1.47

Lucite 1.50 Quartz, fused 1.46 Sodium chloride 1.54

Water 1.33 Zircon 1.92

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition

Page 2

Energy Level Diagrams

Hydrogen

Mercury

Level

n= n=6 n=5 n=4

n=3

Ionization

n=2

Energy (eV)

0.00 ?0.38 ?0.54 ?0.85 ?1.51

?3.40

Level

Energy (eV)

Ionization j

i h g f e

d c b

0.00

?1.56 ?1.57 ?2.48 ?2.68 ?3.71

?4.95 ?5.52 ?5.74

n=1

Ground State

?13.60

Energy Levels for the Hydrogen Atom

Ground State a

?10.38

A Few Energy Levels for the Mercury Atom

Classification of Matter

Matter

Hadrons

Leptons

Baryons Mesons

three quarks

quark and antiquark

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition

Particles of the Standard Model

Quarks

Name

up

charm

top

Symbol

u

c

t

Charge

+23 e

+

2 3

e

+

2 3

e

down

d

?

1 3

e

Leptons

electron e ?1e

strange

s

?

1 3

e

muon ? ?1e

bottom

b

?

1 3

e

tau ?1e

electron neutrino

e 0

muon neutrino

? 0

tau neutrino

0

Note: For each particle, there is a corresponding antiparticle with a charge opposite that of its associated particle.

Page 3

Electricity

Fe =

kq1q2 r2

E=

Fe q

V=

W q

q I= t

R=

V I

L R= A

P = VI = I2R =

V2 R

W

=

Pt

=

VIt

=

I2Rt

=

V2t R

Series Circuits I = I1 = I2 = I3 = . . . V = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . .

Circuit Symbols

cell battery switch V voltmeter A ammeter resistor variable resistor lamp

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition

A = cross-sectional area E = electric field strength Fe = electrostatic force I = current k = electrostatic constant L = length of conductor P = electrical power q = charge R = resistance Req= equivalent resistance r = distance between centers t = time V = potential difference W = work (electrical energy) = change = resistivity

Parallel Circuits

I = I1 + I2 + I3 + . . .

V = V1 = V2 = V3 = . . .

1 Req

=

1 R1

+

1 R2

+

1 R3

+ . . .

Resistivities at 20?C

Material Aluminum Copper Gold Nichrome Silver Tungsten

Resistivity (?m) 2.82 ? 10?8 1.72 ? 10?8 2.44 ? 10?8 150. ? 10?8 1.59 ? 10?8 5.60 ? 10?8

Page 4

Waves

v = f

T=

1 f

i = r

n=

c v

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

n2 n1

=

v1 v2

=

1 2

Modern Physics

Ephoton = hf =

hc

Ephoton = Ei ? Ef

E = mc2

Geometry and Trigonometry

Rectangle A = bh

Triangle

A=

1 2

bh

Circle A = r 2 C = 2r

Right Triangle

c2 = a2 + b2

sin

=

a c

cos

=

b c

tan = a b

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition

c = speed of light in a vacuum f = frequency n = absolute index of refraction T = period v = velocity or speed = wavelength = angle i = angle of incidence r = angle of reflection

c = speed of light in a vacuum E = energy f = frequency h = Planck's constant m = mass = wavelength

A = area b = base C = circumference h = height r = radius

a

c

90?

b

Page 5

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