Mathematics I EOCT Vocabulary - Administration



Mathematics I EOCT VocabularyAlgebra - Explore FunctionsThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 12% of the test. Students will explore and interpret the characteristics of functions, using graphs, tables, and simple algebraic techniques. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.Domain ??The set of all x-values in a relation. ??Example: (1,3); (2,4); (3,5); (4,7) The x-values are {1, 2, 3, 4} ? Even Function ??A function that is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. ??Function ??In this relationship between two quantities, for each input there is exactly one output.??En Espanol: En esta relación entre dos cantidades, para cada entrada existe exactamente una salida. Function Notation ??This is denoted as f(x) and read as f of x, this is a way of expressing the value of an equation when a specific variable is inserted.??En Espanol: Esto se denota como f (x) y de leer como f x, esto es una manera de expresar el valor de una ecuación en una variable se inserta. Example: Take for example the equation y=4x-2, when we plug 3 in for x we get: y=4(3) -2 which equals 10. This can be expressed as f(3)=10. ? Maximum ??The highest point on a graph in the domain of the function. ??? Minimum ??The lowest point on a graph in the domain of the function. ??Negative Slope ??A line extending from the upper left to the lower right has this type of slope. ??Example: m = -1 ? Odd Function ??A function whose graph is symmetric about the origin. ??Positive Slope ??A line extending from the lower left to the upper right has this type of slope. ??Example: m=1/2 Range ??This is the difference between the maximum and the minimum value in a data set.??En Espanol: Esta es la diferencia entre el máximo y el mínimo valor en un conjunto de datos. Example: In the set {3, 4, 7, 11, 13}, this is 13-3 = 10 Rate Of Change ??Often considered the slope, this is the comparison of two different quantities that are changing.??Example: From 1990 to 2000, the number of students in the wind symphony increased by ten students a year. Slope ??This describes how much a line rises or falls between any two points on that line. Algebraically it is expressed as (y2 - y1)/ (x2 - x1) for the line passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2).??En Espanol: Describe la cantidad de una línea sube o baja entre dos puntos en esa línea. Algebraicamente se expresa como <sup> (y <sub> 2 </ sub> - y <sub> 1 </ sub>) </ sup> / <sub> (<sub> x 2 </ sub> - x < sub> 1 </ sub>) </ sub> de la línea que pasa por (x <sub> 1 </ sub>, y <sub> 1 </ sub>) y (x <sub> 2 </ sub>, y <sub> 2 </ sub>). Example: Commonly referred to as rise over run, change in y over change in x, or the rate of change. X-Intercept ??This is a point at which a graph intersects the x-axis.??En Espanol: Este es un punto en un gráfico que se cruza con el eje "x". Example: (1, 0) for the equation y = x - 1. Y-Axis ??This is the vertical axis in a coordinate graph.??Example: Where the dependent variable is graphed. Y-Intercept ??This is a point at which a graph intersects the y-axis.??Example: (0, 5) for the equation y = x + 5. Zero Slope ??This is the slope of a horizontal line. The line has no vertical change between each horizontal change. ??En Espanol: Esta es la pendiente de una línea horizontal. La línea vertical no tiene ningún cambio horizontal entre cada cambio. Example: 0/5, rising up 0 and running over 5 ? Zeros ??The point(x) where a graph intersects the x-axis. The value of the x-coordinate when the y-coordinate is 0. ??Algebra - Simplify ExpressionsThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 12% of the test. Students will simplify and operate with radical expressions, polynomials, and rational expressions. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.Algebraic Expression ??A mathematical phrase containing at least one variable. ??Example: 2x + 4 Binomial ??This is a polynomial with two terms.??En Espanol: Se trata de un polinomio con dos términos. Example: For example, 2x+3 is one where 2x is the first term and 3 is the second term. ? Binomial Theorem ??The expansion of a binomial that involves a coefficient found by combinations. The expansion will contain the same number of terms as the exponent of the original binomial. For each term, the exponents will sum to the original exponent given in the binomial. ??Coefficient ??This is the number part when a number and a variable are multiplied together in a term.??En Espanol: Este es el número de parte, cuando un número y una variable se multiplican en un plazo. Example: In the example 2x, this is what the two is, In 3m, it is the three. The number before an element in a chemical reaction. Exponent ??This is the power to which something is raised, or the number of times it is multiplied by itself.??Example: x in an expression ax Factor ??To write a polynomial as the product of (1) monomial factors, and (2) prime factors with at least two terms.??Example: The process of rewriting a polynomial from 2x - 2 to 2(x - 1), or 4x2 - 16 as 4(x + 2)(x - 2). ? Greatest Common Factor ??The largest factor that two numbers have in common. ??Like Terms ??These are terms that have the same variable raised to the same power.??Example: For example, 2X? and 3X? are this because the variables are both X and the exponent to the variables are both 2. Polynomial ??This is an expression that may include monomials, binomials and more. There is no limit to the number of terms. However, the variable, if applicable, CANNOT appear in the denominator of a fraction.??Example: 2x+ 3y+ 4xy+ 5xyz Radical Expression ??An expression containing a square root.??Example: 54 Radical Sign ??This is the symbol for square root.??En Espanol: Este es el símbolo de la raíz cuadrada. Example: ? Rational Expression ??An expression which contains polynomials in both the numerator and denominator. ??Rational Number ??Any number that can be written as a fraction, any number without a decimal or fraction, fractions, and any numbers with decimal portions that end or repeat.??En Espanol: Cualquier número que se puede escribir como una fracción, un número sin la coma decimal o fracción, fracciones, y los números decimales con partes o repetir ese fin. Example: 1.3, 2.6666...., 5, -4.5, -4, and Square Root ??This is a number that must be multiplied times itself to equal a given number. The quantity of b in b2= a.??En Espanol: Este es un número que debe ser multiplicado veces sí a la igualdad de un número dado. La cantidad de b en <b> b <sup> 2 </ sup> = a </ b>. Example: 9 is this for 81, Variable ??A letter that is used to represent one or more numbers.??En Espanol: Una carta que se utiliza para representar a uno o más números. Example: x in 3x2 + 6x Algebra - Solve EquationsThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 11% of the test. Students will solve simple equations. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.Coordinate Plane ??This is a plane with two axes as a frame of reference. The x-axis is a horizontal line and the y-axis is perpendicular to it (i.e., the y-axis is vertical). The intersection of the two axes is called the origin.??En Espanol: Se trata de un plano con dos ejes como marco de referencia. El eje "x" es una línea horizontal y el eje Y es perpendicular a ella (es decir, el eje vertical). La intersección de los dos ejes se llama origen. Example: This is also called the Cartesian Plane or Cartesian Coordinate System. Factor ??To write a polynomial as the product of (1) monomial factors, and (2) prime factors with at least two terms.??Example: The process of rewriting a polynomial from 2x - 2 to 2(x - 1), or 4x2 - 16 as 4(x + 2)(x - 2). Origin ??This is the point where the x-axis crosses the y-axis. The coordinate location is the ordered pair (0,0).??En Espanol: Este es el punto en el que el eje "x" cruza el eje-y. La dirección es la de coordinar par ordenado (0,0). Example: The point of intersection of the x and y axis. ? Parabola ??The graph of a quadratic equation. ??Quadratic Equation ??An equation with a degree of 2. ??En Espanol: Una ecuación con un grado de 2. Example: 2x2 + x + 3 = 0 Radical Equation ??An equation that involves a square root. One or both sides of the equation may contain the square root. ??Example: y = 2x + 3 Radical Expression ??An expression containing a square root.??Example: 54 Radical Sign ??This is the symbol for square root.??En Espanol: Este es el símbolo de la raíz cuadrada. Example: Radicand ??The number or expression inside a radical symbol.??Example: The number 144 in 144. Rational Equation ??An equation that has variables in both the numerator and denominator. ??Example: y = [[2x + 3%DIV%5x + 7]] ? Root ??The answers to a quadratic equation where x2 is involved. Also known as the x-intercepts of the graph of the function. ??Square Root ??This is a number that must be multiplied times itself to equal a given number. The quantity of b in b2= a.??En Espanol: Este es un número que debe ser multiplicado veces sí a la igualdad de un número dado. La cantidad de b en <b> b <sup> 2 </ sup> = a </ b>. Example: 9 is this for 81, X-Axis ??This is the horizontal axis in a coordinate graph.??En Espanol: Este es el eje horizontal en un gráfico de coordinar. Example: Where the independent variable is graphed X-Intercept ??This is a point at which a graph intersects the x-axis.??En Espanol: Este es un punto en un gráfico que se cruza con el eje "x". Example: (1, 0) for the equation y = x - 1. Y-Axis ??This is the vertical axis in a coordinate graph.??Example: Where the dependent variable is graphed. Y-Intercept ??This is a point at which a graph intersects the y-axis.??Example: (0, 5) for the equation y = x + 5. ? Zeros ??The point(x) where a graph intersects the x-axis. The value of the x-coordinate when the y-coordinate is 0. ??Geometry - Investigate Geometric FiguresThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 12% of the test. Students will investigate properties of geometric figures in the coordinate plane. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.Coordinate Plane ??This is a plane with two axes as a frame of reference. The x-axis is a horizontal line and the y-axis is perpendicular to it (i.e., the y-axis is vertical). The intersection of the two axes is called the origin.??En Espanol: Se trata de un plano con dos ejes como marco de referencia. El eje "x" es una línea horizontal y el eje Y es perpendicular a ella (es decir, el eje vertical). La intersección de los dos ejes se llama origen. Example: This is also called the Cartesian Plane or Cartesian Coordinate System. Coordinates ??This is the pair of numbers giving the location of a point.??En Espanol: Este es el par de números que la ubicación de un punto. Example: (1,2) for point A in the image Distance Formula ??The formula used to find the length between two points in a coordinate plane. ??En Espanol: La fórmula utilizada para encontrar la longitud entre dos puntos en un plano de coordenadas. Hypotenuse ??This is the longest side of a right triangle only. It is also the side directly across from the 90-degree angle of a right triangle. ??Example: 5 cm., in a 3 cm., 4 cm., 5 cm., right triangle. ? Legs ??The sides of a right triangle that form the right angle. ??? Midpoint Formula ??The formula used to find the point that lies half-way between two points in a coordinate plane. ??Point ??This is the geometric figure formed at the intersection of two distinct lines.??Example: A, B, C, D, E or F Pythagorean Theorem ??This is the mathematical relation relating the three sides, a, b, c, of a right triangle.??En Espanol: Esta es la relación matemática que relaciona el tres lados, a, b, c, de un triángulo rectángulo. Example: a2 + b2 = c2, where C is the hypotenuse ? Pythagorean Triple ??A set of 3 nonzero whole numbers that form the sides of a right triangle. ??Quadrant ??This is one of four sections formed by the intersection of the x-axis and y-axis on a Cartesian coordinate plane. ??En Espanol: Esta es una de las cuatro secciones formadas por la intersección del eje x y eje y en un plano de coordenadas cartesianas. Example: The top right is designated I, the top left is designated II, the bottom left is designated III and the bottom right is designated IV. Quadrilateral ??A polygon with 4 sides. ??Example: A square is an example of this type of polygon. ? Right Triangle ??This is a triangle with one of the angles equal to 90°.??Triangle ??This is a polygon with three sides.??Example: Obtuse, right, acute, scalene, isosceles, equilateral, and equiangular are classifications of this. X-Axis ??This is the horizontal axis in a coordinate graph.??En Espanol: Este es el eje horizontal en un gráfico de coordinar. Example: Where the independent variable is graphed Y-Axis ??This is the vertical axis in a coordinate graph.??Example: Where the dependent variable is graphed. Geometry - Understand LanguageThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 12% of the test. Students will understand and use the language of mathematical argument and justification. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.Conditional Statement ??A statement with a hypothesis and a conclusion. ??Example: If it is raining, then the soccer game is cancelled. Conjecture ??An unproven statement that is based on observations. ??Example: Oscar lived in Chicago and Atlanta. Based on his observations he states that Atlanta traffic is worse than Chicago traffic. Contrapositive ??Obtained by switching and negating the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement. ??Example: Conditional Statement: If a triangle is isosceles, then it has at least two congruent sides. Switch: If a triangle does not have at least two congruent sides, then it is not isosceles. Converse ??Obtained by switching the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement. This statement may be true or false??Example: Conditional Statement: If a triangle is isosceles then it has at least two congruent sides. Converse: If a triangle has at least two congruent sides, then it is isosceles. Counterexample ??An example that disproves a conjecture. ??Example: Statement: If x2=4, then x = 2. Counterexample: x might equal -2. Deductive Reasoning ??The conclusion is reached based on the facts, definitions, rules, properties, postulates and theorems.??En Espanol: La conclusión se alcanzó sobre la base de los hechos, definiciones, reglas, propiedades, postulados y teoremas. Example: Every Friday last year, the cafeteria served chicken nuggets for lunch. This year, on Fridays, chicken nuggets will be served for lunch. ? Indirect Proof ??A type of proof in which the statement that is being proved is assumed to be false. ??Inductive Reasoning ??The reasoning process that involves looking for patterns and making a conjecture.??Example: Using a geometry software program, Ian observes that the angles of a triangle always add up to 180 degrees. He makes a conjecture that the angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees. Inverse ??Obtained by negating the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement. ??Example: Conditional Statement: If a triangle is isosceles, then it has at least two congruent sides. This would state: If a triangle is not isosceles, then it does not have at least two congruent sides. ? Law Of Syllogism ??If p implies q and q implies r, then p implies r. ??Pattern ??The relationship that exists between a collection of ordered objects so that you have a 1st term, 2nd term, etc. ??Example: 2,5,8,11,...; In this grouping, 3 is added to each term to produce the next term. Postulate ??A statement that is accepted without proof. ??Example: Linear Pair _____________: If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary. ? Theorem ??A statement which has been proven to be true. ??? Two-Column Proof ??A logical argument arranged with statements and reasons. ??? Venn Diagram ??A diagram that uses circles or ovals to illustrate the relationship between setsGeometry - Properties of PolygonsThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 11% of the test. Students will discover, prove, and apply properties of triangles, quadrilaterals, and other polygons. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.? AAS Congruence Theorem ??If two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and a non-included side of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. ??? ASA Congruence Postulate ??If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles angles and the included side of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. ??? Centroid ??This is the point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle. This is also called the center of gravity. ??? Circumcenter ??The point of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle. ??? HL Congruence Theorem ??If a hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and a leg of a second right triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. ??? Incenter ??The point of concurrency of the angle bisectors of a triangle. ??? Kite ??A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent congruent sides. ??? Orthocenter ??The point of concurrency of the altitudes of a triangle. ??Parallelogram ??This is a quadrilateral that contains two pairs of parallel sides.??Example: All squares, rectangles, and rhombi are classified first as this type of quadrilateral. Polygon ??This is a closed plane figure formed by three or more line segments that do not cross over each other.??Example: square, triangle, octagon not a circle Quadrilateral ??A polygon with 4 sides. ??Example: A square is an example of this type of polygon. Rectangle ??This is a quadrilateral with four congruent angles (all 90°).??Example: This shape is also known as a parallelogram with congruent diagonals. ? Rhombus ??A parallelogram with four congruent sides.??? SAS Congruence Postulate ??If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and the included angle of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. ??? Square ??A rhombus with four right angles. ??? SSS Congruence Postulate ??If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of a second triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. ??Sum Of Interior Angles Of A Polygon ??This of a polygon is found by subtracting 2 from the number of sides and then multiplying by 180°.??En Espanol: Esto de un polígono se encuentra restando 2 en el número de lados y luego multiplicar por 180?. Example: In the diagram, this in the pentagon is (5-2)(180)=540°. Triangle ??This is a polygon with three sides.??Example: Obtuse, right, acute, scalene, isosceles, equilateral, and equiangular are classifications of this. Triangle Inequality ??The sum of the lengths of two sides of a triangle is always greater then the length of the third side. Data Analysis and Probablility - OutcomesThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 7% of the test. Students will determine the number of outcomes related to a given event. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.? Addition Principle Of Counting ??We use this principle of counting for mutually exclusive events. Add the number of events to get the total number. ??? Binomial Theorem ??The expansion of a binomial that involves a coefficient found by combinations. The expansion will contain the same number of terms as the exponent of the original binomial. For each term, the exponents will sum to the original exponent given in the binomial. ??Combination ??Counts the number of ways objects can be formed into groups of a certain size. ??Example: From 5 students, how many groups of 3 can be formed? 5!/[(5-3)!(3!)] = 10 groups Counting Principle ??A way of computing the possible number of outcomes in an experiment. ??Example: Callie has 3 shirts and 2 pairs of pants. How many outfits can she create? 3(2) = 6 outfits ? Dependent Events ??Events in which the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other event. ??Event ??An outcome in a probability experiment.??Example: Picking a "Queen" from a deck of cards. ? Expansion ??To rewrite an expression as a single polynomial.??Factorial ??For n! it is the product of all numbers beginning with n counting backwards to 1. ??Example: 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 Independent Events ??Events that have no effect on each others probability. ??Example: Toss 2 dice. Having a 4 on one and getting a 3 on the other have no effect on each other. ? Multiplication Principle Of Counting ??Used for independent events. Multiply the number of outcomes for each event. ??Outcomes ??The different possible results from a probability model.??Example: It is 12 if you have an experiment where you flip a coin and then roll a six sided die. Permutation ??It is the idea that distinguishable objects may be arranged in various different orders.??Example: The numbers one to six, each possible order makes a list of the numbers, without repetitions. One example of this is: (3, 4, 6, 1, 2, 5). Probability ??This is the number of selected outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes. It is a number between 0 and 1, including 0 and 1.??Example: When rolling two dice there is an 8 in 36 chance of rolling a 7 or 11. Set ??The group of terms that make up the values being statistically examined. ??Example: The test scores in a class are as follows: {95, 84, 52, 67, 72, 93, 78, 77, 88, 100, 97, 93, 42} Tree Diagram ??This helps to visually display the outcomes of an experiment consisting of a series of activities (rolling dice multiple times, total pizza choices, etc.). The total number of outcomes corresponds to the total number of final branches in the diagram.??Example: The above diagram represents the number of outcomes that could happen when pulling two marbles from a bag and replacing it before you draw again. There are three different colored marbles: red, green and white. According to the number of final branches there are 9 different possible outcomes picking two marbles and replacing them after each draw. Data Analysis and Probablility - ProbabilityThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 8% of the test. Students will use the basic laws of probability. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.? Conditional Probability ??This is the probability that event B will occur given that event A has occurred. ??Data ??Numbers or facts that describe something. It can be numerical, counted, or descriptive.??Example: Test Scores in an algebra class: 82, 56, 67, 76, 77, 83, 93, 92, 99, 100, 80. ? Dependent Events ??Events in which the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other event. ??Event ??An outcome in a probability experiment.??Example: Picking a "Queen" from a deck of cards. ? Expected Value ??The sum of the probabilities of each outcome multiplied by the outcome value. ??? Experimental Probability ??The ratio of the number of times an event occurs to the total number of trials. ??Favorable Outcomes ??The desired outcomes of a specified event.??Example: Johnny bowled in 45 frames, all but 30 of them were strikes. The desired outcome is the number of strikes or 25. Frequency Diagram ??This is an outline designed to demonstrate or explain the number of times a specified periodic phenomenon occurs within a specified interval.??Example: The number of contractions a woman has within a one hour period. Odds ??This is the ratio of the number of ways the event can occur to the number of ways the event cannot occur.??Example: When playing cards there is a 4 out of 52 chance (or 1 in 13) of drawing an ace from a full shuffled deck. Outcomes ??The different possible results from a probability model.??Example: It is 12 if you have an experiment where you flip a coin and then roll a six sided die. Probability ??This is the number of selected outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes. It is a number between 0 and 1, including 0 and 1.??Example: When rolling two dice there is an 8 in 36 chance of rolling a 7 or 11. Set ??A collection of numbers or objects. ??Example: A = {1,4,5,9,11} ? Theoretical Probability ??The mathematical calculation that an event will happen. ??Tree Diagram ??This helps to visually display the outcomes of an experiment consisting of a series of activities (rolling dice multiple times, total pizza choices, etc.). The total number of outcomes corresponds to the total number of final branches in the diagram.??Example: The above diagram represents the number of outcomes that could happen when pulling two marbles from a bag and replacing it before you draw again. There are three different colored marbles: red, green and white. According to the number of final branches there are 9 different possible outcomes picking two marbles and replacing them after each draw. ? Venn Diagram ??A diagram that uses circles or ovals to illustrate the relationship between sets.??Data Analysis and Probablility - Relate SamplesThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 7% of the test. Students will relate samples to a population. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.Box And Whisker Plot ??This is a visual display of some to the descriptive statistics of a data set. It quickly displays the 5-number summary: the minimum value, the maximum value, the median, the upper quartile, and the lower quartile.??Example: This above represents the scores in on a test in Algebra II. Using the five number summary we can determine from the diagram that the minimum score on the test was approximately 18, the lower quartile was approximately 51, the median was approximately 69, the upper quartile was about 87 and the maximum score was 100. Data ??Numbers or facts that describe something. It can be numerical, counted, or descriptive.??Example: Test Scores in an algebra class: 82, 56, 67, 76, 77, 83, 93, 92, 99, 100, 80. ? Element ??An object or number contained in a set. ??Event ??An outcome in a probability experiment.??Example: Picking a "Queen" from a deck of cards. ? Extrapolate ??To look at known values and make an estimation based observations. ??? Interquartile Range ??The spread of the middle 50% of the data.??Mean ??This is the sum of all the results included in the sample divided by the number of observations. It is the same as the average. ??Example: In {2,4,6,8,10) this is equal to (2+4+6+8+10)/5 = 6 Mode ??This is the most frequently occurring element in a set. ??Example: For {1,3,3,3,4,6,8,11,13,14} this is 3 because it appears 3 times more often than the other numbers. Population ??Total data set.??Example: In a survey of 100 high school students, this is the students. Range ??This is the difference between the maximum and the minimum value in a data set.??En Espanol: Esta es la diferencia entre el máximo y el mínimo valor en un conjunto de datos. Example: In the set {3, 4, 7, 11, 13}, this is 13-3 = 10 Sample ??This is part of a population selected to predict information about the population as a whole.??Example: 100 voters were polled after they voted, 50 voted democrat and 50 voted republican; the final results are sure to be close. Set ??The group of terms that make up the values being statistically examined. ??Example: The test scores in a class are as follows: {95, 84, 52, 67, 72, 93, 78, 77, 88, 100, 97, 93, 42} ? Statistics ??This is the collection, display, and analysis of data.??Survey ??This is asking or inquiring people's opinion.??Example: 100 high school students were asked about how they felt about the upcoming mathematics test, here are the results. Data Analysis and Probablility - Mean DeviationThis category of vocabulary will make up approximately 8% of the test. Students will explore variability. The following is a list of carefully matched vocabulary terms for this section of the test/exam.Absolute Value ??The distance between the origin and the point representing the real number.??En Espanol: La distancia entre el origen y el punto que representa el número real. Example: This is 5 for both |+5| and |-5|. Bias ??This is an unwanted influence on a sample.??Example: Teachers grading mathematical tests can not show this in the final scores. Phillip Morris might show this in their reporting of cancer statistics due to smoking. Box And Whisker Plot ??This is a visual display of some to the descriptive statistics of a data set. It quickly displays the 5-number summary: the minimum value, the maximum value, the median, the upper quartile, and the lower quartile.??Example: This above represents the scores in on a test in Algebra II. Using the five number summary we can determine from the diagram that the minimum score on the test was approximately 18, the lower quartile was approximately 51, the median was approximately 69, the upper quartile was about 87 and the maximum score was 100. Correlation ??This refers to relationships among and between variables. The correlation coeffecient has a value between -1 and 1 that indicates direction and strength. ??Example: y and x in y = 3x + 6 Data ??Numbers or facts that describe something. It can be numerical, counted, or descriptive.??Example: Test Scores in an algebra class: 82, 56, 67, 76, 77, 83, 93, 92, 99, 100, 80. ? Element ??An object or number contained in a set. ??Extrapolation ??This is to estimate a value by following a pattern and going beyond the values already known.??Example: Based on this month's high temperatures so far (63, 64, 64, 65, 65, 67), tomorrow will be about 67. Generalization ??A conclusion that is based on several observations.??Example: Steven learned that squares, rectangles, and rhombuses were quadrilaterals because they have four sides. From this information he concluded that parallelograms and trapezoids were also quadrilaterals. Independent Events ??Events that have no effect on each others probability. ??Example: Toss 2 dice. Having a 4 on one and getting a 3 on the other have no effect on each other. Mean ??This is the sum of all the results included in the sample divided by the number of observations. It is the same as the average. ??Example: In {2,4,6,8,10) this is equal to (2+4+6+8+10)/5 = 6 ? Mean Absolute Deviation ??To find this take the average of the absolute values of the differences between each member of a data set and the mean of the data set. ??Standard Deviation ??This measures the deviation between the scores and the mean; it measures how dispersed the data is. The higher this is the more spread out the data is from each other. ??Example: For the set of data: 2, 5, 4, 6, 7, 5, 6 this is 1.512; indicating that the data is very similar to one another. For a different set of data: 62, 40, 52, 48, 64, 55, 44, 75, 40, 68, 60, 42, 70, 49, and 56 you would expect this to be greater and it is, 10.9, saying that data is spread out from each other. ? Statistics ??This is the collection, display, and analysis of data.??Table ??This is a systematic arrangement of data usually in rows and columns.??Example: How you would record information gathered from an experiment. ? Venn Diagram ??A diagram that uses circles or ovals to illustrate the relationship between sets.?? ................
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