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Chapter 2 Properties of Matter

Section 2.1 Classifying Matter (pages 38–44)

This section explains how materials are classified as pure substances or mixtures. It discusses types of pure substances and mixtures.

Pure Substances (page 39)

1. True or false? Every sample of a pure substance has exactly the same composition and the same properties.

2. What are the two categories of pure substances?

a. _______________________ b. _______________________

Elements (pages 39–40)

3. What is an element?

4. True or false? The smallest particle of an element is an atom.

5. Why does an element have a fixed, uniform composition?

6. Circle the letter before each element that is a gas at room temperature.

a. carbon b. oxygen c. mercury d. nitrogen

Match each element to its correct symbol.

Element Symbol

____ 7. aluminum a. C

____ 8. gold b. Al

____ 9. carbon c. Au

Compounds (page 40)

10. What is a compound?

11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about compounds.

a. A compound always contains at least two elements.

b. The substances that make up a compound are always joined in a fixed proportion.

c. A compound has the same properties as the elements from which it is formed.

d. A compound can be broken down into simpler substances.

Mixtures (pages 41–42)

12. Why do the properties of a mixture vary?

13. A(n) _________________ mixture is a mixture whose parts are noticeably different from one another.

14. True or false? A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which it is difficult to distinguish the substances from one another.

Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids (pages 42–44)

15. A mixture can be classified as a solution, a suspension, or a colloid based on the size of its _________________particles.

16. Circle the letter of the term that identifies the homogeneous mixture that forms when sugar is dissolved in a glass of hot water.

a. solution b. suspension c. colloid d. substance

17. Circle the letter before each example of a colloid.

a. windshield wiper fluid b. fog c. homogenized milk d. muddy water

18. True or false? If salt water is poured through a filter, the salt will be trapped on the filter.

19. Complete the table about solutions, suspensions, and colloids.

Solutions, Suspensions, and Colloids

|Type of Mixture |Relative Size of Largest Particles |Homogeneous or Heterogeneous? |Do Particles Scatter Light? |

|Solution | | |No |

| |Intermediate |Homogeneous | |

| |Large | |Yes |

Reading Strategy (page 38)

Summarizing As you read, complete the classification of matter in the diagram below.

Matter, Element, and Mixture have been placed in the diagram. Now, place the words compound, homogeneous and heterogeneous, and pure substance, in the correct place. Then place examples below of the each of the bottom categories.

[pic]

Section 2.2 Physical Properties (pages 45–51)

This section discusses physical properties and physical changes. It also explains how physical properties can be used to identify materials, select materials, and separate mixtures.

Reading Strategy (page 45)

Building Vocabulary As you read, write a definition for each term in the table below.

Defining Physical Properties

|Physical Property |Definition |

|Viscosity | |

|Malleability | |

|Melting Point | |

Examples of Physical Properties (pages 45–47)

1. A physical property is any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the _______________________ of the substances in the material.

2. Explain why a wooden spoon is a better choice than a metal spoon for stirring a boiling pot of soup.

3. True or false? A liquid with a high viscosity flows more slowly than a liquid with a low viscosity at the same temperature.

4. True or false? Discovering which of two materials can scratch the other is a way to compare the hardness of the materials.

Match each term to its definition.

Term Definition

____ 5. viscosity a. The ability of a solid to be hammered without shattering

____ 6. conductivity b. The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

____ 7. malleability c. The resistance of a liquid to flowing

____ 8. melting point d. The ability to allow heat to flow

____ 9. boiling point e. The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume

____ 10. density f. The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid

11. Which of the substances in the table below are gases at room temperature?

a. _______________________b. _______________________c. _______________________

Melting and Boiling Points of Some Substances

|Substance |Melting Point |Boiling Point |

|Hydrogen |-259.3°C |-252.9°C |

|Nitrogen |- 210.0°C |-195.8°C |

|Ammonia | - 77.7°C |- 33.3°C |

|Octane (found in gasoline) | - 56.8°C |125.6°C |

|Water | 0.0°C |100.0°C |

|Acetic acid (found in vinegar) | 16.6°C |117.9°C |

Using Physical Properties (page 48)

12. Describe three steps that can be used to identify a material.

13. True or false? Usually, people consider only one property when choosing a material.

Using Properties to Separate Mixtures (page 50)

14. Two processes that are commonly used to separate mixtures are _______________________and _______________________.

15. Explain how filtration separates materials based on the size of their particles.

16. Explain why distillation works for converting seawater into fresh water.

Recognizing Physical Changes (page 51)

17. True or false? In a physical change, some of the substances in a material change, but the properties of the material stay the same.

18. Explain why the boiling of water is a physical change.

19. Circle the letter for each process that is a reversible physical change.

a. wrinkling a shirt b. freezing water c. cutting hair d. peeling an orange

Section 2.3 Chemical Properties (pages 54–58)

This section discusses chemical properties and describes clues that may show that a chemical change has taken place.

Observing Chemical Properties (pages 54–55)

1. True or false? The substances in paraffin do not change when a candle burns.

2. Circle the letters of the compounds formed when a candle burns.

a. paraffin b. hydrogen c. water d. carbon

3. What is a chemical property?

4. True or false? Flammability is a material’s ability to burn in the presence of carbon dioxide.

5. The property that describes how readily a substance combines chemically with other substances is ___________________.

6. Circle the letter of each property that is a chemical property.

a. hardness b. density c. flammability d. reactivity

7. True or false? Nitrogen is a more reactive element than oxygen.

8. Why isn’t iron used to make coins?

9. What is the benefit of pumping nitrogen gas into seawater that is stored in steel tanks?

Recognizing Chemical Changes (pages 56–57)

10. A(n) _______________________ change occurs when a substance reacts and forms one or more new substances.

11. What are three examples of chemical changes?

a. _______________________ b. _______________________ c. _______________________

12. Circle the letters of examples of evidence for a chemical change.

a. a change in color b. a filter trapping particles c. the production of a gas d. the formation of a solid precipitate

Match each example to evidence of a chemical change.

Example Chemical Change

____ 13. Lemon juice is added to milk. a. the production of a gas

____ 14. A silver bracelet darkens when exposed to air. b. the formation of a precipitate

____ 15. Vinegar is mixed with baking soda. c. a change in color

Is a Change Chemical or Physical? (page 58)

16. True or false? When iron is heated until it turns red, the color change shows that a chemical change has taken place.

17. When matter undergoes a chemical change, the composition of the matter (does, does not ) change .

18. When matter undergoes a physical change, the composition of the matter (does, does not ) change .

19. Complete the following table about chemical changes.

Reading Strategy (page 54)

Relating Text and Visuals As you read, complete the table by finding examples of the clues for recognizing chemical changes in Figures 19 and 20.

Recognizing Chemical Changes

|Clue |Example |

|Change in color | |

|Production of gas | |

|Formation of precipitate | |

WordWise Chapter 2 Properties of Matter

Answer the questions by writing the correct vocabulary term in the blanks. Use the circled letter in each term to find the hidden vocabulary word. Then, write a definition for the hidden word.

Clues Vocabulary Terms

1. A mixture that results when substances

dissolve to form a homogeneous mixture (_____) _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

2. A substance that can be broken _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ (_____)_____ _____

down into two or more simpler substances

3. A change in which the composition _____ _____ _____ (_____)_____ _____ _____ _____

of matter stays the same _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

4. A solid that forms and separates _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ (_____)

from a liquid mixture

5. A substance that cannot be broken (_____)_____ _____ _____ _____ _____

down into simpler substances

6. The ability of a material to allow _____ _____ (_____)_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

heat to flow_____ _____

7. A classification for matter that _____ _____ _____ _____

always has the same composition _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

8. The ability of a material to burn _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

9. A homogeneous mixture containing _____ (_____)_____ _____ _____ _____

particles that scatter light

10. The temperature at which a _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

substance changes from a liquid to gas _____ _____ _____ (_____)_____

Hidden Term:_______________________________________

Definition:

point

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