College of Liberal Arts | Oregon State University



**This was taught at Washington State University. It will be updated and changed to fit with the OSU School of Public Policy norms when I do it at OSU.Spring 2009Professor Edward WeberPS 540/ SEMINAR IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONThis course features an extensive review of the literature of the field of public administration. We will examine works in both organizational theory (and contributions from fields such as economics, decision theory, management, psychology, and sociology) and bureaucratic politics. Our central aim is to examine carefully and critically the models, theories, and frameworks that have been postulated as ways of describing, explaining, understanding, and controlling the activities that occur within, around, and among public (and most private) organizations.Your grade for this course will be based on:Six short critical analysis papers (no more than 4 pages in length, typed and double-spaced), in which you will review, synthesize and critique the major ideas of a week of course readings. (7% x 6 = 42%) All students must write papers during Weeks 3 and 11. Students then have discretion regarding which weeks they will write the other four papers except that no papers will be accepted for Weeks 1 and 2.A short review essay (approximately 10 to 12 pages in length, typed and double-spaced) examining a leading scholarly debate in the field of public administration. Students must choose a particular side of the debate, defend it, and, in the concluding section, synthesize the strengths of the two sides into a coherent “third way” of grappling with the theoretical concerns at issue. There will be a choice among three sets of questions (to be provided by Professor Weber). Due on Thursday, April 17. (18%)Homeland Security Department (HSD) Review Team Exercise. Teams research the organizational rationale behind the formation of HSD, analyze the prospects for HSD success using lessons learned in PS540, and make in-class presentations on their findings during the last week of the semester (May 1). A detailed assignment sheet will be handed out by roughly the end of February. (15%)Each student will initiate and help facilitate discussion during one week of the semester. Sign-up will occur during week 2 of the semester. Students are encouraged to use one of their required weekly papers as a springboard for facilitating discussion of key concepts, questions, etc. (10%)Contributions to class discussions. (15%)The following books have been made available for purchase at the Bookie.Robert Agranoff and Michael McGuire. 2003. Collaborative Public Management: New Strategies for Local Governments. Georgetown University Press.Graham Allison. 1971. The Essence of Decision. Little Brown.Bob Behn. 2001. Rethinking Accountability. The Brookings Institution.Janet V. Denhardt and Robert B. Denhardt. 2002. The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering. M.E. Sharpe.Charles T. Goodsell. 1994. The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic. 3rd ed. (completely revised). Chatham House.Herbert Kaufman. 1967. The Forest Ranger. Resources for the Future. Donald F. Kettl. 2000. The Global Public Management Revolution: A Report on the Transformation of Governance. The Brookings Institution.Anne M. Khademian. 2002. Working with Culture: The Way the Job Gets Done in Public Programs. CQ Press.Jack H. Knott and Gary J. Miller. 1987. Reforming Bureaucracy. Prentice Hall.Beryl Radin. 2000. Beyond Machiavelli: Policy Analysis Comes of Age. Georgetown University Press.Jay M. Shafritz and Albert C. Hyde. 1997. Classics of Public Administration. 4th ed. Harcourt Brace.James Q. Wilson. 2000. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. 2nd ed. Basic Books.Additional readings will be placed on "reserve" in the graduate student computing center (713 JT). These readings are marked with a double asterisk -- ** -- in the syllabus.?COURSE TOPICS AND READING ASSIGNMENTSPAR=Public Administration Review; APSR=American Political Science Review; S/H=Shafritz and Hyde. ?Week 1 (January 16): Introduction/ Overview of the "Field" of Public Administration**Donald F. Kettl Public Administration at the Millennium: The State of the Field J Public Adm Res Theory 2000 10: 7-34.**H. George Frederickson, "The Repositioning of American Public Administration, PS, December 1999, pp. 701-711**John Kirlin. 1996. "The Big Questions of Public Administration in a Democracy," Public Administration Review. 56 (5): 416-423Recommended:Robert Behn, "The Big Questions of Public Management," PAR, 1995 vol. 55 (July/August), 313-324.Richard Callahan, Challenges of (Dis) Connectedness in the "Big Questions" Methodologies in Public Administration, PAR, (July/August 2001) 61:493-499David Weimer, "Political Science, Practitioner Skill, and Public Management," PAR, (May/June 1992) 52:240-245.Naomi Lynn and Aaron Wildavsky, Public Administration: The State of the Discipline, Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1990.Frank Sherwood, "The Half-Century's `Great Books' in Public Administration," PAR, March/April 1990, pp.249-264Jay White and Guy B. Adams, Research in Public Administration: Reflections on Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994Marcia Whicker, Ruth Ann Strickland, and Dorothy Olshafski, "The Troublesome Cleft: Public Administration and Political Science, PAR, November/December 1993, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 531-541.L. Luton, "History and American Public Administration," Administration and Society, (May 1999), 31:2, pp. 205-221.W.G. Ashley and A.H. Van de Van, "Central Perspectives and Debates in Organization Theory," Administrative Science Quarterly, (April 1983): 245-273Robert Golembiewski, "The Future of Public Administration: End of a Short Stay in the Sun? Or a New Day A-Dawning?," PAR March/April 1996, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 139-148Eliza Wing-yee Lee, "Political Science, Public Administration, and the Rise of the American State, PAR, November/December 1995, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 538-546Francis X. Neuman, "What Makes Public Administration a Science? Or, Are Its `Big Questions' Really Big?"PAR, Sept/Oct 1996, Vol. 56, No. 5., pp.416-423Martin Landau, "Political Science and Public Administration: `Field' and the Concept of Decision Making," in M. Landau, Political Theory and Political Science (New York: Macmillan, 1972)Francis E. Rourke and Robert Peabody, "Bureaucracies," in James March, Handbook of Organizations, (New York: Rand McNally, 1965)Dwight Waldo, "Organization Theory: An Elephantine Problem," PAR, 22 (1961)Nicholas P. Lovrich, "Contending Paradigms in Public Administration," Administration and Society, 17 (Nov 1985):307-330Leonard D. White, "An Introduction to the Study of Public Administration" (S/H)Herbert Kaufman, "Emerging Conflicts in the Doctrines of Public Administration," APSR, (Dec. 1956)W.R. Scott, "Developments in Organization Theory," American Behavioral Science, 24 (Jan/Feb 1981):407-422 Richard Stillman, "The Future of the American Bureaucratic System," chapter 7 in The American Bureaucracy: The Core of Modern Government, 2nd edition, (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1996)?Week 2 (January 23): Politics and Administration: The Formative Years A. To Run a ConstitutionShafritz and Hyde, "Early Voices," pp. 1-13Woodrow Wilson, "The Study of Administration" (S/H)Knott and Miller, chs. 1-3Recommended:Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American StateFrank Goodnow, "Politics and Administration"(S/H) B. A Science of Administration: OrthodoxyShafritz and Hyde, "The New Deal to Mid-Century," pp. 63-75Max Weber, "Bureaucracy" (S/H)Knott and Miller, chs. 4, 5Frederick W. Taylor, "Scientific Management" (S/H)Luther Gulick, "Notes on the Theory of Organization" (S/H)Louis Brownlow, et. al., "Report of the President's Committee on Administrative Management" (S/H)Week 3 (January 30): A Critique of Orthodoxy: Human Relations, Internal Organizational Dynamics, Lack of Explanatory Power, and Pathologies**Charles Perrow. 1986. Complex Organizations. Chs. 1, 2, 3Mary Parker Follett, "The Giving of Orders" (S/H)Knott & Miller. 1987. Reforming Bureaucracy. Chs 6, 8 and 9J. Q. Wilson. 1989. Bureaucracy. Chs 1, 2, 3Graham Allison. 1971. The Essence of Decision. Chs 1, 2, 3 and 4Michael Lipsky, "Street-Level Bureaucrats" (S/H)Recommended:Robert A. Caro. 1975. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. Vintage Books (this won the Pulitzer Prize)Robert K. Merton, "Bureaucratic Structure and Personality" (S/H)Abraham H. Maslow, "A Theory of Human Motivation" (S/H)Douglas M. McGregor, "The Human Side of Enterprise" (S/H)Morton Grozdins, "Public Administration and the Science of Human Relations, PAR, 11 (Spring 1951)Chester I. Barnard, "Informal Organizations and Their Relation to Formal Organizations" (S/H)Herbert Kaufman, Time, Chance, and Organizations (1991, 2nd edition)Philip Selznick, "The Cooptative Mechanism" (S/H)Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald Salancik, "The Organizational Environment and How It Is Known," in J. Pfeffer and G. Salancik, The External Control of OrganizationsWeek 4 (February 6): Rediscovering Politics and the Importance of Political Context Norton Long, "Power and Administration" (S/H)Knott and Miller. 1987. Reforming Bureaucracy. Chs 7, 10-13J. Q. Wilson. 1989. Bureaucracy. Chs 13-16Graham Allison. 1971. The Essence of Decision. Chs 5, 6, 7**Terry Moe. 1990. "The Politics of Structural Choice: Toward a Theory of Public Bureaucracy, in O. Williamson (ed.), Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond. Oxford Univ. Press.**Hugh Heclo. 1978. "Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment," in A. King (ed.), The New American Political System, 1st version. AEI.Recommended:James March, "The Business Firm as a Political Coalition," Journal of Politics, 24 (1962): 662-668James Q. Wilson, "The Bureaucracy Problem," The Public Interest No. 6, 1967James Q. Wilson, "The Rise of the Bureaucratic State," The Public Interest No. 41, 1975Harold Seidman and Robert Gilmour, Politics, Position, and Power (4th edition)Matthew A. Crenson and Francis E. Rourke, "American Bureaucracy Since World War II," chapter 6 in M. Crenson and F. Rourke, The New American State (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1991)Francis Rourke, Bureaucracy, Politics, and Public Policy (1984)Jeffrey Pfeffer, "Understanding the Role of Power in Decision Making," in Pfeffer, Power in Organizations, (Marshfield, MA: Pitman, 1981)Martha Derthick, Agency Under Stress: The Social Security Administration in American Government (1990)Morton Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy (1974)Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald Salancik, The External Control of OrganizationsF. Lee Fritschler, Smoking and Politics (1996, 5th edition)Steven D. Stehr, "Contact Patterns of Federal Career Executives: Refining Our Views of the Nexus of Administration and Politics in the United States," Public Administration Quarterly (in press)Week 5 (February 13): Implementation and Policy Analysis: Responses to Complexity (This is in two parts, Part A & B; see below for more)A. ImplementationShafritz and Hyde, "The 1950s and 1960s," (pp. 164-177) Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky “Implementation” (S/H)**O’Toole, Laurence J., Jr. 2000. “Research on Policy Implementation: Assessment and Prospect.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory **Richard Matland. 1995. "Synthesizing the Implementation Literature: The Ambiguity-Conflict Model of Policy Implementation," Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 5 (April): 145-174Recommended:Paul Sabatier and Daniel Mazmanian, "Policy Implementation," in Stuart Nagel (ed.) Encyclopedia of Policy StudiesRichard Elmore, "Backward Mapping: Implementation Research and Policy Decisions," Political Science Quarterly, Winter (1979-80):601-616Paul Sabatier, "The Implementation of Public Policy: A Framework of Analysis," Policy Studies Journal, 8 (1980):539-Barbara Ferman, "Slouching Toward Anarchy: The Policy Making/Implementation Gap Revisited," Governance vol. 2 (1989)James P. Lester and Malcolm Goggin, "Back to the Future: The Rediscovery of Implementation Studies," Policy Currents, September 1998Helen Ingram, Implementation: A Review and Suggested Framework," in N. Lynn and A. Wildavsky (eds) Public Administration: The State of the Discipline (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1990)Eugene Bardach and Robert Kagan, "The Implementation Process: A Conceptual Analysis," chapter 2 in Bardach and Kagan, The Implementation GamePaul Berman, "Thinking About Programmed and Adaptive Implementation," in Helen Ingram and Dean Mann (eds.), Why Policies Succeed or FailPaul Berman, "The Study of Macro-and-Micro Implementation," Public Policy, 26 (Spring 1978):157-184Martha Derthick, Agency Under StressRichard Elmore, "Organizational Models of Social Program Implementation," Public Policy vol. 26 (Spring 1978)Lee Fritschler, Smoking and PoliticsMorton Halperin, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign PolicyHelen Ingram, "Policy Implementation Through Bargaining," Public Policy vol. 25 (Fall 1977)Daniel Mazmanian and Paul Sabatier (eds.), Implementation and Public Policy (Scott Foresman, 1983)Robert Montjoy and Laurence J. O'Toole, Jr., "Toward a Theory of Policy Implementation: An Organizational Perspective," PAR 39 (September/October 1979): 465-476Paul Sabatier and Daniel Mazmanian, "The Conditions of Effective Implementation: A Guide to Accomplishing Policy Objectives," Policy Analysis 5 (Fall 1979): 481-504Donald S. Van Meter and Carl E. Van Horn, "The Policy Implementation Process: A Conceptual Framework," Administration and Society 6 (February 1975): 445-488Richard Weatherly and Michael Lipsky, "Street Level Bureaucrats and Institutional Innovation," Harvard Educational Review, (May 1977) 47B. Policy Analysis (This is Week 5 continued)Beryl Radin. 2000. Beyond Machiavelli: Policy Analysis Comes of Age. Georgetown University Press. Read ALL.**William Gormley. 1989. “Policy Analysis,” In W. Gormley, Taming the Bureaucracy: Muscles, Prayers and Other Strategies. Princeton University Press.Recommended:Charles Lindblom, “The Science of Muddling Through,” (S/H)Aaron Wildavsky, "The Self-Evaluating Organization" (S/H)Aaron Wildavsky, "Rescuing Policy Analysis From PPBS" (S/H)Carol H. Weiss, "Purpose of Evaluation" (S/H)Yehezkel Dror, "Policy Analysts: A New Professional Role in Government Service" (S/H)Week 6 (February 20): Economics and Organizational Theory**Charles Perrow. Complex Organizations. Ch. 7**Terry Moe. 1984. "The New Economics of Organization," American Journal of Political Science, 28**Hammond, Thomas H., and Jack H. Knott. 1996. Who controls the bureaucracy? Presidential power, congressional dominance, legal constraints, and bureaucratic autonomy in a model of multi-institutional policy-making. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization.**Edward P. Weber. 1998. “The High Costs of Doing Business in Pollution Control Politics [an application of transaction cost theory to regulation],” in E. P. Weber Pluralism by the Rules. Georgetown University Press: 70-104.Recommended:Administrative Science Quarterly Forum on Economic Theory and Organizations, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (March 1999): 145-175Jonathon Bendor and Terry Moe, "An Adaptive Model of Bureaucratic Politics," APSR (1985), 79:755-774Jonathon Bendor, Serge Taylor, and Roland Van Gaalen, "Bureaucratic Expertise Versus Legislative Authority: A Model of Deception and Monitoring in Budgeting," APSR (1985), 79:1041-1060Anthony Downs. 1967. Inside Bureaucracy, Boston: Little, Brown.Gary Miller and Terry Moe, "Bureaucrats, Legislators, and the Size of Government," APSR (1983), 77:297-322Oliver Williamson. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. The Free Press.Oliver Williamson. Ed. 1990. Organization Theory: From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond. Oxford University Press.Coase, Ronald H. 1937. “The Nature of the Firm,” Economica 4 Week 8 (March 6): Organizational Culture, Values and Professionals: Do They Matter and, if so, How?Anne M. Khademian. 2002. Working with Culture: The Way the Job Gets Done in Public Programs. CQ Press. Read ALL.**John DiIulio, Jr. 1994. "Principled Agents: The Cultural Basis of Behavior in a Federal Government Bureaucracy," Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 4: 277-318**Robert Katzmann. 1980. “Federal Trade Commission.” In J.Q. Wilson, ed., The Politics of Regulation. Basic Books: 152-187.Recommended:Frederick C. Mosher. 1982. Democracy and the Public Service. New York: Oxford University Press.J. Q. Wilson. 1989. Bureaucracy. Chs 4, 5 and Week 7 (February 27): Changing Ideas, Changing Bureaucracies: NPM and NPS Models Shafritz and Hyde, "The 1970s and 1980s," pp. 307-328**David Osborne and Ted Gaebler. 1993. Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector. Plume Books: 1-24.Ronald C. Moe, "Exploring the Limits of Privatization" (S/H)**Patria de Lancer Julnes and Marc Holzer. 2001. “Promoting Utilization of Performance Measures in Public Organizations: An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Adoption and Implementation.” Public Administration Review 61 (6): 693-705.Denhardt and Denhardt. 2007. The New Public Service.Recommended:Michael Barzelay. 1992. Breaking Through Bureaucracy.Michael Barzelay. 2001. The New Public Management: Improving Research and Policy Dialogue. Berkeley: University of California Press.James March and Johan Olson, "Organizing Political Life: What Administrative Reorganizations Tells Us About Government," APSR, 77 (1983)John DiIulio, Jr., et al., Improving Government PerformanceDonald Kettl. 2002. The Transformation of Governance: Public Administration for Twenty-first Century America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.William B. Werther, Jr. and Evan M. Berman. 2001. Third Sector Management: The Art of Managing Nonprofit Organizations. Georgetown University PressBox, Richard C. 1998. Citizen Governance: Leading American Communities into the 21st Century. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.King, Cheryl, and Camilla Stivers. 1998. Government is Us. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.John, DeWitt. 1994. Civic Environmentalism: Alternatives to Regulation in States and Communities. Washington, D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.Chrislip, David D., and Carl E. Larson. 1994. Collaborative Leadership: How Citizens and Civic Leaders Can Make A Difference. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.DeLeon, Linda, and Robert B. Denhardt. 2000. “The Political Theory of Reinvention.” Public Administration Review, 60 (2) (March-April): 89-97.Week 9 (March 13): Is it time for a new model of public administration? The Post –Bureaucratic State?Kamarck’s book is here____________________________________________SPRING BREAKMarch 17-21____________________________________________Week 11 (April 3): Collaborative Public ManagementTHIS is where the 2006 December PAR edition comes in……..do not need the other two assignments from the 2003 version because of this.Robert Agranoff and Michael McGuire. 2003. Collaborative Public Management: New Strategies for Local Governments. Georgetown University Press. Read ALL.**Keith Provan and H. Brinton Milward. 2001. “Do Networks Really Work? A Framework For Evaluating Public-Sector Organizational Networks.” PAR 61 (July/August): 414-423Recommended:Eugene Bardach. 1998. Getting Agencies to Work Together: The Practice and Theory of Managerial Craftsmanship. The Brookings Institution.John M. Bryson and Barbara C. Crosby. 1992. Leadership for the Common Good: Tackling Public Problems in a Shared Power World. Jossey-Bass.Edward P. Weber. 1998. Pluralism by the Rules: Conflict and Cooperation in Environmental Regulation. Georgetown University Press.Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., Carolyn J. Heinrich, and Carolyn J. Hill. 2001. Improving Governance: A New Logic for Empirical Research. Georgetown University Press.Robert Durant, "Agenda Setting, the `Third Wave,' and the Administrative State," Administration and Society, vol. 30, no.3, July 1998, pp.211-247Jeffrey Brudney, "Coproduction: Issues in Implementation, Administration and Society, (November 1985), 17:3, pp. 243-256Warren Bennis, "Organizations of the Future" (S/H)K. Provan and H. Milward, "A Preliminary Theory of Inter-organizational Network Effectiveness: A Comparative Study of Four Community Mental Health Systems, Administrative Science Quarterly, 40:1-33, 1995.Keller, Lawrence, "The Political Economy of Public Management: An Interorganizational Network Perspective," Administration and Society, (July 1983) 15:455-474Karl Weick. 1976. "Loosely-Coupled Systems," Administrative Science Quarterly, 21Richard Ingersoll. 1993. "Loosely Coupled Organizations Revisited," in S.B. Bacharach, et al., (eds.), Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Volume 11, JAI PressWeek 10 (March 27): Managing Across and Within Networks (this should come AFTER collabs week)--This is where the 2007 Agranoff book fits.BUT also the Weber and Khademian (2008) – mindset piece and the Best Practices piece from Admin & Society.Recommended:Week 13 (April 17): The New Governance and Its Study: How to Understand and Research It in a Meaningful Way – Ingraham, Patricia W., and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr. Eds. 2004. The Art of Governance: Analyzing Management and Administration. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Recommended:Lynn, Laurence E., Jr. 1996. Public Management as Art, Science and Profession. Chatham, NJ; Chatham HouseSelden, Sally C., Gene A. Brewer, and Jeffrey L. Brudney (1999). Reconciling competing values in public administration: Understanding the administrative role concept. Administration and Society. 31 (2): 171-204.Week 14 (April 24): Reconfiguring Accountability to Fit Changing Institutions: Where to Now?Bob Behn. 2001. READ only a few chapters of this. Rethinking Accountability. The Brookings Institution.**Edward P. Weber. 2003. “Changing Institutions, Accountability, and Policy Performance [Chapter 1],” In E.P. Weber, Bringing Society Back In: Grassroots Ecosystem Management, Accountability and Sustainable Communities. The MIT Press.SUPPLEMENT with journal articles to bring up to date!Recommended:Anne M. Khademian. 1996. Checking on Banks: Autonomy and Accountability in Three Federal Agencies. The Brookings Institution.Beryl A. Radin. 2002. The Accountable Juggler: The Art of Leadership in a Federal Agency. CQ Press.Carolyn J. Heinrich. 2002. “Outcomes-Based Performance Management in the Public Sector: Implications for Government Accountability and Effectiveness.” Public Administration Review 62 (6): 712-725.Barbara Romzek. 1996. “Enhancing accountability.” In James Perry (ed.) The Handbook of Public Administration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass: 97-114.Eugene Bardach and Cara Lesser. 1996. “Accountability in Human Services Collaboratives--For What? and To Whom?” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6 (April): 197-224.Kevin Kearns. 1996. Managing for Accountability: Preserving the Public Trust in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. Jossey-Bass. Edward P. Weber. 2003. Bringing Society Back In: Grassroots Ecosystem Management, Accountability and Sustainable Communities. The MIT Press.Paul T. Hill and Robin J. Lake. 2002. Charter Schools and Accountability in Public Education. The Brookings Institution.Week 12 (April 10): The Challenge of Resilience, Adaptive Management, and Learning Organizations—How to Build? (Use the Folke et al. 2005 PDF on my computer; plus WHAT ELSE?)Folke, Carl. 2006. “Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses,” Global Environmental Change 16: 253–267.Recommended:MUST find a good place in the recommended portions of the syllabus for these three readings ….. do not fit here anymore. Herbert Kaufman. 1967. The Forest Ranger. Resources for the Future. Read ALL.Charles T. Goodsell. 1994. The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic. 3rd ed. (completely revised). Chatham House. Read Chs 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7.Lynn, Laurence E., Jr. 2001. “The Myth of the Bureaucratic Paradigm: What Traditional Public Administration Really Stood For.” Public Administration Review 61 (2): 144-160.Week 15 (May 1): Institutional Change/Getting from Point A to Point B. How to Manage the Transition??Doug North 2005 book + Weber’s PAR piece?APPENDIXPOST-MODERN APPROACHES TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONCharles J. Fox and Hugh T. Miller, Postmodern Public Administration: Toward DiscourseJohn Tennert and William Weaver, "Postmodern Public Administration: A Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing?" Southeastern Political Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, June 2000Pauline Rosenau, Postmodernism and the Social Science: Insights, Inroads, and IntrusionsCamilla Stivers, Gender Images in Public AdministrationPeter deLeon, Democracy and the Policy SciencesJohn Dryzek, Discursive Democracy (1990)Frank Fischer and John Forrester (eds), The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning (1993)Emery Roe, Narrative Policy Analysis: Theory and Practice (1994) ................
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