Social Studies Notes - Review Sheets Central
Social Studies Notes
9/13
Aim 5: How did the Enlightenment thinkers answer the basic question of the 18th century? How does one make mankind happy, rational and free?
Quotes:
• John Lock- “Wherever law ends, tyranny begins”- with absence of law, people become tyrants.
• Freedom is the obedience to the laws which one makes himself.
• Liberty is what one does in the boundaries of the law.
Enlightenment: - French, (1) reason (Rationalism), (2) progress, (3) nature- laws of nature that govern human behavior such as, government, society, economics-make life better.
17th Century-Scientific Method- used reason to discover laws of nature that governed physical world; philosophes believed they could also use reason to discover the human behavior and interactions.
(4) Happiness and (5) Liberty- reaction to the church or king controlling them, monarchy.
Hobbes (1588-1679)- The Leviathan- believed in “state of nature” without laws where he calls it a state of war, without laws people become greedy and selfish which results in chaos, death, and corruption. Hobbes suggests that people give up freedom for king, in return for order = unwritten social contract. Picture of cover represents power of king (sword and scepter) and his body is made up of people, which symbolize the mutual social contract.
Locke-Two Treaties on Government- everyone is born free and equal, and an individual is born with natural rights- life, health, liberty and possessions. Government is created in order to protect natural rights. Locke believes that if the government doesn’t protect natural rights, the people have a right to overthrow the king and government.
Montesquieu (1689-1755)- The Spirit of the Laws- states that people with power abuse it. Therefore, the power should be a check to power (balance). There needs to be a legislature branch (makes laws), and an executive branch (enforces laws), not all done by one person.
Rosseau- The Social Contract- man is free, but still in chains from environment and society which influence and corrupt. Create a government devoted to the “common good”( basis of this government is the “social contract.” People give up their individual rights to the general will- will of majority. How do people maintain the freedom?( popular sovereignty (rule)- right to vote rests with people.
Voltaire- Treaties on Tolerance- believed in religious tolerance, against slavery- equality. Voltaire visited King Fredrick the Great= Enlightened despot- absolute ruler (King of Prussia) whose goal was to enlighten and make the people happy. “I am the first servant to the state”- absolute ruler who used his power to bring about social and political change. For example: codified laws in Prussia for the good of the people= enlightened people (opposite to Louis XVI who said “I am the state”)
Aim 6: How did the enlightenment spread?
In the West (France) middle class people took the place of serfs, unlike Russia where serfs continued. In France, since they were freer than in Russia, the Revolution starts in France and not in Russia.
1) Encyclopedia- Denis Diderot
Purpose- “to change the general way of thinking” on human knowledge (government, philosophy, printing press, heart) Voltaire wrote articles on tolerance for the Encyclopedia. Attacked divine monarchy (from god), traditional religion, opted education for all, and denounced slavery. The Church and king banned him, which resulted in Denis Diderot hiding. The Encyclopedia was in alphabetical order (people and the Church got upset that Dieu (god) was listed in the middle of the encyclopedia and not in beginning, where they thought it belonged). 20,000 copies were made( knowledge spread. Free access to uncensored knowledge.
2) Salons- parlor, meeting room, gather and talk about different topics, book clubs( spread of knowledge. Women usually organized the salons.
Benjamin Franklin went to France and brought back knowledge to Americas.
3) In addition, journals and pamphlets (most famous pamphlet-“Common Sense”)( spread of knowledge. Enlightenment picked up speed.
Thomas Jefferson- “all men are created equal” (Locke) “unalienable rights”- rights that can’t be taken away= natural rights, popular sovereignty (Rosseau), overthrow and institute new government (Locke and Rosseau)- Thomas Jefferson and “Declaration of Independence” based all their ideas on those of the Enlightenment philosophes.
9/14 and 9/24
Aim 7/8: Why did a revolution erupt in France in 1789?
July 14, 1789- Bastille- Paris mob storms Bastille (King’s jail, symbolic of power)( start of Revolution.
1) Social and Economic Inequality- between the three Estates. Middle class- bourgeoisie (city dwellers- third Estate) The first and second Estates had much more privileges then the third Estate, which contained 97% of the population and had no privileges. Peasants( received all taxes, tithe (income tax), tallie (land tax), and gaballe (salt tax), plus they received feudal dues. Cartoon showed peasant supporting the other Estates, burdened from taxes.
2) Abuses of the Old Regime-king abuses such as corvee and letrres-de-catchet (look at handout), kings were known for war, money, and palace (Versailles)
3) Riots for Bread- bread prices raised(robberies in the streets
4) Poor Harvest (1788)/ Harsh Winter
5) Enlightenment
6) American Revolution and the Glorious Revolution
7) Crumbling Economy
a) Deficit spending
b) War of Independence
c) Versailles
8) May 1789. King calls Estates General (Last time he did that it was 1614)
a) Tried to tax the Third Estate, by having the First and Second Estate vote to tax them.
b) The King asked each Estate to send him Cahiers
1) Cahiers- notebooks of grievances
9) June 17( Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly
a) The King locked them out of the Estates General meeting.
10) June 28( Tennis Court Oath (National Assembly)
a) The National Assembly wanted a king, but they wanted a new constitution.
11) Paris mob storms the Bestille (July 14, 1789)
a) They thought there were weapons there.
b) They tried to save prisoners.
c) They attacked the Old Regime- (They gave the King a warning not to interfere.
d) Commoners expressed support for the national assembly.
10/4
Aim #9: How did the National Assembly attempt to reform France? (1787-1792)
1) August 1789- National Assembly met to make reforms.
A) Political Reforms
1) Proclaimed all male citizens equal before the law.
2) Limited the power of the monarchy.
3) Established the Legislative Assembly to make new laws.
4) All tax-paying citizens have the right to elect the members of the Legislative Assembly.
B) Social and Economic Reforms
1) They abolished the social privileges of the nobles.
2) They announced the end of feudalism.
3) They called for taxes to be levied according to ability to pay.
4) They abolished guilds and labor unions.
5) They compensated nobles for peasant-seized lands.
C) Religious Reforms
1) They declared freedom of religion.
2) They took over and sold Church lands.
3) They placed the French Catholic Church under control of the State.
4) They provided that bishops and priest be elected and receive government salaries.
2) October 5, 1789
A) Women marched to the Versailles Palace demanding bread- Popular revolt- because everyone got involved afterward.
1) Marie Antoinette- “Let them eat cake”.
2) They killed all the palace guards.
3) They dragged King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette back to Paris.
3) Constitution of 1791
A) Definition of constitution
1) A constitution is a plan for a government.
B) Terms of the constitution
1) Limited monarchy
2) Legislative Assembly
a) The way you sat in the Legislative Assembly determined your view.
1) Radical Liberal Moderate Conservative Reactionary
Wanted changes Open to minor changes in government Wanted to turn back time
4) Guillotine became the symbol of the revolution
A) It was invented to kill people painlessly.
B) 40,000 people were beheaded.
10/5
Aim #10: Why did the French Revolution turn radical?
1) Reasons for turning radical
A) Foreign monarchs attacked France
1) Afraid of Revolts in their country.
2) Louis and Marie Antoinette pushed them.
3) The nobles pushed them.
B) The new French government was worried about internal enemies.
1) They were afraid their enemies would make connections with people who lived in France.
2) Radical Acts
A) The new French government went paranoid and beheaded (Using the guillotine) killed any Frenchman that they thought was connected with their enemies.
B) They created the “Committee of Public Safety”
1) They searched for any possible internal French enemies.
2) They subjected all Frenchmen to a draft.
A) Everyone, even children, helped to fight the war.
1) Not necessarily by fighting, but by doing other necessary actions.
3) They fought not for the king, but for their country- Nationalism
3) The End of Terror
A) The National convention created a constitution for a republic headed by a five-man directory.
1) They were corrupt and weak and after four years were replaced by Napoleon Bonaparte.
10/11
Aim #11 and #12: How did Napoleon rule France and dominate Europe?
Hero of the “Revolution”
Or
Traitor of the “Revolution”
1) Quotes by and about Napoleon symbolizing his characteristics
A) “I found the crown of France in the gutter and I picked it up with my sword.”- Napoleon
B) “I grew up on a field of battle …”- Napoleon
C) “He was like an expert chess player, with the human race for an opponent, which he proposed to checkmate.”
2) Napoleons Background
A) He was a victorious general and he won many battles.
B) 1799- Coup détat (Military takeover)
1) He overthrows the directory- it was weak and corrupt.
2) He established “Consulate”
a) A governing 3-man board
b) Napoleon was the high consulate
C) 1804: Napoleon declares himself emperor
1) He said there was a royalist plot to return the king to power, thus he will save the French from this plot by making himself emperor.
D) He conducts Plebiscite
1) Definition: Public ballot- yes/no (How they felt about him)
2) The French people strongly supported Napoleon
a) They needed stability after the Reign of Terror
b) They need a savior/protector from foreign enemies- victorious general.
c) Napoleon promised reforms( order, security, and efficiency.
E) He regulated the economy to restore prosperity
1) He controlled prices.
2) He encouraged new industry.
3) He built roads and canals.
F) Napoleon put public schools under government control.
1) To teach the students to be loyal (To him) citizens.
G) 1801: Concordat (He made peace with the Church)
1) He said that the government controls the clergy, but the pope gets the final say.
2) He said Catholicism was the major religion.
H) He encourages émigrés (Nobles) to return if they are willing to take the oath of loyalty.
I) He recognized the sale of Church land to peasants.
J) He stated that careers are open to “talent”( not blood, connections, or favoritism.
1) Not whom you knew, but what you knew.
K) Napoleonic Code
1) Equality of all citizens before the law.
2) Religious toleration
3) Advancement is based on merit.
10/12
Aim #13: How did Napoleon’s empire fall?
1) Building an Empire (1804-1814)
A) Excellent Battle Strategy
1) Napoleon would have some of his army retreat (The center part) thus the enemy would follow. Then when the enemy followed the flanks would hit it from the sides.
a) 1) F A A 2) F
F A F AAA
F F
B) They conquered and annexed territory
1) They controlled almost all of Europe
a) Except for Great Britain
1) They were saved by the English Channel
C) He allies himself with several countries
D) Britain ( Outside “Empire
1) “The tiger and the shark”
a) France was called the tiger because they had the best land army and Britain was called the shark because they had the best fleet oh warships.
E) Britain Defeats France (Trafalgar)
1) The battle was near the Strait of Gibraltar (Near Spain)
F) Napoleon ruled out the invasion of Britain (Militarily)
1) How does he bring England to his its “knees”
a) Economic warfare
1) The Continental System
a) Definition- No one on the continent owned by France could trade with Great Britain.
b) Britain responded with a blockade of all European ports.
c) Britain survived by trading with the United States and India.
G) The restrictions on trade had a negative impact on Europe
1) Trade declines
2) Businesses fail ( Unemployment goes up
3) Scarcity of goods ( Prices go up (Inflation)
2) Napoleon’s Downfall
A) Europeans resented the Continental System
B) British opposition
C) Monarchs felt Napoleon was a threat
1) He spread the idea of revolution and liberty
2) He defied the divine monarchy
a) Definition- the son of the monarch is the next one to rule.
i. He made his relatives the kings and queens of all the territory in his Empire.
D) Spirit of Nationalism worked against Napoleon
1) People of other countries fought for their own countries.
E) Peninsula War (1808-1814)
1) With Spain and Portugal
a) They invaded Spain to get to Portugal who started trading with Europe.
2) Gorilla Warfare- Hurt Napoleon
a) In Spanish means little war
b) Gorilla warfare means hit and run attacks
F) 1812- Napoleon invades Russia
1) Russia, a French ally, violated the Continental System
2) The Russians used the scorched earth policy
a) When an army retreats causing another army to follow. Then the defending army burns and destroys any useful supplies their enemy might need. This way when their enemy comes they will be tired and short on supplies.
3) Napoleon retreated because of the winter
a) The Russians attacked the retreating French
b) The winter also aided the Russians and in total 4/5 of the French army died. (“General Winter”)
4) As Napoleon retreated from Russia, Prussia and Austria joined Russia and attacked France
a) War of Liberation
i. Napoleon was defeated and was forced to abdicate (Step down)
a) He was sent to an island and he got a pension.
i. He escapes and goes to France for a hundred days and gathers and army, but he was defeated and sent to an island that was very far from France.
10/15
Aim #14: How did Napoleon influence Europe and the world?
1) Three ways Napoleon changed the world
A) The invasion of Spain
1) Spain was incredibly weakened
a) They couldn’t control their Latin American countries
1) The Latin American countries got their independence
B) The Louisiana Purchase
1) 1803- Napoleon sold a large tract of land to the United States
a) This land doubled the size of the United States.
C) Napoleon’s civil code
1) By unifying all the laws business was made easier
2) These laws influenced many other countries laws
Aim #15: Homework 5
Homework #5
1) What did Europeans attempt to do after they defeated Napoleon?
2) Define: a) Reaction b) Reactionary
3) Why was they Quadruple Alliance formed? What is meant by the “concert of Europe”?
4) What did Prince Metternich aim for in the “Age of Metternich”?
Answers
1) After the Europeans defeated Napoleon they tried to maintain stability and to suppress any danger of political upheaval. The way to maintain stability was to settle political and territorial questions arising from the Napoleonic wars. The Congress of Vienna undertook the settling of these questions.
2) a) Reaction- a time when those in authority wanted to return to the orderly conditions of an earlier period.
b) Reactionary- an extremist who not only opposes change, but generally would like to turn the clock back to the way things were before.
3) The idea of revolution still haunted the governments of Europe. As a result, they believed that a special watch had to be kept for the lurking dangers that might upset the peace they had so painstakingly created. Thus the countries that defeated Napoleon- Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia- decided to continue their alliance, forming the Quadruple Alliance. The “Concert of Europe” grew out of the Quadruple Alliance. It was a form of international government by concert, or agreement. It was aimed at maintaining peace and the status quo, meaning the condition in which things exist. In this case the status quo meant maintaining the balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna.
4) During the “Age of Metternich”, Prince Metternich aimed to do many things. He was a reactionary and believed strongly in absolute monarchy. He was against liberalism and believed in suppressing completely such ideas as freedom of speech, religion and the press. Metternich aimed to prevent war or revolution and to preserve absolutism.
Aim #16: How and why did the Industrial Revolution take place in the 18th century?
Early 1700s 1800s
In the early 1700s people lived in In the early 1800s factories were created
rural areas and worked by hand. and people lived and worked in the cities.
In England people would farm on Factories were also run by machines.
common land. There were some
problems with that.
1) Agricultural revolution
A) Enclosure Movement
1) Combined lands and formed large individual holdings
a) It was more efficient for large scale farming
i) Crop rotation (Robert Tounsend)
2) Because of the enclosure movement many unemployed farmers had to move to the city because one farmer took over the common land.
A) New Inventions
1) Seed Drill (Jethus Tull)( less workers need( unneeded workers moved to cities.
2) Iron Plow (Robert Pensime)
2) Population Explosion
A) 1700 – five million 1800 – nine million
1) There was a lower death rate
a) Less famine
b) Improved medicine
c) Less killing
2) More people = more demand
3) New Inventions
A) Pre the Industrial Revolution
1) In order to make a sweater
a) Merchant buys raw material
b) Wool is taken to family- they make yarn
c) Merchant takes yarn to weaver
d) Merchant takes fabric to market
e) Merchant takes fabric to dyer
f) It is taken to be cleaned and shaped
i) This process was too costly (middlemen) and time consuming
2) During the Industrial Revolution
a) One invention creates a need for another
1) Homework #6
|INVENTOR |INVENTION |USE |SIGNIFICANCE |
|John Kay |Flying shuttle |It moved the woof thread across |Weavers could weave faster than |
| | |the loom more rapidly. |spinners could produce thread. |
| | | |This caused the price for thread|
| | | |to rise dramatically. |
|James Hargreaves |Spinning Jenny |It could spin eight times as |This invention led to the |
| | |much thread as a single spinning|creation spinning mule and the |
| | |wheel. |first factory system. |
|Richard Arkwright |Water frame |It was a spinning machine driven|Because of his invention and the|
| | |by water. |spinning jenny, he gathered |
| | | |workers together and created the|
| | | |first factory system. |
|Samuel Compton |Spinning mule |It created plenty of fine |Weavers could get plenty of fine|
| | |quality thread. |quality thread, but not enough |
| | | |to meet the demand for cloth. |
|Edmund Cartwright |Water powered loom |One person could weave as much |The demand for cloth was finally|
| | |cloth as 200 hand loom |met. |
| | |operators. | |
|Eli Whitney |Cotton Gin |It could clean as much cotton as|The United States met the |
| | |fifty people per day. |demands of the British textile |
| | | |manufacturers and became the |
| | | |cotton- producing center of the |
| | | |world. |
|James Watt |Modern Steam engine |It was used in industries to |Thus steam replaced water as the|
| | |power machine instead of water. |industry’s major power source. |
|Henry Bessemer |Bessemer Process |A process using air to force out|This was a cheap and efficient |
| | |impurities in iron to make |way to make steel, which was |
| | |steel. |needed to run steam engine. |
|Charles Goodyear |Discovered vulcanizing |It created a more elastic and |Now when rubber was used to make|
| | |usable rubber. |waterproof coats and shoes they |
| | | |would not get sticky. It was |
| | | |also the basis of the modern |
| | | |rubber industry. |
|George Stephenson |The Rocket |It used the steam engine to |This invention increased the |
| | |travel over tracks at about 29 |speed of transportation and made|
| | |miles per hour. |it safe and affordable. |
|Robert Fulton |Steamboat |It was a boat powered by steam |It increased the speed of ships |
| | |instead of sails or rowing. |and reduced |
| | | |good-transportation-prices more |
| | | |than ever before. |
|Samuel Morse |Telegraph |It used electricity to create |This invention greatly increased|
| | |clicks that meant certain |the speed of communication. |
| | |letters. | |
-Eli Whitney-cotton gin- as a result from growing cotton faster slavery was increased
(Now they could grow more cotton because more could be used)
-The telegraph, telephone, and other new inventions increased communications.
b) Dynamite-1866- invented by Nobel( when he saw the destruction caused by his invention he decided to create the Nobel Prize to devote his life to peace.
4) New Source of Energy
A) James Watt created the steam engine
1) This made it so businesses didn’t have to be near water and worry about bad weather conditions in order to have energy.
5) Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England
A) They possessed an abundant amount of factors needed for production.
1) Capital
2) Land- excellent harbors, natural resources( coal and iron
3) Rivers- transportation and water power
4) Labor- growing populations and migration to cities
B) Large overseas empire- big market for British goods
C) Naval superiority
D) The government assisted businesses
E) Parliament passed laws to protect and promote businesses
Aim #17: How did the Industrial revolution impact the lives of the working and middle class?
1) Result of the Industrial Revolution
A) The population of cities went up
1) It is called urbanization
2) London’s population went up, but not as much as other cities because it dealt more with trade than with factory labor.
B) Houses, called tenements, were connected or very close together.
1) There wasn’t much air circulation
2) People lived in poor unhealthy conditions
a) The conditions were unsanitary
1) The conditions were a breeding ground for disease
a) Cholera broke out in many places
C) Pollution
D) Living standard went up
1) There was more entertainment
2) Real wages (Went up)- the amount of goods one can purchase with wages.
3) People had access to real goods.
2) Workers in the Industrial Revolution
A) Children
1) There were very dangerous working conditions
a) No insurance for injuries
b) There was no protective gear
2) Why kids?
a) They were small and quick
b) Skills that children didn’t have weren’t needed
c) People felt that if you work on the farm you work in the city
d) Factory owners could pay them lower wages then men
3) Treatment of children
a) They worked a long time
b) They were beaten if they didn’t do work efficiently enough
c) There weren’t many breaks
B) Women
1) They worked too much
2) Why women?
a) Widows were desperate
b) They could be paid lower wages than men
C) Everyone
1) Everyone worked long hours
2) Everyone got fined for being late
a) Some factory owners locked the doors once the working day started until the end of the day.
i) So workers would be very cautious not to be late because if they were they would lose a whole days wages
ii) So workers couldn’t take breaks until the factory owners let them
iii) So workers couldn’t steal materials
3) The Middle Class
A) They looked down on the working class and had no sympathy for them
1) They felt that they were in the same position and became wealthy by themselves so the workers should be ably to do the same.
B) Women didn’t work
C) They had it made
1) They had servants and large houses
Aim #18: How do the conditions from the Industrial Revolution still plague the world today?
1) Exploitation of workers (children) by factory owners.
A) The United States has laws so children won’t be exploited
1) Minimum wages
2) Regulated amount of hours
3) There is no working in hazardous conditions
B) Oppressive child labor
1) Children are under legal minimum ages
2) They are worked longer hours then allowed by the law
3) They are paid lower wages then allowed by the law
4) They are forced to work in dangerous conditions
5) They have no chance for education
2) Globalization
A) Definition: a trend towards a worldwide market without restrictions of borders
B) Free trade
1) North American Free Trade Agreement
a) Between America and Mexico
3) UN Convention of the rights of the child
A) The UN has laws against child labor, but they are not enforced
Aim #19 and #20: How did economists propose to help the plight (struggle) of the working class?
1) Should the government get involved in economic affairs?
A) Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)- time of the enlightenment
1) The government should not get involved.
a) “Laissez faire”( let do, hands off
b) People are concentrating on self-interest (They only care if they have enough money for themselves)
2) The natural law of economics was that individuals should be left free to pursue their own economic self-interest (The owner and the customer)
a) There should be no government involvement.
3) Capitalism: An economic system in which private individuals rather than the government control the factors of production. Capitalism also regulate s the market (“Invisible Hand”)
a) Private ownership
i) The individual owns the means (factors: labor, land, and capital or tools) of production.
b) “Free” enterprise
i) The individual has the freedom of entering a business and operating it as he wishes.
c) Profit motive
i) People can make as much money as they can/want (The government can’t regulate the amount of income you take in a year)
d) Competition
i) Competition lowered prices
ii) Competition created better quality products
e) Supply and demand
i) When the demand goes up then prices goes up
ii) When the supply and demand go up then prices go up
iii) This concept determined prices
4) The government should control
a) The army
b) The police
c) The building of roads and canals
B) Thomas Mathus-1798-A minister in the English Church- “An Essay on the Principles of Population
1) He made a grim prediction( poverty and misery
a) Unavoidable: Why?
i) The population is increasing faster than the rate of food production.
a) The food supply is increasing arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5…) while the population is increasing geometrically (2,4,6,8…)
b) There are two type of ways to stop this increase:
i) Disease, war and famine
ii) Morale restraint
b) He was wrong because he didn’t take into account that:
i) That technology would become so advanced and increase the rate of food production as it did.
ii) Birth control was more accepted and widely used then he thought it would be.
iii) During his time people had many kids to have more workers, but later on people started have kids because they enjoyed them.
C) David Ricardo
1) “Iron law of wages”
a) When wages are high ( people have more children ( which leads to more workers ( which leads to lower wages and unemployment.
D) Jeremy Betham (1800)
1) Utilization
a) The idea that the goal of society should be the “greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens.
b) Laws and actions should be judged by their utility (Usefulness)
E) John Stuart Mill
1) He wanted the government to intervene and improve the hard lives of the worker
a) If there is no government intervention than the strong (Big businesses) will always overcome the weak (Small businesses)
b) Universal suffrage- (allowed everyone to vote)- especially for workers
i) Workers could use their political power to make reforms
F) Socialism
1) Capitalism was evil because it created a big gap between the rich and the poor
2) Instead of the individual, the people as a whole (government) should own and operate the means of production.
3) The goal of society was one that operated for the welfare of the people
4) The government should actively plan the economy
5) The government should control mines, factories, and railroads
Aim #21: How did Karl Marx propose to help the working class?
1) Karl Marx- German- (Friedrich Engels and him wrote) Das Kapital
A) All of history is about class struggles and economy
1) The struggle is between the haves (Bourgeoisie- employers) and have-nots (Proletariat- workers)
a) The Industrial Revolution is the ultimate struggle
B) Capitalism vs. Marxism (Communism- Marxism- Socialism)
1) Karl Marx thought that the original capitalism was good
a) It allowed people to produce a large amount of goods
2) Capitalism turned bad because employers started to exploit workers
a) Workers worked a lot and the employer took all the money. The extra value (labor) that worker put in went completely to the employer.
i) He felt that the workers should have gotten some of the surplus (The extra profit taken in because of the workers extra work)
ii) According to capitalism this was fair because the employer himself invested his own money in his business, and took the risk of losing his own money. He himself also rose to the top.
a) If the business would go bankrupt he would have lost all his money not the worker.
C) Solution to Marx’s problem with capitalism
1) The communist theory
a) All means of production should be in the hands of the state (The workers organized as a ruling class)
i) This will cause a revolution, a “communist revolution” which will be between capitalists and workers.
a) This will cause everyone to be equal (“From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”) and the workers will overthrow the capitalists.
i) This will destroy the struggle of classes and history won’t be repeated
a) No government will be needed.
i) Private property will be abolished
D) He was wrong
1) Why?
a) There are factors in society except for economy (Religion and politics)
b) The government didn’t disappear, but took control of everything
c) He didn’t take into account that working conditions would improve
Aim #22/23: How did the conditions of the working class gradually improve?
1) Standard of Living
A) Life expectancy went up
1) Men by ten years and women by fourteen years
2) This was due to advances in science in medicine
B) Wages went up
C) Mass production
1) Because of mass production prices of goods decreased and more people could afford to by them and live in more comfortable conditions
2) Reform movements
A) Luddities
1) They went around breaking windows
a) Why?
i) People were losing their jobs because of technological advances
B) Chartist
1) They demanded four basic things:
a) Secret ballot
b) Universal Manhood Suffrage
i) All men could vote
c) Annual elections for Parliament
d) Fair salary for members of Parliament
i) Now regular workers can be in the government because they will be making enough money to support their families, without other jobs.
3) Reforms
A) Voting
1) Reform Bill of 1832 (Now 3% of the people could vote)
a) It got rid of rotten boroughs
i) It used to be that certain parts of the country were allowed to send two representatives to Parliament even if they had a small population, while others with large populations were allowed the same amount of representatives. This created an unequal representation for the amount of people in different areas.
ii) It also lowered property qualifications for voters
2) Reform Bill of 1867 (Now 7% of the people could vote)
a) It lowered property qualifications for voters
b) Now most industrial workers could vote
c) Most farmers, agricultural works, and all women could not vote
3) Reform Bill of 1884 (Now 14% of the people could vote)
B) Working
1) Social Change of 1833
a) It stated that all children under six years old were free and any older children would be free within seven years
2) Factory Act of 1819
a) All children from ages nine to eighteen could work no more than twelve hours a day
3) Ten Hours Act
a) Women and children under eighteen could work no more than ten hours a day
i) Factory owners also made everyone else only work ten hours a day because they felt it wasn’t profitable to keep the factories opened without the women and children.
C) Other
1) Education Act of 1870
a) It created a national elementary school system- Now children could get an elementary education for a small fee (In 1891 national elementary schools were made free)
4) Unions
A) Definition
1) Associates of workers who collected dues and used the money to pay workers who were on strike. They could plan actions and coordinate demands of different types of workers in the same factory.
B) Originally unions were outlawed, but later on governments accepted them
C) They tried to fight for better wages and working conditions
1) Because they were a large number of people they were able to demand such things.
2) Strikes (Originally outlawed)
a) Workers could be locked out or blacklisted (A list of all the workers on strike was sent to all the factories so a worker wouldn’t be hired)
b) Owners could get an injunction- a court order telling a worker that he is allowed or not allowed to go on strike
5) Suffrage movement for women
A) 1833( Abolition Movement- slavery was banned
1) Women played a large role in fighting for this abolition
B) Emmeline Pankhurst
1) She tried to win the right to vote by destroying property
C) Some people were against women voting
1) Why?
a) They thought women were too emotional to vote
b) They thought that women should be protected from politics
c) They thought that the women’s place was in the home
2) 1848- first women’s suffrage convention in America
a) They wrote that men and women were equal
3) 1918- Women in England over 30 were allowed to vote
4) 1928- Women above 21 were allowed to vote
Aim #24: How did Italy and Germany become nations in the 1800s?
1) Bonds that create a Nation-State
A) Nationality
1) A belief in a common ethnic ancestry (This belief may or may not be true)
B) Language
1) Different dialects (forms) of one language: one dialect chosen as the “national language”
C) Culture
1) A shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideal)
D) History
1) A common past; common experiences
E) Religion
1) A religion shared by all or most of the people
F) Territory
1) A certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; “its land”
2) Nationalism in Europe: Video Review
A) Where did people get their sense of identity throughout much of history?
1) From their families( clan( village
B) Which two European nations had an early sense of national identity?
1) France and England
C) Why did the idea of nationalism take longer to develop in Italy than in other European countries?
1) Because people in the regions of Italy had their own government and they felt that they were from their region, not their country
D) What did Giuseppe Mazzini propose from Italy? Why?
1) Proposition: Giuseppe Mazzini proposed to unite Italy
2) Why: Italy had geographical conditions, language, literature, necessities of defense, and political power
E) How did Napoleon help unite the Italian states?
1) They had to join to fight Napoleon (War- common bond)
3) The fight for Italian unification
A) Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
1) He spent time in exile in South America and the United States
2) He was an expert in guerilla warfare
3) He led a volunteer army of red shirts
4) He conquered the kingdom of the two Siciles in 1860
5) He surrendered his conquests to Victor Emmanuel II when voters supported the unification of Italy
B) Pope
1) “I must surrender the sword, but I keep the keys”
a) He was willing to give up his power to the secular state, but he kept the key (Control) to religion
4) Germany
A) It had many different states (Prussia was the largest), but they share a common language and history
B) Otto Van Bismark- responsible for the unification of Germany
1) Real Politick
a) He would use anything in his means to reach his goal
2) He was a reactionary
3) Blood and Iron
a) This means he will unite the nation by any means possible mainly war
b) He was tired of speeches and voting because they didn’t do anything
5) Roadblocks and solutions that Otto Van Bismarck proposed and solved
A) Jealousy and fear of Prussia
1) Prussia forms Zollvereian (Free trade), an economic union. Prussia led German states in wars against rivals
B) Rivalry between Austria and Prussia
1) Prussia fought and won Seven Weeks War against Austria
C) Religious differences between Southern Catholics and Northern Protestants
1) Southern German state allied with Prussia against France
D) France was opposed to a powerful to a powerful Germany
1) Prussia fought and defeated France- Prussian War
a) Otto Van Bismark lured France into war
2) Results
a) Germany got two parts of France, Alsace and Lorraine
6) In 1871 Otto Van Bismarck united Germany
Aim #25: Why did Europeans embark in a policy of Imperialism in the late 1800s and early 1900s? (1880-1914)
1) Imperialism
A) Definition: Domination [control] by one country of the political, economic, and or cultural life of another country or region.
1) How?
a) Colony
b) Protectorate
c) Sphere of Influence
d) Economic Imperialism
2) Old vs. New Imperialism
3) Indirect vs. Direct Rule
A) Indirect rule (British- they didn’t have enough officials to rule everywhere)
1) Local government officials were used
2) Limited self-rule
3) Goal: to develop future leaders
4) Government institutions are based on European styles, but may have local rules
B) Direct Rule (France)
1) Foreign officials brought in to rule
2) No self-rule
3) Goal: Impose European culture; assimilation
4) Government institutions are based only on European styles
4) Causes of Imperialism
A) Economic
1) Need for natural resources
2) Desire to expand markets
3) Desire to invest profits
4) Outlet needed for growing population
5) Economies strengthened by Industrial Revolution
B) Political and military Causes
1) Bases needed for merchant and naval vessels
2) National security
3) Nationalism
4) Prestige if global empire
5) Strong, centrally-governed nation-states
C) Social Causes
1) Desire to spread Christianity
2) Desire to share Western civilization
a) Justice, liberty, peace
b) “White man’s burden”
i) Half Child Half Devil
a) Europeans felt that their colonies were like children (Naïve as children) and they weren’t civilized (Half human)
ii) This idea even made its way into advertisements
iii) Missionary acts- spread Christianity
3) Belief in social Darwinism
a) The higher advanced countries will survive
4) Increase European self-confidence
D) Technological Causes
1) Medical knowledge
2) Advances in weaponry
a) Maxim gun
i) It weighs about 40 pounds
ii) It shot 11 rounds per second
iii) It is much easier to conquer land
3) Advances in overseas travel
a) Steam boat
b) Metal hull- the bottom part of a ship that goes in the water
i) It is easier to travel and stronger then wood
5) Germany
A) Germany was a little late in obtaining colonies for itself
1) They had to catch up to the British who were far ahead.
a) The British thought of themselves as the best
Aim #26: How did European Imperialism impact Africa?
1) Pre-colonialism (Africa)
A) European- coastline/ ports
B) Primarily interested in slavery
1) Africans traded other Africans as slaves
C) “Unknown”/ “Dark Continent” (Not because of black people)
1) Difficult to explore
a) Why?
i) Sahara and Kalahari desserts
ii) Plateaus
iii) Jungles (Hot and wet near the equator)
iv) Coastline has very few good harbors
v) Rivers have rapids and waterfalls
vi) Malaria killed many people
2) Explorers
A) Dr. Livingstone- 1841-1873- (He explored Africa and wrote books about it. The books peaked European interest)
1) He went to Africa for:
a) Christianity
b) Commerce
c) Civilization
3) “Scramble” for Africa
A) Everyone wanted a piece of Africa and everyone grabbed whatever they could get.
1) Who?
a) Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Belgium, and Spain
2) Two areas weren’t taken over:
a) Liberia- it was for free slaves of America
b) Ethiopia- they defeated Italy
3) Why?
a) European motives
i) Nationalism
ii) Economic competition
iii) European racism
iv) Missionary impulse
4) External forces for conquering Africa
a) Maxim gun
b) Railroads and steam engine
c) Cure for malaria- Quinine
5) Internal forces for conquering Africa
a) Variety of cultures and languages
b) Low level of technology
c) Ethnic strife (Tribes fought amongst themselves)
B) Berlin Conference 1885( Europeans met to make rules on colonizing and dividing Africa
4) Video Review: Empire in Africa
A) Questions
1) When did Europeans accelerate the push for foreign colonies?
a) About the 1800s (1880)
2) What three factors might have encouraged European Imperialism?
a) Natural resources
b) Labor
c) Nationalism
3) Why did the leaders of 14 European nations meet in Berlin in 1885?
a) They met to keep the rivalry for colonies from turning into war
b) They laid down the ground rules for dividing up and colonizing Africa
c) Although this meeting affected many Africans there were no African leaders there
4) How did Europeans use African labor?
a) They used African labor for mines and plantations
5) How did Africans “benefit” from Imperialism?
a) New jobs (Mines and plantations)
b) Schools
c) More roads and railroads
5) Causes and effects
A) Cause: Europeans conquer Africa
1) Effects:
a) Africans lost the right to rule themselves
b) Africans were forced to adopt European customs, language, and way of life
i) Assimilation
ii) Lost their heritage
c) Africans lost their lands to Europeans
i) They were forced to grow “cash crops”
a) Less food= famine
d) Africans were forced to work for Europeans at low wages
e) Africans had to pay taxes, but could not vote
i) These taxes ran the colony (All the abuses they were subjected to)
B) Cause: Europeans made artificial borders/boundaries without regard to tribal homelands
1) Effects:
a) They separated tribes
b) They forced enemy tribes to live together
i) This caused conflict
a) Tribalism= more loyal to tribe than your country
b) Example: Rwanda- controlled by Belgium. In this colony when the two tribes, the Hoodoos and Tootsies, were freed they fought each other (Massacre)
6) King Leopold II- the king of Belgium
A) Congo- he owned Congo as his own personal property, not as a colony to Belgium
1) The Congo was known for rubber and ivory
a) His business only boomed in the 1890s with the invention of the rubber tire
b) He decided to tax the African inhabitants by requiring local chiefs to supply men to collect rubber. (He held the women prisoners till the men brought back their quota)
i) The Africans rebelled (They burned the rainforests where rubber was found)
a) King Leopold’s private army and other Africans crushed the rebels
i) The army had to bring back the right hand of everyone they killed to prove that they killed the amount of people needed to fill their quota
ii) This scared many people into working
2) Pressured by Europeans and the United States he gave Congo to Belgium as a colony
Aim #27: How did British Imperialism impact India?
1) Quotes about the British Empire
A) “The sun never sets on the British Empire”
1) The British have colonies all over the world so when the sun sets on one colony or region, it comes up on another colony or region.
B) “[India] the brightest jewel in the British crown”
1) They made the more money from India than any other colony that they had. The items that gave the British the most profit were as follows:
a) Cotton
b) Indigo
c) Jute (A plant that they make rope out of)
d) Spices
e) Tea (They also got tea from China)
f) Opium
2) Cartoons about the British Empire
A) England is drawn as an octopus
1) They had colonies all over the world so it was as if their tentacles were all over the world
B) Greedy Johnny (John Bull of England)
1) England took everything for itself
3) The British East India Company (They controlled India)
A) Mid-1800s
1) They controlled approximately 3/5 of India
a) The land they controlled was about 10 times the size of the British Isles and had about 5 times the population
2) They exploited the diversity of India (To win wars)
3) They hired local Hindu and Muslim soldiers known as “sepoys”
B) Purpose
1) To make money
a) They imported tea (imported into England)
b) They improved roads, preserved peace, and reduced theft
c) They introduced western education and legal procedures (Laws)
C) Growing Discontent
1) 1850s- unpopular moves
a) Sepoys were forced to serve overseas
i) Hindus are not allowed to leave India
b) Missionaries tried to convert natives
c) They outlawed sutee (sutí)
i) This was a practice where when a man dies his widowed wife would be burned on his grave
d) They allowed Hindu widows to remarry
e) There was a new rifle that was put to use. The problem with this rifle was that in order to load the cartridges one had to bite a piece of them off, but the cartridges were greased with pig and cow fat to increase loading speed. The problem with this was that cows were sacred to Hindus and Muslims weren’t allowed to eat pig.
D) The sepoys revolted against the British East India Company
1) The revolution started because of all the unpopular moves that the British East India Company made
2) The East India Company was being defeated, but when British troops arrived they crushed the rebellion
a) Many people were killed and it was a massacre for both sides
E) Queen Victoria
1) She declared October 7th a day of humility to repent and restore tranquility
2) She decided that a private trading company can’t be in charge of India and the control of India was given to her and the government
a) Although she is Christian, Queen Victoria stated that all religions will be tolerated and everyone is equal before the law
4) British control of India
A) 1858- Parliament ended the rule of the East India Company
1) They put India directly under the British crown
2) A British viceroy was appointed to govern India
B) India’s role in the British crown
1) Great Britain incorporated India into the British economy
2) They “modernized” India
a) India adopted Western technology and culture
3) India was a large market and source of resources
5) How and why did Great Britain improve the infrastructure of India?
A) Transportation and communication
1) They built railroads to help British sell goods and get resources (cotton, jute, and coal) to coastal ports
2) They installed telegraph lines to control India better
3) The Suez Canal opened in 1869 (It was from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea and saved 4000 miles)
a) Great Britain took control of the canal in 1882
B) Agriculture
1) Farmers were pushed to grow cash crops instead of herding
2) “Deforestation”
a) The British cleared forests to create more farmland
C) Population
1) The British improved health care
a) There was a population explosion
i. This caused a strain on the food supply
6) Impact of British Imperialism in India
A) Positive impacts
1) The British brought peace and order
2) The British revised the local system to promote justice
3) The British introduced the railroad and telegraph to India
4) The British bridged regional differences
5) The British educated Indians (The exposure to Western ideas helped spark the nationalist movement)
(The British flooded India with cheap manufactured goods)
B) Negative impacts
1) Missionaries imposed Christianity on Indians
a) This caused Indians to lose their heritage
2) The British looked down at Indian cultures (They dismissed achievements)
3) The British restricted Indian owned industries
4) They destroyed Indian’s hand domestic system of products which led to unemployment
5) They reduced food production because farmers were forced to grow cash crops
6) India lost its elf-sufficiency
Aim #28: How did China fall “victim” to European imperialism?
1) Pre1800s China
A) The Chinese didn’t think that trade was good
B) The Chinese thought of Europeans as:
1) Hairy
2) Barbaric
3) They thought Europeans had bad breath
C) The Middle Kingdom
1) The Chinese thought of themselves as half way between heaven and earth
2) Ethnocentrism (The Chinese thought of themselves as the best and above everyone else)
D) What did Europeans want from China?
1) Goods
a) Silk
b) Tea
c) Porcelain
2) China was a large market
a) China’s population was 400 million people
2) Chinese Britain relations
A) The British wanted China to open up ports for trade because they wanted to start trading with China. The British also made other requests.
1) China denied all the British request
a) The only trade port that the British can use is Canton
b) The British ambassador must “kowtow” (Instead of establishing equal relationships)
1. That means that the British ambassador must show respect by kneeling three times and by knocking his head on the ground nine times
B) Opium
1) Why the British start trading with opium?
a) When Britain first started trading with China they traded silver for tea (Look at fig. 1 for a picture of the following)
i) Britain was gaining less tea than they were actually paying for (Trade deficit), while China was taking in more silver then they were owed (Trade surplus)
a) Britain starting trading opium for silver with Chinese citizens (They got Chinese citizens to buy opium by giving out free opium so people will get addicted, and then sold it to them)
i) The Chinese made it illegal to sell opium in China
b) Problems that spurted from opium
i) The empress’s daughter died of opium overdose
a) The Chinese burned a million dollars worth of opium
3) The Opium War (1839-1842)
A) The immediate cause was the burning of opium in Canton
B) The Chinese lost the war
C) Results
1) The Treaty of Nanking
a) The treaty stated that China had to open four ports for trade
b) The treaty stated that China had to allow the trade of opium
c) The treaty stated that China have to give Hong Kong to Great Britain
d) The treaty stated that all Britons living in china had the right of extraterritoriality
1. This meant that if a Briton committed a crime in China he would be tried by British courts and not Chinese courts
4) Other countries started to take over China
A) Motives
1) They wanted to make a profit
2) They wanted to convert the Chinese people to Christianity
a) They felt that the Chinese were heathens
B) How did they plan to divide China?
1) Sphere of influence
a) An area in which a country has exclusive trading rights
b) 1899: The United States proposed an open door policy (This means that everyone can trade everywhere)
i) The United States wanted to be able to trade with China (and make a profit)
ii) This prevented China from being taken over
5) The Boxer Rebellion (1900)
A) There was a flood and then a draught
1) Chinese believed that whenever nature started to be dangerous it was a punishment from the gods
B) The Boxers were the League of Harmonious Fists (The Europeans named them the Boxers)
C) The Boxers were against Western influence and technology
D) Their purpose was to fight against foreign aggression
E) The leaders of the rebellion were peasants
F) The Boxers believed that they were possessed by gods, thus they believed that they were invincible
G) They killed many missionaries and foreign business people
H) They were suppressed by an alliance of European nations
6) 1908: The Chinese empress died
A) A two-year-old relative took her place
1) As a result China got weaker
7) 1911: Nationalists, called Kuomintangs, established a Chinese republic
A) They overthrew the Manchu Dynasty
B) Their leader was Dr. Sun Yat-sen
1) He proposed three principles for China
a) Nationalism
i) He wanted to replace the weak Manchu Dynasty with a strong central government capable of freeing china from imperialist control
b) Democracy
i) He wanted to elect government officials responsible to the people
c) Livelihood
i) He wanted to adopt Western industrial and agricultural ways in order to improve China’s economic condition
Aim #29: How did Japan “resist” European imperialism and become imperialist?
1) Why wasn’t Japan taken over by Europeans?
A) Japan was surrounded by water
1) Japan was isolated from other countries and Western influence because of its geography
B) Japan saw what happened to all the countries that were taken over by Europeans, and decided to industrialize itself
1) China, India, and Africa were taken over and as a result India and Africa are poor
C) The Japanese people were against foreigners (They didn’t trust them)
D) Act of Seclusion of 1636
1) All Japanese are not allowed to leave the country
a) If they do and return they will be put to death
2) All Christians shall be examined by official examiners
a) They were against Christianity and thought that it would be a bad influence
2) Time line of how Japan became an imperialist
A) 1853: Commodore Mathew Perry arrives in Tokyo harbor
1) He exchanged industrialized items for regular common items
2) President Fillmore wrote a letter to the emperor
a) He said that Japan and the United States should be friends and that Japan should open up trade to everyone
b) He said that the Japanese should change their laws in order to trade
1. He said that it would beneficial for both the United States and Japan
c) Within his letter he praised the Emperor and acted respectfully
d) The purpose of the letter was to open trade with Japan and to open harbors to have a place to refuel and get supplies
B) 1854: Treaty of Kongawa
1) Terms
a) Japan will open two ports for United States trade ships
b) The United States can establish an embassy in Japan
C) 1860: Japan granted foreigners permission to trade at treaty ports
D) 1867: Tokugawa shogun was forced to step down
1) The Japanese people were angry at the shogun for giving in to the demands of foreigners
a) They feared that he was losing control of the country
2) Complete control over Japan was given to Emperor Matshuhito
a) This restoration of the emperor’s power was called the restoration of the “Meiji”, or “enlightened rule”
i. The goal of the Meiji was to modernize and industrialize Japan, but keep its culture
a) How?
i) The Japanese will borrow from the West and eventually become self-sufficient
ii) The Japanese imported foreigners to introduce modern methods
iii) The Japanese sent out Japanese students to Western universities to get a Western education
iv) Banking became essential for Meiji business loans
v) The Japanese adopted the railroad
E) 1860s: The Japanese purchased their first steamship
F) 1869: The Japanese got their first telegraph
G) 1872: The first railroad completed and the first textile factory established
H) 1894-5: Sino-Japanese War
1) Japan took over China and Korea
I) 1900: Foreign trade totals $200,000,000 a year (In 1854 it totaled $0)
J) 1904-5: Russia-Japan War
1) Japan took over Russia
K) 1910: By 1910 Japanese territorial expansion grew five times
3) Why did Japan take over other countries?
A) Japan lacked the natural resources needed for production
B) Japan is 80% mountains
1) They needed a place for agriculture
C) They wanted to show the world that Japan was strong and powerful
4) Comparison between China and Japan (Steps to Imperialism)
A) China
1) Remains committed to traditional values
2) Loses numerous territorial conflicts
3) Grants other nations spheres of influence with China
4) Finally except necessity for reform
B) Japan
1) Considers modernization to be necessary
2) Borrows and adapts western ways
3) Strengthens its economic and military power
4) Becomes an empire builder
C) Both
1) Have well established traditional values
2) Initially resist change
3) Oppose Western Imperialism
Aim #30: How was Latin America controlled by outside forces following independence?
1) Latin American Geography (Latin America= Central America, South America, and Mexico)
A) Rainforests
B) Most people lived near water
1) It was cooler
C) Geography prevented unity among Latin American countries because of large distances and geographical barriers
2) The social pyramid of Latin America
A) Peninsulares
1) They were natural born Spanish or Portuguese who had moved to Latin America
2) They were wealthy and owned haciendas (Large farming estates)
3) They ruled colonial society
B) Creoles
1) They were people who were born in Latin America, but they were of Spanish or Portuguese background
C) Mestizos and Mulattoes
1) Mestizos- people of Indian and white background
2) Mulattoes- people of Black and white background
D) Native Latin Americans
E) Slaves
3) Latin American Independence (Early 1800s)
A) Why did Latin American countries strive for independence?
1) Latin Americans were being abused by the Peninsulares
2) They were inspired by the American and French Revolutions
B) How did Latin American countries achieve independence?
1) Napoleon had weakened Spain so Spain couldn’t control its colonies
2) Revolutionists
a)
|Leader |Role in Independence Movement |
|Toussaint L’ouverture |He was the leader of the mulatto rebellion. Under his leadership the mulattoes defeated the |
| |French and gained control of the island of Hispaniola. The French sent an army to regain |
| |control and they captured Toussaint L’ouverture. He died in prison in 1803. |
|Miguel Hidalgo |He was a priest. In 1810 he started the first important independence movement in Mexico. He led|
| |an army of Indian peasants against the Spanish, Peninsulares and Creoles. Miguel Hidalgo |
| |achieved some early victories, but then was captured and executed by the Spanish army. |
|Simon Bolivar |He led the rebels in bloody civil war throughout South America called “the Liberator” by Latin |
| |Americans. He started the revolt in his native city of Caracas in 1810. He only succeeded in |
| |destroying Spain’s power in the viceroyalty of New Granada in 1819. He raised another army in |
| |what is now called Venezuela, crossed the Andes, and defeated the Spanish at Boyacá. He became |
| |president, with almost absolute power, of a new nation called Great Columbia. |
|Jose de San Martin |He was an Argentinean general who gathered an army and made a difficult crossing of the Andes |
| |into a region known as Chile. He joined forces with its inhabitants and they overcame the |
| |Spanish resistance there in 1818. From Chile his forces sailed north to capture the city of |
| |Lima in Peru. The Spanish viceroy fled and he declared Peru independent in 1821 |
C) Effects of Latin American independence
1) The Creoles became wealthy
2) The native Americans supported the Creoles (and do till today)
3) The caudillos (military dictators) ruled after the revolutions even though the countries had presidents.
4) Economic effects
4) Latin America as an independent region
A) Latin America was rich in natural resources
B) The United States told European countries that Latin America should never be colonized again
1) They said that they will defend Latin America
2) European countries were allowed to keep existing colonies
5) Roosevelt Corollary
A) Theodore Roosevelt stated that if Latin American countries pay their debts then the United States won’t get involved in Latin American affairs, but if they don’t pay their debts then the United States will get involved
1) The United States was willing to get European debts for them in order to keep Europeans out of the Americas
2) The Latin Americans were resentful of this because the United States acted as if it could just go into any Latin American country
Aim #31: How did the “Great War” aka WWI begin in 1914?
1) Long Term Causes
A) Nationalism
1) Germany was united because of nationalism
2) Austria was broken apart because of nationalism
3) Franco-Prussian War (1870)
a) The French resented Germany because the Germans defeated them
b) The French resented German occupation of Alsace and Lorraine
4) The Balkans
a) Serbian independence (1878) and Bosnian independence (1908)
i) Background
a. Turkey had controlled all of Bosnia and westward (the Balkans)
b. Turkey lost all of its countries
c. There were many Serbs who lived in Bosnia, that used to be under Turkish control and Serbia wanted to unite Serbia and Bosnia
d. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia which angered Serbia
b) Russia
i) Russia was interested in the Balkans so they supported Serbia
a. Russia didn’t want the Ottoman Empire to take over the Balkans because the Balkans provided the only route to the Mediterranean Sea
b. Russia also believed in Pan-Slavism
i. This meant that they thought that it was their duty to unite, lead, and defend all the Slavs (Bosnia and Serbia were Slavic countries)
c) Germany
i. The Germans wanted control of the Balkans because they wanted to build a railroad from Berlin through Constantinople to Baghdad
B) Economic Rivalry/Competition
1) Germany was becoming a very big economic rival to Great Britain
a) Germany was beginning to produce more iron and coal and was starting to become a very big trader
i) Great Britain feared Germany’s rapid industrial, iron, coal, and commercial (trade) growth
2) Great Britain feared that if the Berlin Baghdad railroad was constructed it would replace the Suez Canal as the fastest ways to get to all the new countries (The Balkans, India, etc.)
a) Everyone wanted the Middle East because of its oil
C) Imperialism
1) Competition for colonies increased (Raw materials and markets)
a) Different countries fought over different colonies
2) Germany wanted their place in the sun
a) From the saying “The sun never sets on the British Empire”
D) Militarism
1) Definition: glorification of armed strength
2) Kaiser William II thought that military power would make him more powerful
3) People of the time painted a romantic view of war (heroes)
4) Military leaders mobilized their armies
a) This means that they made it so their army would be ready very quickly if they were needed.
5) Germany had one of the smallest populations, but one of the largest armies
6) New and more weapons are created
a) Dreadnoughts (A type of ship) were created by Britain, but Germany also started to build a lot of them
b) There were more weapon and bigger navies which could lead to war
7) Every country had plans in case it was attacked. (This made it easier to fight a war and showed that every country was ready to go to war)
E) Alliances
1) Triple Alliance- 1882
a) 1879- Dual Alliance
Germany Austria-Hungary Italy
2) Triple Entente- 1907
Russia France Great Britain
2) Timeline of the Immediate Causes
A) June 28, 1914: A Bosnian Serb, named Gavrilo Princip, kills the Arch Duke of Austria (Francis Ferdinand)
1) Gavrilo Princip was a member of a terrorist group called the Black Hand
2) He said that he did it because he was a Serbian nationalists, and was angry at Austria-Hungary for annexing Bosnia
B) Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and gave them an ultimatum (final set of demands)
1) Serbia has to end all terrorism and propaganda against Austria-Hungary
2) They wanted Serbia to arrest all the Serbs involved in the assassination
3) They wanted Serbia to allow an Austrian investigation team to investigate the crime
C) Serbia agreed to the first two demands, but not the third
D) July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
E) Germany gives Austria-Hungary “blank check” support (Anything they need)
F) Serbia asked Russia for help
G) Russia orders a full mobilization of her troops (to help Serbia)
H) August 1, 1914: Germany declares war on Russia
I) France supported Russia
J) August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France
1) Now Germany had to fight on 2 fronts
a) Schlieffen Plan (1905- it was planned in advance)
1. Germany knew that it would take a long time for Russia to mobilize so they decided to attack and defeat France quickly and then attack Russia
K) August 3, 1914: Germany invaded neutral Belgium
1) This violated a treaty that was created in 1839 between Belgium and the rest of Europe. The treaty guaranteed Belgium neutrality if a war broke out in Europe.
L) August 4, 1914: Great Britain declared war on Germany
1) They honored the treaty with Belgium and decided to defend Belgium
Aim #32: How was WWI fought?
1) There were two different powers; the Central Powers and the Allied Powers
A) The Central Powers
1) They were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
B) Allied Powers
1) They were Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and Serbia
2) The war was fought on three different fronts
A) Eastern Front- Russia vs. Germany
B) Western Front- France vs. Germany
1) This front was fought with trench warfare
2) This front was a war of attrition (Each side tried to ware the other out)
C) Southern Front- Balkan front
3) The Western Front
A) Germany had conquered part of France, but the fighting reached a stalemate (Neither side was able to advance) at the Battle of Marne
1) Trench Warfare
a) Both sides built trenches
b) There was no movement between Germany and France because no one was able to conquer the other
c) The trench
1. Each trench had barbed wire in the front and then many foxholes were the soldiers were positioned
2. Between the two enemy trenches was no man’s land
a. There was no way to cross no man’s land because the enemy would fire at you from their trench
b. Many people died in no man’s land
3. Many soldiers in the trenches got trench-foot
a. A disease caused by the water in the trenches
d) Weapons and techniques used by the two enemy trenches
i) Large cannons- long range artillery
ii) The lifting tower- someone was lifted up to see the enemy trench
iii) Planes replaced the lifting tower and were used for observation (Later on they were also used for bombing)
iv) Sapping- they would tunnel under no man’s land and try to break through the enemy trench
v) Flame thrower (The first time it was used)
vi) Chemical Warfare (gas)- many people were killed
a) Gas masks were used to prevent chemical warfare
vii) Tanks were used for the first time (To cross no man’s land)
a) They were slow and ineffective
Aim #33: Why is WWI considered the “first” in many aspects?
1) WWI is the first of many things:
A) New Machinery- weapons
1) U-Boat
a) First submarine- perfected by the Germans
b) This caused the United States to get involved in WWI
B) Airplanes
1) Originally they were used for observing, but later on they were used for bombing
a) They were crude because they had bad aimers
C) Dog fights (not literally)- Red Barron- Shot down allied planes
D) Mechanized warfare (1st modern war)
1) Machines, trucks, and tanks were used during a war for the first time
E) Biological Warfare
F) First truly world war
1) The main fighting was done in Europe, but fighting was also going on in other places as a result
a) Africa- there was fighting between colonies (Africa become a battlefield)
1. Great Britain and France tried to capture German colonies
b) Japan attacked the German colonies in Asia
c) India and Australia sent troops (1.3 million troops were sent into turkey)
d) Brazil sent battleships to support the allies
G) First real total war (Involved various areas)
1) Every country directed all its resources (Human and industrial) to the war effort
a) Civilians
1. Men
a. They were drafted as soldiers
b. They worked in the factories
2. Women
a. Worked in factories
b. Nurses
b) Colonies
i) Resources
ii) Workers
iii) Soldiers
c) Governments
i) Controlled the economy
ii) Drafted soldiers
iii) Rationed food and goods
iv) Sold bonds to raise money
v) Raised taxes
vi) They utilized propaganda (It was very misleading)
a) To convince people to join the war
b) To convince people to buy bonds
Aim #34: Why did a revolution erupt in Russia in 1917?
1) Background
A) The social status of the people of Russia
1) The Czar: (Romanov was the name of the Czar family)
a) He was a complete autocrat (absolute ruler)
b) His will was law
2) The Officials:
a) They carried out the Czar’s commands
i) They included the army, the navy, the secret service, and the bureaucracy
3) The Nobles:
a) They served the Czar, but had power over the peasants
4) The Middle Classes:
a) They included merchants and craftsmen
5) The Peasants: (Some were still serfs)
a) They were the majority of the Russian people
b) They were very poor and had few rights
6) The Industrial Workers:
a) They made up 1.5% of the Russian workforce
i. Russia was not very industrialized because it was isolated
b) They were becoming more numerous
c) They were underpaid
d) Most workers in Russia were agricultural workers
B) The Czar at the time of the revolution
1) His name was Nicholas II
2) Nicholas’s wife’s name was Alexandria and she was from Germany
3) They lived in a palace in St. Petersburg and were very detached from society
4) Rasbutten, one of their advisors, cured their son who was a hemophiliac
2) Events that caused the revolution
A) 1905
1) Russia was defeated by Japan
a) It was embarrassing and the people blamed the Czar
2) Bloody Sunday
a) Father Gapon and a group of people went to the Czar’s palace to plea to him because they felt that they were being oppressed
i) They complained that the Czar is not protecting them
ii) They complained that the Czar is distancing itself from the people
iii) They complained that they were poor and oppressed
iv) They wanted a say in the government
b) Women also marched to the palace to complain to the Czar
c) The Czar ordered his soldiers to shoot the demonstrators
i) This showed that the Czar didn’t care about the people
B) 1914-1916 (Russia fought in WWI)
1) The war
a) 2 million people were killed and another 4-6 million people were wounded.
b) Industry is unable to purchase weapons
c) Alexandra, the Czar’s wife, was German born, so the people thought that she was a traitor
d) Soldiers were very poorly equipped
2) At home
a) Their was a lack of food and supplies
b) A revolution is starting
3) The Revolution
A) Nicholas II
1) He was exhausted from the WWI
2) Every decision he made went wrong
3) Nicholas abdicated, but later was executed
B) Lenin
1) Lenin leads the revolution when the Czar abdicates
C) February/March 1917 (Not sure which one because they had a different calendar)
1) There is bad climate, thus there is no food or supplies in the major cities
2) People in the major cities went on strike
a) They said that the Czar has ruined Russia and brought famine
b) They formed a soviet (Which literally means a council), an organized strike against the Czar
i) That is where we get the Soviet Union from (USSR)
a) It reigned from 1917 to 1991
3) The people were suffering so Nicholas II decides to go and fight the war
4) People stormed the bread shops and Nicholas II ordered his soldiers to shoot anyone taking food
a) The soldiers agreed with the people and were unwilling to use their weapons against them
5) The soldiers and the people joined together in a revolution against the Czar
6) The Czar ran away to a small town where the soldiers were still loyal to him
7) March 15, 1917( Nicholas II abdicates (Steps down)
a) A provisional (Temporary) government is set up headed by Kerensky (He was Jewish)
Aim #35: How did Lenin transform Russia into a communist country?
1) What happened to the Czar?
A) The Czar and his family were imprisoned in the palace
1) Revolutionaries surrounded the palace
a) These revolutionaries were afraid that if the Czar and his family were close to the capital city then he would revolt
i) England didn’t want Nicholas because they thought that Alexandra was a spy
ii) Nicholas became an international outcast
2) Lenin and the Russian government
A) The Russian provisional government had kept Russia in WWI
1) Germany sent Lenin, he was a revolutionary, to get Russia out of the war (Lenin is going to turn Russia into a socialist country)
B) Lenin
1) Background
a. He returned to Russia in April 1917 after being exiled by the Czar for being a revolutionary
b. His brother was killed by the Czar
2) Actions and ideas
a. Slogan: “Peace, land, and Bread”
b. He proposed modified Marxism
i) His followers were a small group of Marxists called Bolsheviks
c. He adopted the color red (Which was the European symbol of revolution)
i) The flag had a sickle, which represented agriculture, and a hammer, which symbolized agriculture, on it
d. November 7, 1917- Communist Revolution- Lenin and his followers stormed the palace. There was no bloodshed, but the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government
e. He adopted “war communism”
i) The government takes over banks, mines, factories and railroads
ii) Peasants are forced to give surplus food to hungry people in the cities
f. He stated that the Communist part is the only legal party and only communist members could run for office
g. He created the USSR- the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
3) Lenin’s propositions vs. Karl Marx’s propositions
| |Karl Marx (Marxism) |V I Lenin (Russian Communism) |
|Society |Primary industrial |Primary agriculture |
|Revolutionary Leaders |Working class |A small group of dedicated Marxists. They would train |
| | |the workers to become a revolutionary force. |
|Motto |“Working men of the world |“Peace, land, and bread” |
| |unite” | |
3) March 1918( Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
A) Lenin gave a lot of land over to Germany for peace
1) This split the country and a civil war broke out
a) It was between the Whites, who were anti Lenin, and the Reds, who supported Lenin
b) The US and the Allies sent troops to help the Whites in order to keep them in the war
i) The Whites still lost
ii) This started the animosity- Cold War
Aim #36: How did WWI come to end in 1918?
1) The United States gets involved
A) Why?
1) 1915: The Germans sunk the Lusatania, a British ship, that had American passenger on it using a U-boat (A new type of submarine)
a. Germany said that there were weapons on board (There actually were weapons on board)
b. Germany blamed Great Britain for putting US citizens on board
c. Germany promised to warn ships to get their passengers off before they bombed them
i) Why?
a) They didn’t want to kill people, they only wanted to destroy weapons
ii) 1917: Germany resumed unrestricted warfare
2) Zimmerman Telegram
a. A secret telegram sent from Germany to the German ambassador in Mexico
b. It instructed the German Ambassador to draw Mexico into the War on Germany’s side. In return Germany promised Mexico the return of parts of Southwestern United States that Mexico had lost in 1848.
c. The British intercepted the telegram and sent it to the United States
2) President Wilson
A) He said that the allies were fighting for a “World safe for democracy” because all the allies were democracies, now that Russia left the war
B) 14 Points( plan to end all wars
1) Ending secret treaties
2) Agreeing to freedom of seas
3) Removing economic barriers to trade
4) Reducing the size of national armies and navies
5) (Really number 14) “General Association of Nations” that would protect “great and small states alike”
3) How did the fact that America joined the war effect WWI?
A) It was a big morale boost for Great Britain and France
1) They had been fighting for many years and now there were new recruits
a. 2 million American soldiers were drafted very quickly
B) November 9, 1918( Kaiser of Germany stepped down
C) November 11, 1918( Germany surrenders
1) Armistice- official end to the fighting, halt, ceasefire
2) It happened on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month
4) Effects of WWI
A) Over 10 million people were killed
B) Over 20 million people were injured
C) Based on percents France got hit the hardest (Because most of the fighting was in or near France) and the United States got hit the weakest (Because they joined in late)
Aim #37: Why do historians claim that the “seeds” of WWII were “planted” at the end of WWI?
1) Paris Peace Conference-1919-Versailles
A) Three problems that had to be solved
1) How to deal with Germany?
2) How to solve the various territorial claims?
3) Who pays for the damage and how much?
B) Who was at the conference and what did they propose?
1) The United States( President Wilson represented the US
a) He proposed the 14 points( peace without victory
2) Great Britain( David Lloyd George represented England
a) They wanted Germany to pay for the war
3) France( Clemenceau represented France
a) They wanted Germany to pay for the war
b) They wanted to deal with Germany harshly and wanted to weaken Germany so that Germany wouldn’t threaten France in the future
4) Italy( Their representative stormed out because the other three weren’t willing to give Italy the port city of Fuime
C) Who was not invited?
1) USSR
2) Germany
a) The terms of the treaty were dictated or imposed upon Germany without negotiations
i) Hitler- How dare they dictate to a German?
D) Terms of the Treaty of Versailles (Germany lost 15% of all its land)
1) Germany had to demilitarize the Rhineland (It is on the French border)
a) This means that there is not allowed to be any type of military in that area
b) In 1936, the first thing that Hitler does was march troops into the Rhineland
i) The world didn’t do anything (France had the right to go to war with Germany)
2) The Saar Basin was given to France as payment for the damage that was done to France
a) This land was very rich in coal
3) Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France
4) Poland was recreated out of German land (There were still Germans living in Poland)
a) Poland is given a corridor to the sea out of German land
b) Poland split Germany in half
i) Hitler- How dare they take German land and split Germany?
5) Germany had many military restrictions
a) Germany was allowed a maximum of 100,000 people in the army
b) Germany was not allowed to have a draft (or conscription= a draft)
c) Germany was not allowed to build weapons
i) Tanks
ii) Artillery
iii) Planes
iv) Poisonous gas
6) German owned African colonies were taken away and given to France and Belgium (Rwanda was given to Belgium)
7) Germany lost lands that were turned into mandates
a) Mandate- territory/area administered (controlled by) by another country until the territory is ready for self-rule
b) British and French mandates
i) British mandates included Iran, Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine
ii) French mandates included Syria and Lebanon
8) War Guilt Clause
a) Germany had to except full blame for WWI
i) Now the allies can get reparations from Germany (Now they have the right to ask for them)
a) The amount wasn’t specified so potentially Germany had to give an infinite amount of money
ii) Hitler- How dare they blame Germany for starting the war? How dare they make Germany pay?
a) The Jews made Germany accept and sign the treaty
9) The League of Nations was formed
a) Their goal was to promote peace and justice
b) The League of Nations failed
E) Countries that were created as a result of WWI
1) Poland
2) Czechoslovakia
3) Lithuania
4) Austria and Hungary split
5) Yugoslavia
a) Yugo means greater
-----------------------
Because one person can’t handle these things
Old
• Controlled the Americas
• Colonies were coastline/ports (11% of Africa)
• Primary interests: Slavery and mercantilism
New
• Controlled –Global- Africa and Asia
• Penetrate interior (90% of Africa)
• More influence on the political and economic life
• Europeans wanted natives to adapt European customs
VS.
These people lived in gorgeous mansions
Preserving order was good for business
• The people on the East India Company were encouraged to have Indian wives because it was good for business. They also had mistresses.
• Victorian Age- supremacy of the Protestant religion (They thought of themselves as God’s chosen people and thus wanted to convert the Indian people)
• In 1837 a person named Waghorn thought that people should go through Egypt to the Red Sea and then stop at Aden, a British colony, and then go to India. Now many women could go to India with their husbands. Young women also came to marry the eligible bachelors.
B
C
1
Silver
1
Tea
B= Britain
C= China
2
2
Silver
Opium
Fig. 1
Business, trade and infrastructure boomed
Japan used selective borrowing (They borrow what they want and they don’t borrow what they don’t want) from the West
There was no social mobility in Latin America and the Church played a dominant role
Wealthy ranchers and planters become wealthier and more powerful
Local economies fail to develop( foreign loans( Latin America fails to pay( foreign armies get involved
South America becomes exporter of raw materials and importer of manufactured goods
Industrial Revolution
Long periods of European colonization
Nationalism can be a negative (conflict) and positive (unite) force
They wanted revenge
“Powder Keg of Europe”- the Balkans were called the powder keg because it was ready to explode (gun powder)
1882- Triple Alliance
1894
1904- Entente Cordiale
Germany wanted to isolate France thus they allied themselves with other countries
They joined together against a common enemy
Because of these alliances, if one country gets attacked then as a result all of Europe is involved
• Because all of the countries in Europe were able to go to war so quickly it shows that they had been planning for war for a long time.
• Fredric Passy, a peace activist, predicted in 1895 that an accident would happen and would set off a war in Europe.
The machine-gun was used which prevented anyone from moving closer
Side Point: Germany had conquered a lot of ground against Russia because the Russians were poorly trained and equipped. The allies wanted Russia to stay in the war although Russia was being defeated because it forced Germany to fight on two fronts. The only way to supply Russia with supplies was through the Baltic and Black Seas, but after the Battle of Jutland, between Great Britain and Germany, the German navy had retired into the Baltic Sea and blocked any supplies that could be sent to Russia. In the Battle of Tannenberg, Germany defeated Russia and Russia left the war.
Anything underlined is a cause of the revolution
The first thing Hitler did was rebuild the army
Self-determination: people were allowed to decide what government to live under (Except Germany)
Initially the countries that created the Treaty of Versailles came to the conference with good intentions, but the treaty ended up being neither just nor wise. Hitler vowed to get revenge for Germany after WWI.
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