Teacher Guide & Answers - Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Teacher Guide & Answers | |
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 1)
1. State the problem.
2. Gather information.
3. Form a hypothesis.
4. Test the hypothesis with an experiment.
5. Analyze data.
6. Reach a conclusion.
7. Report results.
8. International System of Units
9. a
10. c
11. b
12. The drug is the variable, and the three people
who are injected with the harmless solution
make up the control.
13. Being aware of possible hazards and taking
precautions can prevent accidents in the science
laboratory.
14. A theory is an explanation based on many
observations. Theories can be changed as new
information is gathered. A law is a rule of
nature.
Section 2 (page 2)
1. Living things grow.
2. Living things reproduce.
3. Living things are made of one or more cells;
living things are organized.
4. Living things grow and develop.
5. Living things use energy.
6. Living things respond and adjust to changes in
their environment.
7. Living things have a life span.
8. Living things take in and use energy.
9. a stimulus
10. a response
11. homeostasis
12. cells
Section 3 (page 3)
1. He showed that maggots come from the eggs
laid by flies on meat, not from the meat itself.
2. He showed that a sealed flask of boiled broth
developed no tiny organisms.
3. He showed that broth became contaminated
only when it was exposed to the air.
4. Living things come spontaneously from nonliving matter.
5. Living things come only from living things.
6. lightning, energy from the Sun, and Earth’s heat
7. They became part of what is often called the
“primordial soup” and could have combined to
form the more complex compounds found in
living things.
Section 4 (page 4)
1. Different organisms may go by the same common name in different places. Scientists would have difficulty sharing information.
2. a. to avoid errors in communication
b. to classify organisms with similar evolutionary history together
c. to give descriptive information about the
species
d. to organize and easily find information about
organisms
3. smooth
4. 8–12
5. It peels.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page5)
Step 1: state the problem
Step 2: gather information
Step 3: form a hypothesis
Step 5: analyze data
Step 6: draw conclusions
Step 7: report results
1. organism
2. biogenesis
3. nomenclature
4. cell
5. genus
Section 1 and 2 (page 6)
1. variable
2. hypothesis
3. Homeostasis
4. cells
5. organized
6. respond
7. energy
8. grow and develop
9. reproduce
Sections 3 and 4 (page 7)
1. spontaneous generation
2. Louis Pasteur
3. species
4. Scientific
5. Common name: mountain lion
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Genus: Felis
Key Terms (page 8)
1. kingdom
2. homeostasis
3. cell
4. law
5. control
6. phylogeny
7. organism
8. theory
9. biogenesis
10. genus
11. variable
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Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 9)
1. organisms (3/2)
2. cells (3/2)
3. binomial nomenclature (9/4)
4. kingdom (9/4)
5. law (1/1)
6. homeostasis (3/2)
7. phylogeny (9/4)
8. genus (9/4)
9. spontaneous generation (5/3)
10. biogenesis (6/3)
11. scientific methods (1/1)
12. hypothesis (1/1)
13. variable (1/1)
14. control (1/1)
15. theory (1/1)
16. Critical thinking (1/1)
17. law (1/1)
18. measurement (2/1)
19. volume (2/1)
20. experiment (1/1)
Part B. Concept Review (page 10)
1. spontaneous generation (5/3)
2. maggots (5/3)
3. nonliving (6/3)
4. biogenesis (6/3)
5. oxygen (7/3)
6. living (7/3)
7. a. meter (2/1)
b. kilometer (2/1)
c. kilogram (2/1)
d. gram (2/1)
e. degree (2/1)
f. liter (2/1)
8. Living things are made up of one or more cells, use energy, move, respond to their environment, reproduce, grow, develop, adapt, and have a life span. (3/2)
9. Nonliving things such as water, oxygen, and
carbon dioxide are needed by living things to survive. These materials are returned to the environment and are used again. (4/3)
10. Answers will vary but should demonstrate an understanding of the need to experiment and examine data and conditions carefully. (10/4)
11. Errors might have been made during the experiment, such as an error in measuring or recording data. There might have been an unknown influence affecting the dependent variable. (6/2)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 11)
1–3. Accept any three of the following, or other
reasonable answers: wings that enable the bat to
fly; ability to give off high-frequency sounds;
large ears that allow it to hear sounds bounced
off insects; jointed feet to grasp prey.
4–5. Accept any two of the following or other
reasonable answers: dark upper surface makes it
inconspicuous to flying predators; light belly
makes it less conspicuous to predators looking
up from below; fins enable fish to swim away;
mouth has teeth for defense.
Section 2 (page 12)
1. estimate
2. evolution
3. DNA
4. homologous structures
5. vestigial structures
6. sedimentary rock
7. relative dating and radiometric dating
8. The fossil record is incomplete because not
every living thing does or can become fossilized.
9. embryology, vestigial structures, homologous
structures, similarities in DNA
10. No, radiometric dating does not produce exact results because the original amount of radioactive element in a rock layer is never completely certain.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 13)
1. gradualism
2. punctuated equilibrium
3. slowly
Sections 1 (page 14)
1. Lamarck
2. Darwin
3. mutations
4. punctuated equilibrium
5. does
6. are not
7. differences
8. can
9. were
10. Populations
11. are
Section 2 (page 15)
1. radioactive
2. embryology
3. sedimentary
4. fossils
5. vestigial
6. homologous
7. traits
Key Terms (page 16)
[pic]
1. species
2. evolution
3. selection
4. gradualism
5. punctuated equilibrium
6. sedimentary
7. element
8. embryology
9. vestigial
10. variation
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 17)
1. evolution (1/1)
2. species (1/1)
3. variation (2/1)
4. natural selection (1/1)
5. gradualism (3/1)
6. fossils (4/2)
7. sedimentary (4/2)
8. relative dating (5/2)
9. embryology (6/2)
10. vestigial structure (6/2)
11. homologous (6/2)
12. punctuated equilibrium (3/1)
13. radioactive element (5/2)
Part B. Concept Review (page 18)
1. Characteristics that parents developed during
their lives were passed to their offspring. (1/1)
2. Individuals with traits most favorable for a
specific environment survive and pass on these
traits to offspring. (1/1)
3. Gradualism says that evolution is a slow, steady change. Punctuated equilibrium states that
rapid evolution of a species comes about by the
mutation of a few genes. (3/1)
4. Fossils give proof of preexisting, simpler life
forms and their environment. (4/2)
5. a fossil (4/2)
6. embryology (6/2)
7. vestigial structure (6/2)
8. homologous structures (6/2)
9. DNA studies (6/2)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 19)
1. d
2. a
3. b
4. e
5. c
6. f
7. false; extinct
8. false; threatened
9. false; endangered
10. false; difficult
11. true
12. false; often
Section 2 (page 20)
1. conservation
2. harm
3. habitat
4. laws
5. preserve
6. restoration
7. reintroduction
8. captive
9. plant
10. extinct
11. Conservation biology is the study of methods
for protecting biodiversity.
12. Answers will vary. Students might say that
conservation biologists try to discover why a
species has become endangered and develop
strategies to safeguard the species.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 21)
1. reduced
2. habitats
3. divided habitats
4. restoration
5. habitat preservation
6. increase
7. allows for stability in
8. species
9. many
Sections 1 (page 22)
1. biodiversity
2. prevent
3. endangered
4. species
5. stability
6. loss
7. extinct
8. increases
9. threatened
10. native
11. highest
12. improve
13. Extinction
14. human
15. ecosystem
Section 2 (page 23)
1. g
2. e
3. d
4. f
5. a
6. c
7. b
8. h
9. a. to protect a species from harm
b. to protect habitat of a species
Key Terms (page 24)
1. extinct
2. endangered
3. threatened
4. introduced
5. native
6. acid rain
7. ozone
8. conservation
9. restoration
10. biodiversity
11. captive
[pic]
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 25)
1. threatened (3/1)
2. biodiversity (2/1)
3. captive population (2/2)
4. extinct (3/1)
5. conservation biology (4/2)
6. acid rain (3/1)
7. endangered (3/1)
8. reintroduction (6/2)
9. ozone depletion (3/1)
10. introduced (5/2)
11. native (2/1)
12. restoration (5/2)
13. extinct (3/2)
14. endangered (3/2)
15. threatened (3/2)
Part B. Concept Review (page 26)
1. The most common measure of biodiversity is the number of species that live in an area. (1/1)
2. Biodiversity increases because temperatures tend to be higher. (1/1)
3. It made it illegal to harm, collect, harass, or disturb the habitat of any species on the endangered or threatened species list. (4/2)
4. They allow animals to move from one preserve to another without having to cross roads, farms, or other areas inhabited by humans. (3/1)
5. DDT ended up in the food the pelicans ate. It
made their eggshells so thin that they would break before the chicks inside were ready to hatch. (3/1)
6. Answers may vary, but should include that an
introduced species may use up all of the resources needed by native species. (3/1)
7. Answers may vary. Habitat loss, pollution, overhunting, and introduced species can threaten or endanger species. (3/1)
8. Answers may vary. Humans need and like a variety of foods; biodiversity can help improve food crops and provide useful materials and important medicines. (2/1)
9. Answers may vary. Humans affect habitats by
replacing a forest or meadow with pavement,
lawns, buildings, and other development; by
dividing a habitat; by introducing species; and by
pollution. (3/1)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 27)
1. Sample questions:
a. How high can it jump?
b. How long is its tail?
c. How much does it weigh?
d. How much does it eat?
2. Sample questions:
a. How tall is it?
b. What is the inside temperature?
c. How fast is lava flowing out?
d. How often does it erupt?
3. about 3 cm
4. about 1/2 meter
5. about 1 mm
6. Answers will vary.
7. Student B’s is more accurate because it is closer to the true value.
8. It is precise to the nearest hundredth of a
centimeter.
9. 10 cm
10. 9.8 cm
Section 2 (page 28)
1. gram or kilogram, pan balance
2. degrees Celsius or Kelvins, thermometer
3. cubic centimeter or cubic meter, ruler or
meterstick
4. meter, meterstick
5. milliliter, graduated cylinder
6. second, stopwatch
7. 64,000 m
8. 0.373 kg
9. 89.7 cm
10. 250 mL
11. (120 km/h) (1,000 m/1 km) (1 h/60 min)
(1 min/60 s) = 33.3 m/s
12. (33.3 m/s) (60 s/1 min) = 1,998 m/min =
2,000 m/min
Section 3 (page 33)
1. f
2. a
3. e
4. g or b
5. b or g
6. d
7. c
8. g
9. c
10.
[pic]
[pic]
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 31)
1. temperature 7. tenth
2. length 8. liter
3. volume 9. hundred
4. weight 10. million
5. mass 11. giga
6. kilo
Section 1 and 2 (page 32)
1. 4 cm
2. 10 cm is too long.
3. Measure the line with a ruler marked in
millimeters.
4. 1,000
5. 2,000
6. one thousandth
7. one
8. international system
9. kilogram
10. Kelvin
Sections 2 and 3 (page 33)
1. g 8. circle graph
2. e 9. bar graph
3. b 10. line graph
4. a 11. line
5. d 12. circle
6. c 13. bar
7. f
Key Terms ( page 34)
1. mass
2. table
3. circle graph
4. SI
5. celsius
6. bar graph
7. Kelvin
8. kilogram
9. meter
10. line graph
11. estimation; vertical word: measurement
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 35)
Across Down
3. 7/3 1. 5/2
5. 4/2 2. 5/2
6. 1/1 4. 5/2
8. 5/2 7. 1/1
9. 6/3 10. 8/3
11. 6/3 12. 5/2
13. 8/3
[pic]
Part B. Concept Review (page 36)
1. deci- (5/2)
2. 14 cm (1/1)
3. line (8/3)
4. Accuracy (3/1)
5. 1,000 (5/2)
6. Weight (5/2)
7. equal to (5/2)
8. 50% (7/3)
9. a. gram (5/2)
b. cubic meter (5/2)
c. kilometer (5/2)
d. Kelvin (5/2)
e. micrometer (5/2)
f. milliliters/second (5/2)
10. a. drawing (6/3)
b. photograph (6/3)
c. movie (6/3)
11. 10% (6/3)
12. line graph—only one variable is a number (8/3)
13. 72° (7/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 37)
1. d
2. b
3. f
4. c
5. e
6. h
7. a
8. g
9. j
10. i
11. k
12. l
13. c
14. b
15. d
Section 2 (page 38)
1. appearance
2. state
3–4. liquid, solid
5. freezes
6. ice
7. shape
8. different
9. color changes
10. gain
11. energy
12. gas
13. Answers will vary.
14. Answers will vary.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 39)
1–3. solid, liquid, gas
4. composition
5–6. color, odor
(For grouped answers, order of answers will vary.)
7. T
8. T
9. T
10. F
11. F
Sections 1 (page 40)
1. d
2. c
3. a
4. e
5. b
6. Possible answers include: red, hard, rough
gravelly surface, rectangular solid
7. Possible answers include: yellow, solid, approx 3/4 kg, soft at room temperature
8. Possible answers include: yellow paint, wood
interior, solid, graphite core, 2–3 g
9. Possible answers include: shaped like a horseshoe, often with the handle portion painted red, attracts steel, solid
10. Possible answers include: white with blue lines, flat, thin, 1–2 g, flammable, solid
11. Possible answers include: red/green/red & blue, cylindrical solid filled with liquid which has a high concentration of gas, 355 mL, pressure increases if shaken
12. Possible answers include: color, rectangular
solid, made of paper and cardboard, include size,
specific mass, and volume.
13. Possible answers include: cylinder filled with
clear liquid, 360 mL, density = 1 g/cm3,
mp = 0°C, bp = 100°C
14. Possible answers include: flesh color (student
specific), solid filled with liquids, 7 cm, moves
through muscle and ligament connections
15. Possible answers include: steel, easily magnetized, 3 1/4 cm × 3/4 cm, silver, solid
Section 2 (page 41)
1. physical
2. chemical
3. chemical
4. physical
5. chemical
6. chemical
7. chemical
8. physical
9. chemical
10. physical
11. physical
12. Physical changes change the way something
looks, but the substance stays the same. Chemical changes result in a new substance.
13. law of conservation of mass
Key Terms (page 48)
[pic]
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 43)
1. chemical property (1/1)
2. chemical change (4/2)
3. conservation of mass (3/2)
4. physical change (4/2)
5. density (1/1)
6. physical property (1/1)
7. boiling point (1/1)
8. behavior (1/1)
9. volume (1/1)
10. melting point (1/1)
11. state (2/1)
12. appearance (1/1)
Part B. Concept Review (page 43)
1. physical properties (1/1)
2. chemical change (4/2)
3. chemical (4/2)
4. state (3/2)
5. liquid state (2/1)
6. amount (1/1)
7. Density (1/1)
8. melting or boiling (2/1)
9. behavior (1/1)
10. chemical property (1/1)
11. Deposition (3/2)
12. Color (3/2)
13. gained or released (4/2)
14. gas or solid (3/2)
15. mass, law of conservation of mass (4/2)
16. physical (4/2)
17. physical (4/2)
18. chemical (4/2)
19. physical (4/2)
20. chemical (4/2)
21. physical (4/2)
22. chemical (4/2)
23. chemical (4/2)
24. Answers may include: mass, weight, volume (1/1)
25. Answers may include: density, melting point,
boiling point, solubility, ability to attract a
magnet, state of matter, color (1/1)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 45)
1. h
2. d
3. a
4. g
5. b
6. i
7. f
8. c
9. e
10. j
11. Gravity holds the water molecules at the bottom of the glass, and attractive forces hold the water molecules together as a liquid.
12. The attractive (cohesive) forces between water molecules pull them together to form the beads.
13. Cohesive forces between water molecules cause surface tension. Within a volume of water,
molecules are pulled in all directions, but the
molecules are only pulled inward at the surface.
14. The force of gravity on a bug can be less than
the water’s surface tension. The surface tension
will support the bug and it won’t sink.
15. Water begins entering the gaseous state when
molecules gain enough energy to overcome
attractive forces. At 100°C boiling begins and
molecules below the surface enter the gas phase.
Section 2 (page 46)
1. freezing
2. boiling
3. melting
4. evaporating
5. Graph B; as heat is added, the temperature first rises, then remains constant as the solid melts, then rises again. This indicates that some of the energy is being used to break the attractive forces between the particles in the solid. So the solid must be crystalline.
6. Graph A represents the melting of an amorphous solid. It shows a continuous increase in temperature which would occur as an amorphous solid got softer. Since there are no crystalline structures to break in an amorphous solid, the heating process is continuous.
Section 3 (page 47)
[pic]
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 49)
1. solid
2. increases
3. liquid
4. boiling point
5. decreases
6. condensation
7. pressure
8. density
Sections 1 (page 50)
1. solid—ice; liquid—water; gas—water vapor
2. Water changes state as its molecules move faster or slower or as temperature increases or decreases.
3. Accept all reasonable answers. Possible answers include: ice—drinks, skating, preserving food; water—drinking, bathing, swimming; gas— cooking foods, ironing, generating electricity
4. The process is the same.
Section 2 and 3 (page 51)
1. This is an example of vaporization. As the liquid boils, it changes into a gas.
2. This illustrates Pascal’s principle. Pressure applied at any point to a confined liquid is transmitted unchanged throughout the liquid. So applying pressure anywhere on the bottle makes liquid squirt out of any hole in the bottle.
3. This is an example of buoyancy. The liquid water exerts a buoyant force that holds up the floating ice cubes.
Key Terms (page 52)
1. d 9. c
2. b 10. i
3. a 11. f
4. n 12. h
5. l 13. j
6. m 14. o
7. e 15. k
8. g
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 53)
1. e (2/1) 9. g (4/2)
2. j (1/1) 10. f (4/2)
3. m (3/2) 11. c (6/3)
4. h (4/2) 12. l (3/2)
5. o (3/2) 13. k (7/3)
6. a (4/2) 14. i (6/3)
7. p (4/2) 15. n (6/3)
8. b (4/2) 16. d (6/3)
Part B. Concept Review (54)
1. specific heat (2/1)
2. crystalline solids (2/2)
3. solid; liquid (2/1)
4. liquid (2/1)
5. vaporization (4/2)
6. evaporation (4/2)
7. condensation (4/2)
8. releases (4/2)
9. sinks (6/3)
10. The line on the graph would rise smoothly until it approached 100°C. The temperature levels off at the boiling point as the water changes into water vapor. (5/2)
11. Molecules in a gas have escaped completely
from the attractions of neighboring molecules.
They are very far apart and are free to move
until they collide with a barrier, such as the
walls of the container. (2/1)
12. Water molecules are excreted by our skin. The thermal energy from our body is transmitted as heat. The thermal energy heats the water molecules and causes them to evaporate. (4/2)
13. Molecules throughout the water press against
each other, transmitting the pressure unchanged
throughout the fluid. (7/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 55)
1. Dalton
2. Thomson
3. Rutherford
4. electron cloud
5. proposed that matter is composed of tiny
particles called atoms
6. proposed that atoms could not be divided into
smaller pieces; that atoms of the same element
are exactly alike; and different elements are
made of different kinds of atoms
7. discovered cathode rays, which he said were
streams of negatively charged particles
8. Proved that atoms were made up of smaller,
negatively charged particles—electrons.
Postulated that atoms must also contain
positively charged particles that neutralize the
charge of the electrons.
9. Hypothesized that most of an atom’s mass and all its positive charge were contained in a small
nucleus, with the rest being empty space occupied by almost massless electrons. Also hypothesized the existence of neutrally charged particles in the nucleus.
10. No. Electrons are in unpredictable motion. They are probably close to the nucleus, but may be anywhere.
11. Since electrons came from every kind of cathode material, Thomson inferred that they are
part of all atoms. This means they are smaller.
Section 2 (page 56)
1. The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.
2. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that
have different numbers of neutrons.
3. The strong nuclear force is the force that holds
the protons and the neutrons together in the
nucleus of the atom.
4. alpha particle ejection, and beta particle emission
5. During transmutation one element changes into another through radioactive decay.
6. Radioactive decay is the release of nuclear
particles and energy.
7. An alpha particle consists of two protons and
two neutrons.
8. A beta particle is a high-energy electron that
comes from the nucleus rather than the electron
cloud.
9. A half-life is the amount of time required for
half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay.
10. Nuclear waste products are a problem because they continue to produce harmful radiation for long periods of time. Special disposal sites that separate the nuclear waste products from humans are necessary.
11. Tracer elements are radioactive isotopes used in hospitals and clinics to diagnose diseases. Tracer elements are also used by scientific laboratories to study environmental conditions.
12. False. These isotopes should have short half-lives to avoid damage from radiation.
13. True
14. False. Archaeologists use carbon dating to determine the age of dead animals, plants, and humans.
15. False. The half-life of an isotope stays the same.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 57)
1. nucleus
2. electron cloud
3. protons
4. neutrons
5. electrons
6. positive
7. negative
8. electrons
9. mass number
10. alpha
11. Transmutation
Sections 1 (page 58)
1. proton
2. electron
3. nucleus
4. neutron
5. The atom shown is more like Rutherford’s than like Thomson’s. It shows a small, dense nucleus with electrons in the space around the nucleus. Rutherford’s model had a nucleus; Thomson’s had the electrons imbedded in the positively charged material.
6. Thomson used magnets to bend the rays. Magnets do not affect light, so Thomson concluded that the rays were not light.
7. In a cathode-ray tube, the particles originate at
the cathode and move toward the anode.
Section 2 (page 59)
1. isotope
2. atomic number
3. mass number
4. average atomic mass
5. nucleus
6. archaeologist
7. transmutation
8. americium
9. alpha particle
10. half-life
11. beta particle
12. radioactive decay
13. thyroid
14. strong nuclear
Key Terms (page 60)
[pic]
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 61)
1. d (4/1) 12. k (5/2)
2. g (1/1) 13. e (5/2)
3. l (3/1) 14. h (6/2)
4. a (3/1) 15. chemistry (4/1)
5. f (3/1) 16. atoms (4/1)
6. c (3/1) 17. anode (1/1)
7. i (5/2) 18. cathode (1/1)
8. b (5/2) 19. sphere (3/1)
9. n (5/2) 20. random (5/2)
10. m (5/2) 21. tracer elements (7/2)
11. j (5/2)
Part B. Concept Review (page 62)
1. nucleus (3/1)
2. neutron (3/1)
3. proton (3/1)
4. electron (3/1)
5. electron cloud (3/1)
6. atom (1/1)
7. atom (4/1)
8. cathode rays (1/1)
9. neutron (3/1)
10. equal to (5/2)
11. protons (3/1)
12. subtract the atomic number (6/2)
13. 1 (6/2)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 63)
1. Atomic number
2. Element symbol
3. Element name
4. Average atomic mass
5. e
6. c
7. b
8. a
9. h
10. f
11. g
12. d
Section 2 (page 64)
1. Group 1 elements are called the alkali metals.
2. Group 2 elements are called the alkaline earth
metals.
3. Except for hydrogen, Groups 1 and 2 are solid
metals.
4. The other groups may contain metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
5. carbon
6. Ammonia is made of nitrogen and hydrogen.
Possible uses: cleaner, disinfectant, fertilizer,
refrigerant, to freeze-dry foods
7. Ozone shields living things from some harmful radiation from the Sun.
8. They all form salts with sodium and other alkali metals.
9. They all rarely combine with other elements.
Section 3 (page 65)
1. metals
2. magnetic
3. poisonous
4. Tungsten
5. Mercury
6. platinum
7. lanthanides
8. lanthanides
9. radioactive
10. synthetic
11. f
12. i
13. g
14. h
15. j
16. a
17. b
18. e
19. c
20. d
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 67)
1. Students should circle all of the elements in
Group 18.
2. Students should draw an “X” through hydrogen. Its atomic number is 1.
3. Students should draw a box around the Actinides.
4. Students should underline oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, and ununhexium.
5. Students should draw a line through and list
sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon,
phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon.
Sections 1 (page 68)
1. atomic number
2. element symbol
3. element name
4. atomic mass
5.
[pic]
6.
[pic]
7. transition
8. Metals
9. True
10. periods
Section 2 and 3 (page 69)
1. cerium
2. iodine
3. potassium
4. lead
5. boron
6. calcium
7. krypton
8. einsteinium
9. radioactive
10. nonmetal
11. hydrogen
12. liquid
13. rarely
14. inner transition
Key Terms (page 70)
1. period
2. representative
3. group
4. metal
5. nonmetal
6. metalloid
7. semiconductor
8. transition
9. catalyst
10. synthetic
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 71)
1. nonmetal (3/1)
2. representative elements (3/1)
3. group (3/1)
4. metal (3/1)
5. metalloid (3/1)
6. period (3/1)
7. semiconductor (6/2)
8. catalyst (7/3)
9. Transition elements (7/3)
10. Synthetic elements (8/3)
Part B. Concept Review (page 71)
1. mercury (2/1)
2. helium (2/1)
3. nobelium (2/1)
4. carbon (2/1)
5. sodium (2/1)
6. mass number (1/1)
7. Hg (3/1)
8. neon (4/2)
9. actinides (8/3)
10. Copper (4/2)
11. representative elements (3/1)
12. Iron (7/3)
13. semiconductor (5/2)
14. noble gases (4/2)
15. metals (3/1)
16. brittle (3/1)
17. malleable (3/1)
18. hydrogen (3/1)
19. fluorine (4/2)
20. lead (4/2)
21. nickel (7/3)
22. higher (7/3)
23. Lanthanides (8/3)
24. actinides (8/3)
25. mercury (7/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 73)
1. outer energy level
2. electron
3. nucleus
4. electron cloud
5. electron dot diagram
6. element families
7. period
8. atomic structure
9. The elements in the same column of the periodic table (same group, or family) all have the same number of electrons in their outer energy levels.
[pic]
Section 2 (page 74)
1. losing
2. positive
3. protons
4. electrons
5. gains
6. negative
7. ionic
8. regular
9. electrons
10. molecules
11. ions
12. nonpolar
13. covalent
14. polar
15. covalent
16. 1 atom potassium; 1 atom iodine
17. 2 atoms sodium; 1 atom sulfur
18. 1 atom silicon, 2 atoms oxygen
19. 2 atoms hydrogen, 1 atom carbon, 3 atoms
oxygen
20. H2S ions
[pic]
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 75)
1. electron cloud
2. nucleus
3. covalent
4. gain or loss of electrons
5. molecule
Section 1 (page 76)
[pic]
5. No, because its outer energy level is completely filled with eight electrons.
6. phosphorus or P
7. halogen family
8. beryllium, magnesium, strontium, barium, radon
Section 2 (page 77)
[pic]
Key Terms (page 78)
1. ionic bond
2. ion
3. chemical bond
4. compound
5. covalent bond
6. molecule
7. formula
8. electron dot diagram
9. polar bond
10. polar molecule
11. electron cloud
12. metallic bond
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 79)
[pic]
Across
4. (1/2)
5. (3/1)
7. (1/2)
8. (2/2)
10. (2/2)
11. (1/1)
Down
1. (4/2)
2. (1/2)
3. (4/2)
6. (3/2)
9. (3/2)
Part B. Concept Review (page 79)
1. compound (2/2)
2. positive, negative (2/2)
3. nucleus, protons, neutrons (1/1)
4. lowest (2/1)
5. polar bond (3/2)
6. nonpolar bond (3/2)
7. carbon, two (4/2)
8. Electron dot diagrams are very useful because
they show us the number of electrons in the
outer energy levels of an element. Chemical
properties, such as behavior around other
elements, and physical properties, such as hardness, depend on this atomic structure. (1/1)
9. Elements can gain the stable atomic structure of a noble gas by either gaining or losing electrons. Two examples are sodium, which, when it loses an electron, has the same atomic structure as neon, a noble gas; and chlorine, which when it gains an electron, has the same atomic structure as argon, another noble gas. (1/2)
10. The two atoms would form an ionic bond,
creating the compound sodium chloride—
ordinary table salt. (2/2)
11. A stairway is a good model because each energy level can be represented as a step. The lowest step is the lowest energy level, containing electrons that are closest to the nucleus. The upper steps are higher energy levels, containing electrons that have more energy and are farther from the nucleus. (2/1)
12. In a nonpolar bond, electrons are shared equally by atoms. In a polar bond, electrons are shared unequally. (3/2)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 81)
1. the formation of new substances that have
properties different from those of the original
substance
2. changes in its physical properties, such as its size and shape or its state (solid, liquid, or gas)
3. reactants; products
4. reactants; products; produces
5. a. A word equation can be very long.
b. A chemical equation indicates the number of atoms contained in each molecule.
6. They indicate the number of atoms of a particular element that are in a particular molecule.
7. The law of conservation of mass explains that
the mass of the products of a chemical reaction
is always the same as the mass of the reactants
in that reaction. The atoms have just changed
partners to form new chemical bonds.
8. It is a reaction that releases energy.
9. It is a reaction that absorbs energy.
10. a. Yes
b. No
c. Yes
d. No
Section 2 (page 82)
[pic]
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 83)
1. reactant
2. endothermic
3. heat energy
4. heat energy
5. rate of reaction
6–8. temperature, concentration, catalysts
For grouped answers, order of answers will vary
Sections 1 (page 84)
[pic]
Section 2 (page 85)
1. true
2. true
3. false; Heat, light, or odor indicate a chemical
change.
4. true
5. false; Cold slows down reaction rates.
6. true
7. false; Chemical reactions occur faster if the
reactant is smaller.
Key Terms (page 86)
1. i
2. f
3. b
4. g
5. h
6. c
7. d
8. a
9. e
[pic]
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 87)
1. c (1/1)
2. f (6/2)
3. d (3/1)
4. i (1/1)
5. a (3/1)
6. g (1/1)
7. b (6/2)
8. e (3/1)
9. h (5/2)
Part B. Concept Review (page 87)
1. B (2/1)
2. U (2/1)
3. U (2/1)
4. B (2/1)
5. d (1/1)
6. c (6/2)
7. d (6/2)
8. a (3/1)
9. c (3/1)
10. a (1/1)
11. d (6/2)
12. d (6/2)
13. c (2/1)
14. c (3/1)
15. b (2/1)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 101)
1. precipitate
2. physical
3. homogeneous
4. mixtures
5. solutions
6. solvent
7. solute
8. fractionation
9. alloy
10. chemistry
Section 2 (page 90)
1. unequally
2. true
3. unequally
4. true
5. ionic
6. true
7. true
8. solvent
9. true
10. much of
11. how much solute dissolves in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature
12. a solution that can dissolve more solute
13. Excess solute is dissolved in a hot solution. The solution is cooled slowly, leaving the excess
solute still in the solution.
14. It will not dissolve.
15. Yes, it increases the amount of gas that can be dissolved in a liquid.
16. The amount of most nongaseous solutes that can dissolve in liquid solvents rises with temperature.
Section 3 (page 91)
1. water
2. It has lost a positive ion.
3. The four-atom ion would be a hydronium ion.
4. acidic
5. Yes, the ions can carry electric charges in a
current.
6. sour taste, electrical conductivity, corrosive,
reaction with certain metals forming hydrogen
gas
7. slippery feel, bitter taste, corrosive, electrical
conductivity
8. hydronium ion
9. hydroxide ion
10. The pH scale is used to compare the relative
strength of acids and bases.
11. neutralization
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 93)
1. heterogeneous
2. homogeneous
3. molecular level
4. solute
5. solvent
6. substance that dissolves
7. solution
8. solute
9. solvent
Section 1 and 2 (page 94)
1. This will not form a solution. The pebbles are not soluble in water.
2. This will form a solution. The sugar is soluble in water.
3. This will not form a solution. Baby oil will float on water.
4. aqueous
5. composition
6. compound
7. solid-solid
Sections 3 (page 95)
1. 7
2. 7
3. 7.5
4. 1
5. base
6. 7
7. base
8. hydrogen ions
9. sour
10. tissues
11. electricity
12. substances
13. hydroxide ions
14. slippery
15. bitter
16. corrosive
17. electricity
Key Terms (page 96)
1. b 6. b
2. a 7. b
3. b 8. a
4. a 9. b
5. b 10. a
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 97)
1. l (3/1)
2. d (7/2)
3. o (3/1)
4. i (12/3)
5. c (9/3)
6. b (5/2)
7. j (11/3)
8. n (3/1)
9. e (7/2)
10. g (9/3)
11. k (7/2)
12. m (3/1)
13. h (1/1)
14. f (7/2)
15. a (9/3)
Part B. Concept Review (page 98)
1. alloy (4/1)
2. true (3/1)
3. true (7/2)
4. solubility (8/2)
5. true (4/1)
6. high (7/2)
7. true (3/1, 5/2)
8. increases (4/1)
9. volume (7/2)
10. true (9/3)
11. does not (9/3)
12. cannot (6/2)
13. red (11/3)
14. acid-base (12/3)
15. true (11/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 99)
1. false; The world around you contains many
types of matter.
2. true
3. true
4. false; Metals have the properties of conductivity, magnetism, and malleability.
5. false; Alloys have the properties of metals.
6. false; Early ceramics were made from clay that was heated and fired to make it strong.
7. true
Section 2 (page 100)
1. A scientist works to learn more scientific information and an engineer tries to apply scientific information to solve a problem or human need.
2. artifact or hardware; methodology or technique; system of production; social-technical system
3. He used standardized parts and a production
line to manufacture a product.
4. to create crops that are resistant to herbicides
and insects
5. Biomechanical engineers use their knowledge of mechanical devices and machines to repair or
replace defective body parts. Bioelectrical engineers use their knowledge of electricity and
electrical devices to repair defective body parts.
Biochemical engineers use their knowledge of
chemistry to artificially duplicate normal body
functions.
6. heart pacemaker and defibrillator
Section 3 (page 101)
1. defining the problem
2. to find other ideas that have been tried and succeeded or failed
3. Marketing professionals ensure that the final
product can be sold. Environmental professionals
ensure that the environment is not harmed in the manufacturing process.
4. Quality control ensures that high quality products without defects are made.
5. Patent laws protect technological inventions.
Copyright laws protect literary and artistic
works. Trademarks protect words or symbols
that identify brands, goods, or services in the
marketplace.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 103)
1. Engineers
2. chemical properties
3. physical properties
4. technology
Section 1 (page 104)
1. f
2. h
3. b
4. g
5. d
6. c
7. e
8. a
9. The chemical composition and structure of a
material.
10. All branches of science are concerned with
materials selection.
11. Because they vary widely in their chemical composition and structure.
Sections 2 and 3 (page 105)
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. b
Key Terms (page 106)
1. computer simulation
2. material
3. brainstorming
4. technology
5. constraints
6. materials science
7. scientist
8. engineer
9. malleability
10. quality control
11. conductivity
12. magnetism
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 107)
1. k (1/1)
2. g (2/1)
3. n (1/1)
4. h (2/1)
5. d (3/1)
6. m (2/1)
7. e (2/1)
8. l (4/2)
9. b (6/2)
10. a (7/3)
11. i (7/3)
12. o (5/2)
Part B. Concept Review (page 108)
13. Scientists and engineers review the physical and chemical properties of materials to determine their usefulness. (1/1)
14. Ceramics and polymers vary widely in their
chemical composition. The chemical composition determines their physical and chemical properties. (3/1)
15. A scientist works to learn more scientific
information and an engineer applies scientific
information to solve a problem or human need.
(4, 5/2)
16. Check students’ answers. (5/2)
17. Companies apply for a patent for a new product or invention. (8/3)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 109)
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. F
10. T
11. F
12. F
13. T
14. T
15. T
16. motion
Section 2 (page 110)
1. g
2. d
3. j
4. h
5. f
6. k
7. i
8. downward at a right angle
9. true
10. slow
11. gravity
Section 3 (page 111)
1. The wings push air down and back; air pushes
up and forward.
2. The first car pushes against the second; the
second car pushes back, causing it to slow.
3. Your hand pushes forward; the air pushes your
hand backward.
4. Your foot pushes the ground backward; the
ground pushes your foot forward.
5.Your nose feels your finger; your finger feels your nose.
6. opposite reaction
7. delay
8. inertia
9. size; directions
10. backward; forward; forward
11. The size of the paddle could be larger, or more paddles could be used.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 113)
1. a net force
2. the direction of the force
3. an equal but opposite reaction
4. 1
5. 2
6. 3
Section 1 and 3 (page 114)
1. Second Law of Motion. The force necessary to move the space shuttle is equal to its mass times its acceleration.
2. First Law of Motion. The rock stays at rest at the top of the hill until the boy applies force that sends it rolling downhill.
Sections 2 (page 115)
1. gravity 6. attraction
2. acceleration 7. mass
3. force 8. velocity
4. normal force 9. accelerate
5. Newtons
Key Terms (page 116)
1. net force
2. force
3. friction
4. acceleration
5. normal force
6. third law
7. second law
8. inertia
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 117)
1. a (2/1)
2. i (4/2)
3. f (4/2)
4. h (1/1)
5. b (1/1)
6. e (1/1)
7. g (6/3)
8. c (1/1)
9. d (3/1)
10. accelerate (2/1)
11. Friction (3/1)
12. static (3/1)
13. sliding (3/1)
14. wheel (3/1)
15. strength (5/2)
16. terminal velocity (4/2)
17. inertia (6/3)
Part B. Concept Review (page 118)
1. Static (3/1)
2. either push or pull (1/1)
3. friction (3/1)
4. net force (1/1)
5. motion (5/2)
6. third (6/3)
7. slow down (5/2)
8. balanced (4/2)
9. It is easy to miss an action-reaction pair when
one object is much more massive than another.
Examples will vary. One example is a person
trying to push a space shuttle by hand. (6/3)
10. Friction will never speed up an object because it always acts against the object’s direction of motion. (3/1)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 119)
1. d
2. c
3. a
4. e
5. b
6. S (south)
7. N (north); the filings between the poles of each magnet are repelled, so the poles must be like poles.
8. North and south (or south and north); the filings between the poles of the two magnets are
attracted, so the poles must be unlike poles.
9. Use the filings to map the magnetic field around each magnet. The lines of force around the stronger magnet will be longer and closer together.
Section 2 (page 120)
1. a magnetic field
2. The poles of the magnetic field would be reversed.
3. It would be magnetized.
4. An electromagnet; the magnetic field would
disappear.
5. an electric current; induction
6. An electric motor converts electric power to
motion.
7. In an electric motor, the field of a permanent
magnet moves a current-carrying wire.When the
current is reversed (as in alternating current), the
wire spins.
8. An electric generator converts motion to electric power.
9. This action induces an electric current in the coil.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 121)
1. electric current
2. magnetic field
3. iron bar
4. electromagnet
5. electrons
6. field
7. compass needle
Section 1 (page 122)
1. S
2. N
3. A magnetic pole always repels like poles.
4. A magnetic pole always attracts unlike poles.
5. the poles
6. iron
7. Earth’s poles
8. attraction
9. magnetite
10. domains
Sections 2 (page 123)
1. d
2. b
3. g
4. a
5. f
6. c
7. e
8. converts electric energy into kinetic energy
9. uses a magnetic field to turn motion into
electricity
10. changes the voltage of an alternating current
with little loss of energy
Key Terms (page 124)
1. magnetic domain
2. magnetic field
3. magnetism
4. compass
5. electromagnet
6. electric motor
7. aurora
8. magnetosphere
9. electric generator
10. transformer
11. alternating current
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 125)
1. magnetic domain (1/1)
2. motor (5/2)
3. electromagnet (4/2)
4. aurora (4/2)
5. generator (4/2)
6. transformer (4/2)
7. magnetic field (2/1)
8. alternating (4/2)
9. magnetosphere (1/3)
Part B. Concept Review (page 125)
1. line up with north poles pointing toward the
magnet (1/1)
2. at the poles
3. a magnetic field (1/1)
4. the aurora (4/2)
5. more coils of wire (4/2)
6. an electromagnet (4/2)
7. electricity (6/2)
8. high voltage to low voltage (4/2)
9. two times (5/2)
10. south (1/1)
11. atoms that release energy transferred to them by charged particles that enter the
atmosphere (4/2)
12. Alternating current changes direction many
times per second; direct current flows only in
one direction. (5/2)
13. It will be 10 times greater, or 1,200 V. (5/2)
14. Move the coil through a magnetic field, or move a magnet into and out of the coil.
15. The iron filings will line up along the magnetic field of the magnet. They will form a pattern of curved lines between the two poles.
16. There is no definite edge. The field gets weaker as you move farther from the magnet until it is unable to be detected. (2/1)
17. They are the groups of atoms with their magnetic fields all pointing in the same direction. They are found only in materials that can become magnetized. (1, 3/1)
18. Yes; the magnetic pole has moved slightly over the years and the magnetic field has reversed direction multiple times. (3/1)
Reinforcement
Section 1 (page 127)
1. e
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. c
6. It takes one year for Earth to revolve all the way around the Sun.
7. The rotation of Earth on its axis causes night
and day.
8. We have seasons because Earth’s axis is tilted.
9. An eclipse happens when Earth, the Sun, and
the Moon are lined up in a certain way.
10. The new moon and half moon are two of the
moon phases.
Section 2 (page 128)
Across
3. asteroids
4. smallest
6. rings
8. outer
9. gravity
10. third
11. meteorite
Down
1. solarsystem
2. comet
5. largest
7. sun
12. red
Section 3 (page 129)
1. A star’s color indicates its temperature. A red star is cool, a yellow star is medium in temperature, and a blue-white star is hot.
2. A large star that begins to use up the fuel in its
core expands to become a supergiant. In time, its
core collapses, and the star explodes, becoming a
supernova. The star’s core, if it’s not too large,
becomes a neutron star. If the core is massive
enough, it could collapse and become a black hole.
3. A medium-sized star that begins to use up the
gases in its core gets bigger and becomes a giant.
In time, it will shrink to a hot white dwarf and
then cool and become a black dwarf.
4. Some galaxies are elliptical in shape, like a football. Others are spiral in shape, something like a pinwheel. Irregular galaxies come in all different kinds of shapes and are usually smaller than the other galaxies. The Milky Way, the galaxy we live in, is a spiral galaxy.
5. The distances between galaxies are too large to measure in astronomical units so they are
measured in light-years. A light-year is the
distance light travels in one year, 9.5 trillion km.
6. Scientists think that stars begin as huge clouds of gas and dust. Gravity causes the dust and gases to move closer together. As they do, the temperatures in the cloud begin to rise, and the heat becomes great enough to cause the atoms in the cloud to join together. This joining of atoms is called fusion, and it changes matter to the energy that powers the star.
7. We live in the Milky Way, one of the billions of galaxies that make up the universe.
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Overview (page 131)
1. Moon
2. 27.3 days
3. Earth
4. 365 days
5. Sun
6. 225 million years
7. Milky Way galaxy
Section 1 (page 132)
1. new
2. waxing
3. waxing
4. waxing
5. full
6. waning
7. waning
8. waning
9. 27.3 days
10. rotation
11. winter
12. a. Moon, Earth
b. Earth, Moon
Sections 2 and 3 (page 133)
1. elliptical; shaped like huge footballs or spheres; the most common type
2. spiral; have arms radiating out from their center; kind of like a pinwheel
3. irregular; come in different shapes; usually
smaller; common
4. solar system
5. Sun
6. constellation
7. Milky Way
8. spiral
9. astronomical units
Key Terms (page 134)
1. rotation
2. revolution
3. eclipse
4. astronomical unit
5. solar system
6. constellations
7. light-year
8. orbit
9. supernova
10. comet
11. meteorites
Chapter Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review (page 135)
1. eclipse (3/1)
2. solar system (4/2)
3. rotation (1/1)
4. revolution (1/1)
5. constellation (7/3)
6. galaxy (8/3)
Part B. Concept Review (page 135)
1. Answers will vary, but should mention Earth’s
rotation and that the Sun’s light falls on only half
of Earth at one time. (2/1)
2. Answers will vary, but should mention Earth’s
annual revolution around the Sun, that Earth is
tilted at an angle on its axis in relation to the Sun, and that summer occurs on the part of Earth that is tilted toward the Sun while winter occurs on the part of Earth tilted away from the Sun. (1/1)
3. Answers will vary, but should indicate that the
Moon orbits Earth, or revolves around it. (2/1)
4. Earth is in the Milky Way galaxy. There might be 100 billion galaxies. (7/3)
5. Diagrams will vary. Check students’ diagrams for correct labeling. (3–5/2)
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