Biology - Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

[Pages:392]Biology

Consultant

Douglas Fisher, Ph.D.

About the Consultant

Douglas Fisher, Ph.D. is a Professor in the Department of Teacher Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipient of an International Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Award, as well as a Christa McAuliffe Award for Excellence in Teacher Education. He has published numerous articles on reading and literacy, differentiated instruction, and curriculum design as well as books, such as Improving Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work and Responsive Curriculum Design in Secondary Schools: Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught a variety of courses in SDSU's teacher credentialing program as well as graduate-level courses on English language development and literacy. He also has taught classes in English, writing, and literacy development to secondary school students.

Copyright ? by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN-13: 978-0-07-874603-1 ISBN-10: 0-07-874603-5 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 11 10 09 08 07 06

Copyright ? Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Using Your Science Notebook................................ vi

Note-Taking Tips .............................. viii

Chapter 1

The Study of Life Preview....................... 1 Section 1.1.............................................. 2 Section 1.2.............................................. 5 Section 1.3.............................................. 8

Chapter 2

Principles of Ecology Preview ............. 11 Section 2.1............................................ 12 Section 2.2............................................ 15 Section 2.3............................................ 18

Chapter 3

Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Preview ................................ 21

Section 3.1............................................ 22 Section 3.2............................................ 25 Section 3.3............................................ 28

Chapter 4

Population Ecology Preview ................. 31 Section 4.1............................................ 32 Section 4.2............................................ 35

Chapter 5

Biodiversity and Conservation Preview............................. 39

Section 5.1............................................ 40 Section 5.2............................................ 43 Section 5.3............................................ 46

Chapter 6

Chemistry in Biology Preview .............. 49 Section 6.1............................................ 50 Section 6.2............................................ 53 Section 6.3............................................ 56 Section 6.4............................................ 59

Chapter 7

Cellular Structure and Function Preview ..................................... 63

Section 7.1............................................ 64 Section 7.2............................................ 67 Section 7.3............................................ 70 Section 7.4............................................ 73

Chapter 8

Cellular Energy Preview......................... 77 Section 8.1............................................ 78 Section 8.2............................................ 81 Section 8.3............................................ 84

Chapter 9

Cellular Reproduction Preview............. 87 Section 9.1............................................ 88 Section 9.2............................................ 91 Section 9.3............................................ 94

Chapter 10

Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Preview...................................... 97

Section 10.1.......................................... 98 Section 10.2........................................101 Section 10.3........................................104

Chapter 11

Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity Preview ............ 107

Section 11.1........................................108 Section 11.2........................................111 Section 11.3........................................114

Chapter 12

Molecular Genetics Preview................ 117 Section 12.1........................................118 Section 12.2........................................121 Section 12.3........................................124 Section 12.4........................................127

Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Preview......................... 131

Section 13.1........................................132 Section 13.2........................................135 Section 13.3........................................138

Chapter 14

The History of Life Preview................ 141 Section 14.1........................................142 Section 14.2........................................145

Chapter 15

Evolution Preview .................................. 149 Section 15.1........................................150 Section 15.2........................................153 Section 15.3........................................156

Table of Contents iii

Copyright ? Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 16

Primate Evolution Preview.................. 159 Section 16.1........................................160 Section 16.2........................................163 Section 16.3........................................166

Chapter 17

Organizing Life's Diversity Preview ................................... 169

Section 17.1........................................170 Section 17.2........................................173 Section 17.3........................................176

Chapter 18

Bacteria and Viruses Preview............. 179 Section 18.1........................................180 Section 18.2........................................183

Chapter 19

Protists Preview...................................... 187 Section 19.1........................................188 Section 19.2........................................191 Section 19.3........................................194 Section 19.4........................................197

Chapter 20

Fungi Preview ......................................... 201 Section 20.1........................................202 Section 20.2........................................205 Section 20.3........................................208

Chapter 21

Introduction to Plants Preview........... 211 Section 21.1........................................212 Section 21.2........................................215 Section 21.3........................................218 Section 21.4........................................221

Chapter 22

Plant Structure and Function Preview ................................... 225

Section 22.1........................................226 Section 22.2........................................229 Section 22.3........................................232

Chapter 23

Reproduction in Plants Preview......... 235 Section 23.1........................................236 Section 23.2........................................239 Section 23.3........................................242

Chapter 24

Introduction to Animals Preview....... 245 Section 24.1........................................246 Section 24.2........................................249 Section 24.3........................................252

Chapter 25

Worms and Mollusks Preview ............ 255 Section 25.1........................................256 Section 25.2........................................259 Section 25.3........................................262 Section 25.4........................................265

Chapter 26

Arthropods Preview .............................. 269 Section 26.1........................................270 Section 26.2........................................273 Section 26.3........................................276

Chapter 27

Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Preview................................. 279

Section 27.1........................................280 Section 27.2........................................283

Chapter 28

Fishes and Amphibians Preview ........ 287 Section 28.1........................................288 Section 28.2........................................291 Section 28.3........................................294

Chapter 29

Reptiles and Birds Preview.................. 297 Section 29.1........................................298 Section 29.2........................................301

Chapter 30

Mammals Preview ................................. 305 Section 30.1........................................306 Section 30.2........................................309

Chapter 31

Animal Behavior Preview..................... 313 Section 31.1........................................314 Section 31.2........................................317

iv Table of Contents

Copyright ? Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 32

Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Preview.................. 321

Section 32.1........................................322 Section 32.2........................................325 Section 32.3........................................328 Chapter 33 Nervous System Preview ..................... 331 Section 33.1........................................332 Section 33.2........................................335 Section 33.3........................................338 Section 33.4........................................341 Chapter 34 Circulatory, Respiratory, and Excretory Systems Preview................. 345 Section 34.1........................................346 Section 34.2........................................349 Section 34.3........................................352 Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems Preview ................ 355 Section 35.1........................................356 Section 35.2........................................359 Section 35.3........................................362 Chapter 36 Human Reproduction and Development Preview ........................... 365 Section 36.1........................................366 Section 36.2........................................369 Section 36.3........................................372 Chapter 37 Immune System Preview ..................... 375 Section 37.1........................................376 Section 37.2........................................379 Section 37.3........................................382

Table of Contents v

Using Your Science Notebook

Date

Cellular Structure and Function Name

BUyeoseufthohaerv"eeWaYhbaoout tuI cKenRllosewin"atcdhoelu"mWnhtaot

What

K I

Know

list the I Want

What

tIthoiWnFgaisnnWdytoOtuouktF"niocnwodluaOmbuontu. tAcceclelsp.tTahlWlernhealaissttoIntLhLaebelqaeurrneesestidpoonnsses.

This note-taking guide is designed to help you succeed in learning science content. Each chapter includes:

Note-taking tools based on the Cornell Note-Taking

System

Science Journal

Imagine obser ve

wthhaitleyoyuouaareresmthaelrlee. nough

to

fit

inside

a

cell.

Describe

what

you

think

you

might

Accept all reasonable responses.

K-W-L Charts help you assess what you already know about a concept, identify what you want to find out, and

then assess what you learned.

Copyright ? Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Science Journals help you make connections to the concepts in the

chapter.

Cellular Structure and Function

63 Name

Date

Cellular Structure and Function

Section 7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory

Main Idea

Details

Skim Section 1 of the chapter. Write three questions that come to mind from reading the headings and the illustration captions.

1. Accept all reasonable responses.

2.

3. Review Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define organization. organization orderly structure of cells in an organism New Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define each term.

cell basic unit of all living things

cell theory

theory that all organisms are made of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life, and that all cells come from other cells

Vocabulary Activities help you understand information

better.

eukaryotic cell

cell with specialized structures, which include the nucleus and other organelles

nucleus cell organelle that controls the cell's activities and contains DNA

organelle

membrane-bound structure with special functions within eukaryotic cells

plasma membrane boundary that helps control what enters and leaves a cell

prokaryotic cell simple cell without specialized structures 64 Cellular Structure and Function

vi Using Your Science Notebook

Date

Name Section

7.2

The Plasma

Main Idea I found this information. on pageSER, pEp, .p1p8. 87?31?9704

Membrane (continued) MfuDoDnppwdeicmrmahottecitrgicatotseaoealhrerhkstmelnniatiileopslnchcsmbstolhukseeiphertsfori,pasornpfdloatatntsrigloheipntucahefrrafidtgpesosoidoctmhru:lswcgou:pl:tahtetdlarkahtepotatemrheiecfolnnetoeerllesmesp;srairmmna:strnweerrbiopmdplreatyronhehgtsbaelptosoui.ranrgohsasl-ieansplonpla..taohweherLllaosutawatalbeibtnhipolledehsaildttepehaesaixareasdefprclisatulnhoialciaslndiolpnlie,ldwaiosnpperewsrhttdoeoi,odmfvatsmeeocenpneoomdhetlvflnsobsdemtlrtieeaphtesrhniecmdaremrosnibbut,drofegareonhitnxmhettiethearetnahdcet

DmFieslMmuciuobdssr:aasnihceo:.ItcwIihtcsotirsheflleeauastitetdmeerprbomoaesltcsatfeailfcorulunasbsiteedicontahantunehtsdhepeehmmiomtoeshemspamahbsiobcrmalridanpaneeindse.ycs'sr,pipbsareurotrsttfhea. eicTnehps.el,aapsnmrodateins

ShAcoecemncUlleteeapoMrntisndatgMaltlsharieenAsadoisRnuloetIntsaZhiavdebiEenlcegeenrtlAehlv.sneirpaocolneynmlzlseeaesnnt.dth,Aettshhreeaotplsiemleaolsienfmcgttaihovmeef lseypumlpabbessrrmtamannaeecamebcolefelnmobtCwrbaoe.rrllrasliunetlrheaebrienSatmtwmreouaeucintnnutttrahoeiefnasiinnnudsbgisdFteuannoccfteitohsne

69

Writing Activities help you understand the information being presented and make connections between the concepts and

the real world.

Copyright ? Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Graphic Organizers provide a visual format for

organizing the section's important information.

Name Section 7.3 Structures and Organelles (continued)

Date

Main Idea

Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton

I found this information

on page

.

SE, pp. 191?192

RE, p. 75

Details

Compare the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton by defining each in the boxes.

Cytoplasm

semifluid material inside the organelles or plasma membrane in which cell processes take place directly

Cytoskeleton

supporting network of long, thin protein fibers forming a framework for the cell and providing an anchor for organelles

Cell Structures

I found this information

on page

.

SE, pp. 193?199

RE, pp. 75?78

Identify the part of the cell that corresponds to each function described.

nucleus nuclear envelope ribosome

directs cell processes; contains the cell's DNA; stores information for cell growth, function, and reproduction

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

helps manufacture proteins

nucleolus

produces ribosomes inside the nucleus

endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosome attachment; can be smooth or rough

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport outside the cell

vacuole

membrane-bound storage area within the cell

lysosome

vesicle that contains substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles

centriole

structure near the nucleus that functions during cell division

mitochondrion

converts fuel particles (sugars) into useable energy

chloroplast

captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy through photosynthesis

cell wall

gives support to plant cells

cilia and flagella

projections that allow the cell to move or to move substances along the surface of the cell

Cellular Structure and Function 71

Using Your Science Notebook vii

Note-Taking Tips

Your notes are a reminder of what you learned in class. Taking good notes can help you succeed in science. The following tips will help you take better classroom notes.

? Before class, ask what your teacher will be discussing in class. Review mentally what you already know about the concept.

? Be an active listener. Focus on what your teacher is saying. Listen for important concepts. Pay attention to words, examples, and/or diagrams your teacher emphasizes.

? Write your notes as clearly and concisely as possible. The following symbols and abbreviations may be helpful in your note-taking.

Word or Phrase for example

such as

with

without

Symbol or Abbreviation

e.g.

i.e.

w/

w/o

Word or Phrase

Symbol or Abbreviation

and

+

approximately

therefore

versus

vs

? Use a symbol such as a star (?) or an asterisk (*) to emphasize important concepts. Place a question mark (?) next to anything that you do not understand.

? Ask questions and participate in class discussion.

? Draw and label pictures or diagrams to help clarify a concept.

? When working out an example, write what you are doing to solve the problem next to each step. Be sure to use your own words.

? Review your notes as soon as possible after class. During this time, organize and summarize new concepts and clarify misunderstandings.

Note-Taking Don'ts

? Don't write every word. Concentrate on the main ideas and concepts. ? Don't use someone else's notes. They may not make sense. ? Don't doodle. It distracts you from listening actively. ? Don't lose focus or you will become lost in your note-taking.

Copyright ? Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

viii Note-Taking Tips

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